Please put your test corrections in the appropriate file on the table by the door.
(Please staple your corrections to your test
packet.)Also, please get your lab
notebook.
This week…
• MON: Finish Ch. 9
• TUE: Case Study (Day One) & Lab Intro
• WED: Lab
• THU: Case Study (Day Two) & Lab Wrap-Up
• *Your Osmosis Lab & Enzyme Lab are graded and in PowerSchool. *I’ll be working on grading your FRQs this week.
1. Why is respiration important?- Consumption of food & oxygen to produce CO2, water & energy
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP + heat)
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Light energy
ECOSYSTEM
CO2 + H2O
Photosynthesisin chloroplasts
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria
Organicmolecules
+ O2
ATP
powers most cellular work
Heatenergy
1. Why is respiration important?- Consumption of food & oxygen to produce CO2, water & energy
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP + heat)
- Exergonic (releases lots of energy… -686 kcal/mol)
- All foods can be metabolized as fuel (carbs, proteins, fats)
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
1. Why is respiration important?
2. What are redox rxns?- Reduction & oxidation
- LEO says GER
- Loss of Electrons – Oxidation : Gain of Electrons – Reduction
- Hint: electrons move with H atoms…H = e- + H+
- ┌----oxidation-----┐
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP + heat)
- └----reduction----┘
- ENERGY COUPLING!!!
- (Oxidation is exergonic…reduction is endergonic)
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
1. Why is respiration important?
2. What are redox rxns?
3. What are the 3 main steps of respiration?- Glycolysis
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- Oxidative Phosphorylation - Electron Transport Chain (ETC)- Chemiosmosis
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Electronscarried
via NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
ATP
Substrate-levelphosphorylation
Electrons carried via NADH and
FADH2
Citric acid cycle
Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport
andchemiosmosis
ATPATP
Substrate-levelphosphorylation
Oxidativephosphorylation
Mitochondrion
1. Why is respiration important?
2. What are redox rxns?
3. What are the 3 main steps of respiration?
4. What happens during glycolysis?- Glucose (6-C) is split in the cytosol into two 3-C pyruvate molecules- 10 steps- NO oxygen needed
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Glycolysis Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation
ATP ATP ATP
2 ATP
4 ATP
used
formed
Glucose
2 ADP + 2 P
4 ADP + 4 P
2 NAD+ + 4 e- + 4 H + 2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Energy investment phase
Energy payoff phase
Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H + 2 NADH + 2 H+
1. Why is respiration important?
2. What are redox rxns?
3. What are the 3 main steps of respiration?
4. What happens during glycolysis?
5. How is the ATP made in glycolysis?- Substrate-level phosphorylation – ATP produced from the transfer of a
phosphate group from a substrate to ADP- ATP made one at a time
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Enzyme Enzyme
ATP
ADP
Product
SubstrateP
+
1. Why is respiration important?
2. What are redox rxns?
3. What are the 3 main steps of respiration?
4. What happens during glycolysis?
5. How is the ATP made?
6. How do electrons get from glucose to O2?- NAD+ - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- Coenzyme (form of niacin…a vitamin!)- Accepts 2 e- and a H+
- NADH and H+ will be very important later in the respiration reaction, as they participate in more ATP formation!
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
NAD+
H
O
O
O O–
O
O O–
O
O
O
P
P
CH2
CH2
HO OHH
HHO OH
HO
H
H
N+
C NH2
HN
H
NH2
N
N
Nicotinamide(oxidized form)
NH2+ 2[H]
(from food)
Dehydrogenase
Reduction of NAD+
Oxidation of NADH
2 e– + 2 H+
2 e– + H+
NADH
OH H
N
C +
Nicotinamide(reduced form)
N
H+
H+
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
1. Why is respiration important?
2. What are redox rxns?
3. What are the 3 main steps of respiration?
4. What happens during glycolysis?
5. How is the ATP made?
6. How do electrons get from glucose to O2?
7. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle?
- Active transport across membrane- 3 step process
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
NADH + H+NAD+
2
31
CO2 Coenzyme APyruvate
Acetyl CoA
S CoA
C
CH3
O
Transport protein
O–
O
O
C
C
CH3
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
1. Why is respiration important?2. What are redox rxns?3. What are the 3 main steps of respiration?4. What happens during glycolysis?5. How is the ATP made?6. How do electrons get from glucose to O2?7. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs
Cycle?8. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle?
- Mitochondrial matrix- 8 steps- “Spins" 2X per glucose (1X for each pyruvate)
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
NAD+
ATP
2 CO2
3 NAD+
3 NADH
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i
FAD
FADH2
Citricacidcycle
CoA
CoA Acetyl CoA
NADH
+ H+
CoA
CO2
Pyruvate(from glycolysis,2 molecules per glucose)
ATP ATP ATP
Glycolysis Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
1. Why is respiration important?2. What are redox rxns?3. What are the 3 main steps of respiration?4. What happens during glycolysis?5. How is the ATP made?6. How do electrons get from glucose to O2?7. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs
Cycle?8. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle?9. How many ATP so far?
- 4 total, 2 from glycolysis & 2 from Krebs Cycle- ALL from substrate-level phosphorylation
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
1. Why is respiration important?
2. What are redox rxns?
3. What are the 3 main steps of respiration?
4. What happens during glycolysis?
5. How is the ATP made?
6. How do electrons get from glucose to O2?
7. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle?
8. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle?
9. How many ATP so far?
10. How many electron carriers so far?
- 10 NADH
- 2 FADH2
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
1. Why is respiration important?2. What are redox rxns?3. What are the 3 main steps of respiration?4. What happens during glycolysis?5. How is the ATP made?
6. How do electrons get from glucose to O2?7. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs
Cycle?8. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle?9. How many ATP so far?10. How many electron carriers so far?11. What happens during electron transport?
- rxns in inner mitochondrial membrane
- electrons flow from electron carriers to electronegative O2
- many SMALL steps instead of one BIG step
12. Why do electron carriers NEED to “break the fall?”
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
H2 + 1/2 O2 2 H 1/2 O2
(from food via NADH)
2 H+ + 2 e–
2 H+
2 e–
H2O
1/2 O2
Controlled release of energy for synthesis of
ATPATP
ATP
ATP
Electro
n tran
spo
rt chain
F
ree
ener
gy, G
(b) Cellular respiration(a) Uncontrolled reaction
Fre
e en
ergy
, G
H2O
Explosiverelease of
heat and lightenergy
+
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Glycolysis Citircacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation
ATP ATP ATP
H2O
O2
NADH
FADH2
FMN
Fe•S Fe•S
Fe•S
O
FAD
Cyt b
Cyt c1Cyt c
Cyt aCyt a3
2 H + + 12
III
III
IV
Multiproteincomplexes
0
10
20
30
40
50F
ree
en
erg
y (G
) re
lativ
e t
o O
2 (k
cl/m
ol)
Figure 9.13 Free-energy change during electron transport
1. Why is respiration important?
2. What are redox rxns?
3. What are the 3 main steps of respiration?
4. What happens during glycolysis?
5. How is the ATP made?
6. How do electrons get from glucose to O2?
7. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle?
8. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle?
9. How many ATP so far?
10. How many electron carriers so far?
11. What happens during electron transport?
12. Why do electrons NEED to “break the fall?”
13. How is ATP made during chemiosmosis?
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+ H+
H+
P i
+ADP
ATP
A rotor within the membrane spins clockwise whenH+ flows pastit down the H+
gradient.
A stator anchoredin the membraneholds the knobstationary.
A rod (or “stalk”)extending into the knob alsospins, activatingcatalytic sites inthe knob.
Three catalytic sites in the stationary knobjoin inorganic Phosphate to ADPto make ATP.
Figure 9.14 ATP synthase, a molecular mill
Oxidativephosphorylation
electron transportand chemiosmosis
Glycolysis
ATP ATP ATP
InnerMitochondrialmembrane
H+
H+H+
H+
H+
ATPP i
Protein complexof electron carners
Cyt c
I
II
III
IV
(Carrying electronsfrom food)
NADH
FADH2
NAD+
FAD+ 2 H+ + 1/2 O2
H2O
ADP +
Electron transport chainElectron transport and pumping of protons (H+),
which create an H+ gradient across the membrane
ChemiosmosisATP synthesis powered by the flowOf H+ back across the membrane
ATPsynthase
Q
Oxidative phosphorylation
Intermembranespace
Innermitochondrialmembrane
Mitochondrialmatrix
Citircacidcycle
Figure 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis
Electron shuttlesspan membrane
CYTOSOL 2 NADH
2 FADH2
2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH22 NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose2
Pyruvate
2AcetylCoA
Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport
andchemiosmosis
MITOCHONDRION
by substrate-levelphosphorylation
by substrate-levelphosphorylation
by oxidative phosphorylation, dependingon which shuttle transports electronsfrom NADH in cytosol
Maximum per glucose:About
36 or 38 ATP
+ 2 ATP + 2 ATP + about 32 or 34 ATP
or
Figure 9.16 ATP yield per molecule of glucose at each stage of cellular respiration
Figure 9.16 ATP yield per molecule of glucose at each stage of cellular respiration (UPDATED)
1. Why is respiration important?
2. What are redox rxns?
3. What are the 3 main steps of respiration?
4. What happens during glycolysis?
5. How is the ATP made?
6. How do electrons get from glucose to O2?
7. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle?
8. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle?
9. How many ATP so far?
10. How many electron carriers so far?
11. What happens during electron transport?
12. Why do electrons NEED to “break the fall?”
13. How is ATP made during chemiosmosis?
14. What happens when there is no O2?
- anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Glucose
CYTOSOL
Pyruvate
No O2 presentFermentation
O2 present Cellular respiration
Ethanolor
lactate
Acetyl CoA
MITOCHONDRION
Citricacidcycle
Figure 9.18 Pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism
2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP
GlycolysisGlucose
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
2 Acetaldehyde2 Ethanol
(a) Alcohol fermentation
2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP
GlycolysisGlucose
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
2 Lactate
(b) Lactic acid fermentation
H
H OH
CH3
C
O–
OC
C O
CH3
H
C O
CH3
O–
C O
C O
CH3O
C O
C OHH
CH3
CO22
2 Pyruvate
+2 H+
Figure 9.17 Fermentation
1. Why is respiration important?
2. What are redox rxns?
3. What are the 3 main steps of respiration?
4. What happens during glycolysis?
5. How is the ATP made?
6. How do electrons get from glucose to O2?
7. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle?
8. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle?
9. How many ATP so far?
10. How many electron carriers so far?
11. What happens during electron transport?
12. Why do electrons NEED to “break the fall?”
13. How is ATP made during chemiosmosis?
14. What happens when there is no O2?
15. How do the other foods we eat get catabolized?
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Amino acids
Sugars Glycerol Fattyacids
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3- P
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
NH3
Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation
FatsProteins Carbohydrates
Figure 9.19 The catabolism of various molecules from food
1. Why is respiration important?2. What are redox rxns?3. What are the 3 main steps of respiration?4. What happens during glycolysis?5. How is the ATP made?
6. How do electrons get from glucose to O2?7. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle?8. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle?9. How many ATP so far?10. How many electron carriers so far?11. What happens during electron transport?12. Why do electrons NEED to “break the fall?”13. How is ATP made during chemiosmosis?
14. What happens when there is no O2?15. How do the other foods we eat get catabolized?16. How is cellular respiration controlled?
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Glucose
Glycolysis
Fructose-6-phosphate
Phosphofructokinase
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphateInhibits Inhibits
Pyruvate
ATPAcetyl CoA
Citricacidcycle
Citrate
Oxidativephosphorylation
Stimulates
AMP
+
– –
Figure 9.20 The control of cellular respiration