Food, Water, Oxygen, Etc
Economic and Physical security (Health and Job)
Self-Esteem, Confidence and
RespectSignificant Other, Family and
Friends
Morality, Lack of Prejudice
Evaluating Humanism Difficult to test or validate
scientifically Too optimistic, minimizing
some of the more destructive aspects of human nature
Five Factor Model Factors—usually rated from low to
high
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness to experience
Extraversion
Evaluation of Trait Perspective
Doesn’t explain why & how personality (description only)
Doesn’t address motives, unconscious, or beliefs about self affect personality development
Psychological Tests Test is useful if it achieves two
basic goals Accurately and
consistently reflects a person’s characteristics
Predicts future psychological functioning or behavior
Self-Report Inventory Standardized questions
about his or her behavior and feelings
The answers are then compared to established norms
MMPI Most widely used self-
report inventory Originally designed to
assess mental health and detect psychological symptoms
Strengths of Self-Reports
Standardized—each person receives same instructions and responds to same questions
Use of established norms: results are compared to previously established norms and are not subjectively evaluated
Weaknesses of Self-Reports Evidence that people can
“fake” responses to look better (or worse)
Tests contain hundreds of items and become tedious
People may not be good judges of their own behavior
Psychodynamic Testing
Projective Tests Personality tests that provide
ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection of one’s inner thoughts and feelings
Psychoanalytical Approach Accessing the Unconscious Mind
Rorschach Inkblot Test A set of 10 inkblots, without any
discernable patterns or images, are presented to a patient. Subjects simply identify what they think the inkblot looks like, and researchers interpret those identifications as personality characteristics.
Black ink. A roughly triangular shape, point down, suggesting a broad, fox like face with prominent ears. Naughty bits: a pair of breasts (rounded projections at top of blot); a vertical female figure, her torso partly visible through a gauzy dress (along center line).
The first blot is easy. How fast you answer is taken as an indication of how well you cope with new situations. The best reaction is to give one of the most common responses immediately. Good answers are bat, butterfly, moth, and (in center of blot) a female figure. Mask, jack-o'-lantern, and animal face are common responses too, but in some interpretation schemes they suggest paranoia. A bad response is any that says something untoward about the central female figure. "She" is often judged to be a projection of your own self-image. Avoid the obvious comment that the figure has two breasts but no head.
If you don't give more than one answer for Plate I, many psychologists will drop a hint--tell you to look closer.
Black and red ink. Two dark-gray splotches suggesting dancing figures. Red splotches at top of each figure and at bottom center. Naughty bits: penis (upper center, black ink); vagina (the red area at bottom center).
It is important to see this blot as two human figures usually females or clowns. If you don't, it's seen as a sign that you have trouble relating to people. You may give other responses as well, such as cave entrance (the triangular white space between the two figures) and butterfly (the red "vagina," bottom center).
Should you mention the penis and vagina? Not necessarily. Every Rorsehach plate has at least one obvious representation of sexual anatomy. You're not expected to mention them all. In some interpretation schemes, mentioning more than four sex images in the ten plates is diagnostic of schizophrenia. The trouble is, subjects who took Psychology 101 often assume they should detail every possible sex response, so allowances must be made. Most Rorschach workers believe the sex images should play a part in the interpretation of responses even when not mentioned. You may not say that the lower red area looks like a vagina, but psychologists assume that what you do say will show how you feel about women. Nix on "crab"; stick with "butterfly."
Black and red ink. Two obvious .figures (black ink) facing each other. Butterfly-shaped red blot between the figures; an elongated red blot behind each figure's head. Naughty bits: penises and breasts (at anatomically appropriate positions for each figure).
This is the blot that supposedly can determine sexual preference. Most people see the two human figures. Both figures have prominent "breasts" and an equally prominent "penis." If you don't volunteer the gender of the figures, you'll be asked to specify it. By the traditional interpretation, seeing the figures as male is a heterosexual response (for test subjects of both sexes). Describing the figures as female or acknowledging the androgynous nature of the blot is supposed to be a homosexual response. Does it work? Not really--many straights describe the figures as women, and not all gays give a gay response. A 1971 study at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York showed the traditionally heterosexual response (two male figures) to be declining in popularity. The splotches of red ink are usually perceived separately. Common responses are "bow-tie" or "ribbon" (inner red area) and a stomach and esophagus (outer red areas).
Black ink. A simple, bat like shape. Naughty bits: two penises (the "ears" or "antennae").
Rorschach himself thought this was the easiest blot to interpret. It is a bat or a butterfly, period. You don't want to mention anything else. Seeing the projections on the ends of the bat wings as crocodile heads signifies hostility. Seeing the paired butterfly antennae or feet as scissors or pliers signifies a castration complex. Schizophrenics sometimes see moving people in this blot. Many psychologists take particular note of the number of responses given to this plate. If you mention more images here than in either Plate IV or VI, it is suggestive of schizophrenia.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Slightly less ambiguous that the inkblot uses real pictures of objects or people participant is asked to say what is going on in the
picture, what has happened just before the event depicted and what will happen afterwards.
Like the inkblot, because the scene is ambiguous, the individual will project onto the scene something of themself and in this way their 'inner' or hidden self will be revealed.
The validity of projective tests is very difficult to assess and therefore they must be used with extreme caution.
what is going on in the picture?
what has happened just before the event depicted?
what will happen next?
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)