Phonetics
Overview/reviewTranscription
Describing Consonants
OverviewOverview
• Referring to sounds, NOT LETTERS• How do describe a sound?
• Produce it• 3-way description• The sound indicated by the symbol
[p]
• Referring to sounds, NOT LETTERS• How do describe a sound?
• Produce it• 3-way description• The sound indicated by the symbol
[p]
International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet
• One-to-one relationship between symbol and sound
• Universal• Based on roman alphabet, but they
are not letters
• One-to-one relationship between symbol and sound
• Universal• Based on roman alphabet, but they
are not letters
Transcription PracticeTranscription Practice
• Transcribe:• Your name• Linguistics, hiccup, teeth, teethe,
delay, should, sign, sane, phonetics, yellow
• Transcribe:• Your name• Linguistics, hiccup, teeth, teethe,
delay, should, sign, sane, phonetics, yellow
Describing ConsonantsDescribing Consonants
• We use three parameters to describe consonants:•Voicing•Place of articulation•Manner of articulation
• The IPA chart shows all three parameters for each phone
• We use three parameters to describe consonants:•Voicing•Place of articulation•Manner of articulation
• The IPA chart shows all three parameters for each phone
VoicingVoicing
• The state of the vocal folds (VF) determines whether a sound is voiced or voiceless
• When VF are open air can pass through it freely, without any vibration
• When VF are drawn close together air passes through it with w/ difficulty, creating vibration
• Compare [s] vs [z] ; [f] vs [v]; [k] vs [g]
• The state of the vocal folds (VF) determines whether a sound is voiced or voiceless
• When VF are open air can pass through it freely, without any vibration
• When VF are drawn close together air passes through it with w/ difficulty, creating vibration
• Compare [s] vs [z] ; [f] vs [v]; [k] vs [g]
Place of ArticulationPlace of Articulation
• Refers to WHERE in the vocal tract a constriction is made (generally with some part of the tongue)
• Refers to WHERE in the vocal tract a constriction is made (generally with some part of the tongue)
Vocal TractVocal Tract
Places of Articulation (See p. 39-40 in CP)
Places of Articulation (See p. 39-40 in CP)
• Bilabial []• Closure of both lips
• Labiodental []• Lower lip touches upper teeth
• (Inter)Dental []• Tongue protrudes through teeth
• Alveolar []• Tongue touches alveolar ridge
• Bilabial []• Closure of both lips
• Labiodental []• Lower lip touches upper teeth
• (Inter)Dental []• Tongue protrudes through teeth
• Alveolar []• Tongue touches alveolar ridge
Places of Articulation, Continued
Places of Articulation, Continued
• Palatal []• Top of tongue approximates/touches the
middle/hard palate
• Velar [ŋ]• Back of tongue touches the soft
palate/velum
• Glottal [] • Opening or closing of the glottis (the space
between the vocal folds)
• Palatal []• Top of tongue approximates/touches the
middle/hard palate
• Velar [ŋ]• Back of tongue touches the soft
palate/velum
• Glottal [] • Opening or closing of the glottis (the space
between the vocal folds)
Manner of ArticulationManner of Articulation
• Refers to HOW this constriction is made
• Refers to HOW this constriction is made
Manners of ArticulationManners of Articulation
• Stop [] & [] • airflow through mouth is completely
impeded
• Fricative []• narrow constriction produces turbulence
• Affricate []• a stop followed by a fricative
• Stop [] & [] • airflow through mouth is completely
impeded
• Fricative []• narrow constriction produces turbulence
• Affricate []• a stop followed by a fricative
Manners of Articulation, cont’d
Manners of Articulation, cont’d
• Nasal []• air flows through the nose; velum is lowered
• Approximants [ (liquids)] [ (glides)]• wide constriction that does not produce
turbulence
** FLAP: the voiced alveolar flap is also an English sound (prevalent in US English).**
• Nasal []• air flows through the nose; velum is lowered
• Approximants [ (liquids)] [ (glides)]• wide constriction that does not produce
turbulence
** FLAP: the voiced alveolar flap is also an English sound (prevalent in US English).**
DrillsDrills
• Voicing• VD or VL
• Place• BL, LD, ID, A, P, V, G
• Manner• S, F, AF, N, AP
• Voicing• VD or VL
• Place• BL, LD, ID, A, P, V, G
• Manner• S, F, AF, N, AP