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Automatic Particle Counting (IP 565) – In Context
Ian Mylrea
R&D Manager
Stanhope Seta
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• Laboratory and field apparatus
• Very simple to operate – single button press
• Test takes 3 minutes
• Typically determines level of dirt particles and water droplets from 4 µm to 30 µm
• Test methods
– IP 565
– ASTM D7619
• Similar, small procedural differences
– ASTM D7619 scope includes diesel
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Particle Counting Refresher
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What is measured?
• All particles >= 4 micron
– Entrained water droplets
– Dirt
• Metal fragments
• Oxides
• Microbes
• Yeasts
• Dust
• …
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• IP 565 contains a water removal Annex
• Use a chemical to dissolve the water
• Effective to eliminate free water from being counted
– proven during Energy Institute trial
• Based on the US Army presentation –most samples do not require this
• More work going on at the EI
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Specifications
• Report only
– Def Stan 91-91
– MIL-DTL-83133 (US)
– MIL-DTL-5624 (US)
– AFQRJOS Issue 28
• At point of manufacture
• MIL-STD-3004 (proposal) NEWIASH 2015 Particle Count Limits Recommendation for Aviation (J.Schmitigal)
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Collimating Lens
Laser
Focusing Lens
Measurement Cell
Detector
Principle of operation
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• Cell shape causes long particles to align
• This ensures that the longest axis contributes to the shadow cast on the sensor.
Principle of operation
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The size and shape of the cell accelerates the sample, increasing separation between particles
This reduces the risk of overlapping particles being measured as a single particle.
Principle of operation
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mV
t
t
• Reference voltage
• Particle casts a shadow on the sensor
• Voltage drop on sensor
• Proportional to size of particle mV
Principle of operation
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Sizing
• The voltage drop and duration is converted into an equivalent particle size based on a sphere
• Particles are put into ‘bin’ sizes 4, 6, 14 micron…
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4 micron 6 micron 14 micron
3000 counts 1000 counts 100 counts
Converted to ISO code 19/17/14 for example
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ISO codes
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• To reduce the amount of information, whilst maintaining usefulness
• 19/17/14 means
– 2500 to 5000 particles of 4 micron or more
– 640 to 1300 particles of 6 micron or more
– 80 to 160 particles of 14 micron or more
• US MIL-STD-3004 Proposal 19/17/14/13
– As above
– 40 to 80 particles of 30 micron or more
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Calibration/ performance
• Calibration & equations according to ISO 11171
• ISO11171 defines the particle counter and accuracy requirements
• Tight performance…..based on specific calibration dust traceable via NIST
• Update to the calibration specification required due to change to NIST reference standard
– Likely to increase counts slightly
– Precision unlikely to be affected
– Calibration type to be reported – note going into test methods
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How big is a micron?
• Particle counters report per mL (millilitre)
• 1 mL is 1000000000000 cubic microns
• Code 19 = approx. 3000 particles for example
• 4 micron sphere has a volume of 32 cubic microns
• Total volume taken up by 3000 particles at 4 micron is 32 x 3000 = 96000 cubic microns
• 0.00000096% of the available space in 1 mL taken up by particles
• Particle counts are presenting the volume of particles in the fuel
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Human hair 60 microns diameter
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Gravimetric particulate methods
• Max is 1.0 mg/L (1 part per million)
• Measure of weight
– Metal fragments weigh more (iron oxide 3 g/cm3)
– Sand weighs more (Silica 1.5 g/cm3)
– Microbes are water based density = 1 g/cm3
– Gravimetric test (IP 423/ ASTM D5452) requires a drying step
• dry microbes weigh less (water removed)
• 90% water
• Mass when dry will be 10 x LESS g
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• Drying process• Water is removed• Large reduction in
weight
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Interim Summary
• Particle counting is a volumetric measure of dirt and water, or dirt only (using water chemical removal)
• Contamination test method (ASTM D 5452/IP 423) measures dry weight
• Question: What blocks filters…..weight or volume?
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Quality of Aviation Fuel Available in the UK Annual Survey 2009 to 2013 NEW
• Prepared by Intertek
• Funded by UK Energy Institute
• Comparison from 1986 to 2013
• 35 other such reports going back to 1974
• Main batches released during 2009 to 2013
• Large proportion of imports – partly representative of jet fuel world wide
• Data from over 4000 batches
• Publication imminent
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US Army Survey NEW
• 2015 IASH Particle Count Limits Recommendation for Aviation Fuel - Joel Schmitigal
• Gravimetric
• Sept 2012 to July 2015
• 1614 samples analysed (96% by IP 565)
– 85% passed both gravimetric (1.0 mg/L) and particle counting (19/17/14/13) limits
– 15% failed either GM, APC or both
– Gravimetric has quite wide precision
– Particle counters detect water as well
– Particle counters limited to >4 micron
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US Army Summary
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Apply this to the UK Survey Data – 19/17/14/13
• Caveat – estimate only – no link in the survey between levels in one size band and another –this would require a separate detailed study
• Analyse the EI Quality of AVTUR Survey data as if 19/17/14/13
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19/17/14/13 hypothetical failure rate 5%
% hypothetically failed by IP 565 if using 19/17/14/13
Size (micron) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Avera
ge>19 4 5.7 5.2 3.1 3.7 5.7 4.7
>17 6 5.2 6.2 4.4 3.9 7 5.3>14 14 1.2 2.9 1.5 1.9 2.8 2.1
>13 30 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.1
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• Using the water removal approach would reduce this figure significantly
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Thought provoking procedure – 19/17/14/13could IP 565 be used to screen fuels?
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Test by IP 565
Fuel PASSES19/17/14/13
Fuel suitable
Fuel FAILS19/17/14/13
IP 423/ ASTM 5452 Contamination Test, with repeat tests and visual inspection
ASTM D3240 free water test
IP 565 with water removal
Fuel suitable
Fuel PASSES19/17/14/13
Fuel FAILS19/17/14/13
95% approx.
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Future thoughts
• EI capturing data to set levels
• C versus B calibration
• Smaller particles than 4 micorn
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