HUMAN ELECTIVEPopulation-migration/urban problems
Explain the following terms: Emigration Immigration Refugee Asylum seeker Donor country Host country
Push factors Pull factors Barriers to
migration Forced/voluntary Internal International
Effects of rural –urban migration(developed)BMW- GDA- BRAINDRAIN-ECONOMICALLY
ACTIVE AGE GROUP LEAVING.GREYING POP LEFT BEHIND-rural depopulation
AMALGATION OF SERVICES-P.O,SCHOOLS,BUSES
ABANDONMENT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND
LOWERING BIRTH,MARRIAGE RATES
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ISOLATION
Remember push factors
URBAN SPRAWL-growth of dormitory towns (few high rise buildings in Dublin)-commuters
Increased cost of living TRAFFIC CONGESTION PRESSURE ON SERVICES HIGH POPULATION DENSITY ECONOMIC IMBALANCE INWARD MIGRATION OF
YOUNG,SKILLED WORKERS. Remember pull factors
Effects of rural-urban migration(developing)Rural India Kolkata
Migration of young people,elderly left behind.
Less pressure on the land
Lowering of marriage and birth rates
Rural depopulation
Growth of mega cities-Mumbai(20m),Kolkata(16m)
Urban sprawl Pressure on services-
water,sewage,refuse, transport.
Development of bustees/pavement dwellers-very high poulation density
Child labour Social stratification
Impact of migration on donor and host countries-positiveDonor Host
Remittance home-especially poorer countries.
Bringing home learnt skills-benefit local economy eg.medicine-nurses doctors,education etc
Solution to unemployment in donor country,less people on social welfare.
Need workers -skills shortage(nurses),unskilled workers lower paid(waitresses) Ireland 2005 needed 45,000-construction workers.
New market for businesses here-taxes,need services goods etc.
Ethnic diversity-multicultural society, enhance us less conservative
Negative effects
Donor Host
Braindrain of best skilled,young eg.Poland one doctor skilled in particular area nobody to replace.
Smaller home market-ones with disposable income
Rural depopulation-leading to closure of services for pop left behind.
Pressure on services(hospitals)
Exploitation-lower paid etc-Irish ferries
Integration-racism Schools-language Also see notes on
economic & cultural effects of membership of E.U.
PROBLEMS CAN DEVELOP FROM THE GROWTH OF URBAN CENTRES-DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING WORLD.
Urban problems
Urban sprawl Traffic congestion
Urban problems and solutions pg: Traffic congestion Urban sprawl,urban decay and the
absence of community Heritage issues Environmental quality
Traffic movement and congestion-causes pg.87/88 Inadequate public transport system-needs to be integrated
Car dependent society,Increase in car ownership-Dublin pop of 1.6 million-most heavily populated county in Ireland-nodal/ focal point(over 402 cars per 1,000 people in Ireland)
Economic growth-greater number of H.G.V
Commuters-dormitory towns(highest rate in E.U)-urban sprawl-cost of living in Dublin
Effects-social,economic,environmental problems-noise,safety,loss of profits,air pollution
Strategies /solutions
Congestion charge-london 2003(reduced traffic by 30%)
Permit system-mexico city-no drive days depending on digit of your plate-unsuccessful
Strategies in Ireland under planning : Transport 21(2005-2010) and N.D.P.
Solutions cont.
Traffic management methods: Ban on HGV through Dublin city centre at certain times -2007 Port tunnel(2006) Removal of toll on M50 Widening/upgrading of M50 New interchange at red cow roundabout Other measures-roundabouts,by-
passes,park and ride
Solutions cont.
A well Integrated efficient ,reliable and cheap public transport system contributes to lowering traffic congestion-
Luas(2004),Dart,Bus lanes-QBC ,Metro North(postponed due to downturn in the economy)
New leap card Cycle to work scheme,bicycle lanes Bike rental operation-Dublin Bikes-self service
bike rental system-42 stations,pay using a smartcard-extremely successful. Dublin Bike Rental
Urban sprawl-pg.91,92
Urban sprawl is the rapid spread of housing from cities into the surrounding countryside.
2006 Dublin was cited by the E.E.A as an example of the worst case of urban planning.
Dublin has nearly the same surface area as Los Angeles (4 million pop).
Copenhagen has ½ land area of Dublin yet the same pop-Dublin has 8 houses per hectare-low compared to Europe.
Dublin “all over Leinster”
Urban sprawl
Reasons for urban sprawl-
Rural to urban migration
Immigration Economic growth Increase in car
ownership-commuter belt.
Overspill of pop need to be accomodated
Urban sprawl-consequences
Rezoned farmland-new ”cash crop” during the boom.land on the edge is rezoned for residential,commercial and industrial use.Small villages on edge swallowed up-Tallaght and Swords.Division between rural and urban becomes blurred.
Monotonous suburban area-Concrete jungle of housing estates.
Increased traffic congestion-from commuter belt.
Pressure on services-waste disposal,sewerage,telecommunications and water supplies.
Consequences of sprawl for rural areas. Loss of agricultural land Loss of wildlife habitats Loss of ancient monuments and
historic landscapes(carrickmines castle m50)
Growth of dormitory towns.
Urban problems
Urban decayAbsence of community
Urban problems
Urban decayAbsence of community
Old inner city buildings in need of demolition or repair.
Many problems-heating,damp,unemployment,crime,vandalism.anti social behaviour
New sprawling housing estates-young move, older left behind-ageing population-leading to areas of urban decay.
Commuters too tired to get involved in community in housing estates-some of these now “ghost estates”
Solutions to urban problemsUrban renewal Urban redevelopment
Replaces ,upgrades decaying buildings,landuse is not changed.
Case study-Ballymun pg.90,98
Moyross in limerick
People rehoused, old buildings demolished and rebuilt for commercial use.
Paris –schema directeur Docklands in most cities-
quays in Waterford IFSC in Dublin along the Quays.
NDP and NSS-gateways and hubs
solutions
Ballymun regeneration
Paris-schema directeur
Urban solutions
National spatial strategy 2002-2020
Balanced regional development
Gateways and hubs
New towns-Adamstown