Steve Glover
Electrical Sciences and Experiments Department Manager
Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM 87185
Secure and Scalable Microgrids Enabling Technology and Applications
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Workshop on Microgrid Technologies and Applications
October 10-11, 2013
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of
Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Outline
• Overview of the Electrical Science Group
• Microgrids
– DOE related microgrid activities
– Secure Scalable Microgrid
2
Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Responsibilities Drive Deep
Expertise in Grid-relevant Science and Engineering
3
Advanced power systems
and AC/DC microgrids
High voltage breakdown
science & experiments
Pulsed power components
and systems development
Electromagnetics
theory/code development
Electromagnetic
experiments
Systems engineering and
integration
Launch
Boost Midcourse
Terminal
Over Target
Weapon storage, transportation, maintenance, storage
on delivery platform, launch and in-flight path
Normal Environments (EMR, ESD, nearby lightning,
degaussing)
Abnormal Environments (lightning, exposure to power
sources)
Hostile Environments (nuclear weapon effects, directed
energy weapons, high power microwaves)
Syste
m &
Co
mp
on
en
ts
Ph
ysic
al
En
vir
on
men
ts
All s
tockp
ile
-to
-targ
et-
seq
uen
ce (
ST
S)
ph
ases
Grid-relevant Science and
Engineering at Sandia
E-beam supported wind tunnel
and high heat flux research
Other Capabilities include
3
Electrical and Radiation Sciences
Customers, Organization, and Facilities
National security activities for and in collaboration with:
– Department of Energy (National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Science, Office of Electricity)
– Other federal agencies (DOD-Army/USAF/NRL, DOT-Federal Aviation Administration, DOL – Mine Safety and Health Admin.)
– Non-federal entities
– Industry (Goodyear, FMC, Inc., Lockheed Martin Technology Research)
– Universities
World class accelerator technology
development & high heat flux research
Lightning protection
Power systems
All Electric Warship
Sago mine, 2006
EMP coupling
into facilities
4
Generation
Transmission
Substation
Distribution
Loads
Today's Grid Power
Centralized generation
Excess generation & fuel storage
Fixed infrastructure
Demand forecasting
Essentially open loop control with human in
the loop
Limited ability to support renewable sources
Limited ability to support disruptions
Smart grid initiatives
Renewable
sources Forecasting is used to set generation
California ISO
Available resource forecast
Actual load
Day ahead demand
forecast
0 4 8 12 16
20 24
Time of day (hours)
Po
we
r (G
W)
30
28
26
24
22
20
Current Grid is Evolving to Accommodate Different
Energy Sources, Increased Reliability and Resiliency
5
Advanced Energy Surety Microgrid (ESM) Projects
To address current shortcomings of
power reliability and security, Sandia is
investigating advanced microgrid
approaches to make distributed energy
generation and storage resources more
reliable, cost effective, and secure to
improve overall critical mission
assurance.
Sandia’s microgrid research utilizes
smart grid technologies to enable:
• Distributed energy generation and
storage to be operated both ‘grid-
tied and ‘islanded’,
• Energy demand/response,
• Increased use of renewables
• Secure cyber control,
• Improved reliability and resiliency,
and
• Use DoD sites as initial test beds.
Provide higher energy reliability and
resiliency to critical community and
industrial infrastructure and operations
for low probability but high consequence
events (natural disasters, intentional
events, or large accidents).
Enhance energy safety, security, and
reliability for civilian applications with
a focus on:
• Providing energy resiliency using
distributed generation to maintain
critical community functions and
operations for extended outages,
• Support demand/response of
distributed community generation
and storage to support local utility
distribution system.
DOE & DoD R&D DOE & Utility R&D
6
NEDO Microgrid Project
• Energy storage (small)
• Gas Engine (240 kW)
• Fuel Cell (80 kW)
• PV (50 kW)
• Demand response? 100 kW Dummy load
Electric Chiller/Thermal storage
Community/Utility Coupled Microgrid Efforts Help to Accelerate Commercial Smart Grid Applications
7
Studio
Substation
Other Load
And PV
Residential
(under
construction)
PNM Microgrid Project
• Large-scale PV (500 kW)
• Large-scale Storage 250 kW 4 hr. energy battery
500 kW, 40 min power battery
• Smart Grid / SCADA integration
Studio 14 Feeder
(12.47 kV)
115 kV System Utility
Networked, Secure, Scalable Microgrids (SSM TM) Enable High-Penetration Renewables and Improved Operations
• Ground breaking nonlinear control theory, informatics, and innovation.
• Tools are being developed for networked microgrids spanning from conventional to 100% stochastic generation.
• Potential impact:
– Unlimited use of renewable sources
– Lower-cost provisioning at a given level of renewables
– Reduction in centralized fossil fuel based sources
– Self-healing, self-adapting architectures
– Microgrids as building blocks for larger systems
Bus cabinet
Rotational
machines
SSM test bed
Lanai
Hawaii
8
Tiered Control Structure Enables Prioritization and System Adaptability
9
The Basic SSM Test Bed Structure Enables a Flexible Research Platform
New power system
components will
increase complexity
associated with
control and
performance.
Generation
Sources or
other
Microgrids UPFC
Power Distribution
Connections Agent
Control
Agent
Control
Agent
Control
Agent
Control
Agent
Agent
Loads
Storage
Systems
Dispatchable
Generation
RE
Control
Agent
RE
Communication
network
10
SSM Test Bed Exhibits Dynamics Similar to the Grid
11
Datalink
Engine (emulator) Speed
Inter-area oscillations
Energy storage can improve resiliency Control attributes influence stability
Demonstrated Performance with 100% Stochastic Generation and Load is Enabled Through Controls and Storage
Stochastic
Source #1
Sources
2 - Stochastic
Agents were not part
of this experiment.
12
Stochastic
Source #2
Hamiltonian Based Control Approach with Full State Control – Reduces Bus Voltage Transients
Source and load profiles
Stochastic source #1
Green – commanded profile
Blue – actual profile
Red – indicates progress in time 13
Stochastic source # 2
Load
Cyan – load current
Red – diesel current
Light blue – wind current
Purple – load current
Dark blue – Bus energy storage current
Transients are not evident in the bus voltage
Understanding and Leveraging Information Flow in a Power System is Necessary for Optimal Performance
• Batch-run experiments enable apples to apples control comparisons
• Example shows the effect of Informatic control update rate on cost
100
101
102
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000Performance vs Update Rate
Agent Update Frequency (Hz)
Co
st: J
=(
vlo
ad -
E(v
loa
d)
)2 d
t (
V2se
c)
Control bandwidth of ServoControl
Nyquist frequency of variable load
fc of bus based on min/max resistor values
Experiment Data
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10050
100
150
200
t (sec)
vlo
ad (
V)
Load Voltage vs. Time - Comparison of Update Rates
1 Hz (1 sec interval)
2 Hz (500 msec interval)
10 Hz (100 msec interval)
100 Hz (10 msec interval)
ft
t
loadloadfv dvvtJ
0
2)(ˆ)()(
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
1
2
3
4
5
t (sec)
i load (
A)
Load Current vs. Time - Comparison of Update Rates
1 Hz (1 sec interval)
2 Hz (500 msec interval)
10 Hz (100 msec interval)
100 Hz (10 msec interval)
100
101
102
0
5
10
15Performance vs Update Rate
Agent Update Frequency (Hz)
Co
st: J
=(
iA
RE
SE -
E(i
AR
ES
E)
)2 d
t (
V2se
c)
Control bandwidth of ServoControl
Nyquist frequency of variable load
fc of bus based on min/max resistor values
Experiment Data
ft
t
ESESfi diitJ
0
2)(ˆ)()(
14
Networked Microgrids can add to Power System Reliability and Resiliency
Microgrid #2 Microgrid #1
Microgrid #3
Master Controller
15
SSM Testbed Allows Study of Microgrid Collectives
• Centralized data acquisition allows plotting/analysis in Matlab
16
In Summary
• Sandia Electrical Sciences research is addressing a wide range of power system challenges
– Controls, stability, protection, and susceptibility
• Sandia’s Energy Surety Microgrid research is addressing reliability and resiliency of DoD and commercial microgrids through near term technologies
• Sandia’s Secure Scalable Microgrid research is integrating:
– Informatics theory (including cyber security),
– Hamiltonian based controls,
– Communication theory,
– and flexible experimental capabilities
• Scalable approaches to networked microgrids support the building block concept
• DC system control approaches are being migrated to AC systems 17