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Gordon Docherty October 24th

2014 Page 1

Personal Reflections on Recent News from the World of Fusion

(Hot and Cold)

By Gordon Docherty

Octoer !"th# !$%"

Following on from a recent article in the Guardian newspaper:

Has Lockheed Martin really made a breakthrough on nuclear fusion?

I put pen!to!paper in response to a re"uest from the article#s author $%arl &athiesen !

'arl(mathiesen(freelance)guardian(co(u'*+ with the thought that he might be interested in the

following(

Hot Fusion

Firstly+ I often hear it said that fusion re"uires millions of degrees to wor'( ,ctually+ this claim is

somewhat misleading( It is the e"ui-alent of saying you need burning gasoline in an automobile

engine( .hile true+ an automobile engine is -ery far from being /ust one big ball of burning petrol(

Instead+ it is a comple machine+ at the heart of which a small amount of gasoline is mied with air+

compressed and spar'ed to create a small eplosion ! o-er and o-er again(

o+ statements such as fusion re"uires millions of degrees to wor' are not really helpful( Instead+

a statement such as for fusion to occur+ the right conditions need to be in place for elements to

fuse is of much more use(

Further+ spontaneous fusion can and does occur in nature( hus+ a theoretical "uantity of deuterium

gas stored in a perfectly sealed /ar and left on a shelf to be bathed on and off in sunlight for the net

few million years+ would reasonably be epected to eperience one or two spontaneous reactions !

"uite by chance(

o+ the statement for fusion would be better written as for useful le-els of fusion to occur+ the right

conditions need to be in place for elements to fuse at a rate that would pro-ide an ade"uate amount

of net+ usable energy ! and this means increasing the probability of fusion e-ents occurring+ that is+

the probability that two $or more* atoms will approach close enough together under conditions that

are fa-ourable for the nucleii to combine(

he important phrase here is right conditions: the right conditions are those that allow each

atom to o-ercome the repulsi-e barrier present around all atoms $including the atom in "uestion*(

It is this barrier that stops atoms /ust falling in on one another+ to form massi-e+ unstable super!

atoms that would brea' apart and reform again and again+ in a continual cycle of fission!fusion!

fission( 3eedless to say+ life $as we 'now it* would not be possible in such a uni-erse( his barrier+

'nown as the oulomb barrier+ can be thought of as the edge of the positi-e charge around the

nucleus+ and it is one of the factors that allows us to eist(




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For fusion+ howe-er+ this barrier needs to be o-ercome( 5ut+ how can this be done6 .ell+ one way is

to lea-e it to chance but+ as we ha-e seen+ we would be waiting a -ery long time for e-en a single

e-ent+ so this is not a practical method+ especially if the end goal is to create a useful energy source(

,nother way is to heat things up( In hot fusion+ $heated+ high speed* atoms are collided to

effecti-ely crash the nucleii together( learly+ for this to happen+ the atomic nucleii ha-e to be on a

direct collision course( 3ow+ if two+ perfectly aligned guns could be engineered that shot out

indi-idual atoms directly at each other in perfect alignment and at high speed+ then this would do

the /ob(

5y repeatedly firing out atoms in synch to achie-e repeated and perfect collisions+ you would then

ha-e the basis of a useful energy source ! pro-ided you also had a collector 7 e/ector around the

crash site to collect the resultant energy and get rid of the fused atom and other material resulting

from the collision+ ready for the net collision to occur(

here is only one problem with this approach: we can#t build such a de-ice(

o+ if we can#t build a nanoscale fusion gun+ what can be built6 .ell+ one way is to lea-e it to chance

by using a great many atoms+ accelerating them all at once+ and then trying to bring them together

in a pinch point in the hope that+ out of those billions and billions of atoms+ one or two may fuse

$remember the /ar in the sunlight ! by accelerating the atoms and pinching them together+ we

increase the chance of indi-idual atoms colliding together in the now pinching+ confining space*(

5y 'eeping the atoms spinning around a loop+ and repeatedly feeding this stream of particles

through one or more pinch points+ we hope to increase the number of collisions ! and hence energy

released ! until we get more energy out than we put in to accelerating the atoms and 'eeping them

together through the use of pinch!points(

5y speeding the atoms up+ we also ma'e them hot+ so stripping the electrons from the nucleii+

ma'ing it e-en easier to bring the nucleii into close proimity(

3ow+ I hope from the description gi-en+ it is clear why early fusion reactor designers loo'ed at

building race trac's around which accelerating atoms could be raced and pinched( 3ow+ these race

trac's were doughnut shaped+ leading to the name to'ama'+ as in to'ama' reactors: to'ama' is

/ust another name for doughnut!shaped( his is the type of reactor used by I89+ which is

attempting to do essentially what was /ust described(

3ow+ creating a to'ama' reactor is not "uite as easy is building a doughnut!shaped race trac' and

blowing a load of atoms around it with a big fan( For one thing+ blowing atoms around would mean

that they were mo-ing /ust too slowly to e-er o-ercome their natural repulsion of each other( For

another+ they would still be wearing their electrical shells+ ma'ing repulsion e-en more li'ely(

o+ instead+ the atoms are accelerated to near light speed and super!heated( his is where the claim

millions of degrees needed comes from+ as it is en-isaged that the stream of particles are now li'e

those in the un( he problem is+ if you fire a super!heated stream of particles into a doughnut!

shaped ring+ the particles /ust crash straight into the side of the ring and+ eactly li'e a welding flame

hitting metal+ the beam would super!heat the ring and "uic'ly burn a hole through it(




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o+ something has to be done to stop this+ and this is where powerful magnets come in to

magnetically hold and guide the hot+ high speed atoms round the ring( Fortunately and

unfortunately+ these atoms do tra-el around in perfectly aligned orbits so that they don#t bump into

each other( Fortunately+ because if this were the case+ there would ne-er be any fusion e-ents(

nfortunately+ the nucleii are continually running toward one another+ li'e stoc'!cars on a race trac'

! with drun' dri-ers at the wheel(

his causes atoms to -eer and swer-e and try to eit the loop( .e therefore need to create pinch

points to hold the magnetic maelstrom together and increase the chance of collision( .e also need

collectors 7 etractors to capture the energy and fused nucleii as they fly away from the trac' ! such

collision products are /ust too energetic and7or electromagnetically neutral to be held in the ring(

3ow+ as collisions can happen anywhere around the ring$though mostly at or near the pinch points*+

the collectors 7 etractors are pro-ided as a full!wrap blan'et around the whole of the ring( he

pinch points+ on the other hand+ are pro-ided as uniformly spaced discrete collars around the ring(

.ith such a design+ then+ it would seem that all is now ready to start fusing(

.e still ha-e one more problem+ howe-er( he beam inside the ring is continually in flu+ so -ery

cle-er software has to be written for the system of pinch rings to continually bring the beam bac'

under control+ with+ as it happens+ a D!cross section pro-ing useful to maintain the stability of the

beam(

.ith much refinement of the software+ and a sufficiently large ring+ it is hoped that this nai-e

approach to fusion will e-entually deli-er energy for any longer period of time( his is what is being

done at I89( 8-en there+ though+ the engineering is a long way from producing a full!functioning+

continuously running commercial reactor(

.hat I ha-e /ust described+ howe-er+ is only one+ rather primiti-e way of getting nucleii to bump

together( ,nother way is to accelerate far smaller numbers of atoms in to a ball+ using the instability

energy created when the atoms come in close proimity to focus the reaction $shrin' the ball* still

further(

his approach is 'nown as inertial confinement: instead of using a ring $as a race trac'*+ the atoms

are now pac'ed into a small sphere+ a sphere that is sub/ect to intense heat and pressure and forced

to collapse in on itself( o+ now we ha-e high!energy atoms imploding to a single point( he result is

a high rate of fusion e-ents ! for the small sphere+ that is( he collapsing sphere shines li'e the un

for a split!second+ and then is gone(

his slightly less primiti-e approach was the one adopted by the 3uclear Ignition Facility $3iF* in the

+ which used -ery high power lasers to sub/ect a tiny glass bead containing atoms to intense heat

and pressure in order to create a high!rate of fusion e-ents: by sending all the atoms toward a

central point+ many more atoms hit atoms coming the other way head on and so fused(

here was a problem+ howe-er+ with the 3iF model+ namely+ how to 'eep the reactions coming at a

high enough rate to deli-er useful energy( he 3iF approach was definitely a flash!in!the!pan(

Flash; ,nd the ball was gone+ with no ball lined up to ta'e its place( his would ha-e re"uired a

$mechanical* load!fire!collect7etract cycle( It would also ha-e re"uired super!fast charging lasers+




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something else the 3iF could not deli-er( Finally+ it would ha-e re"uired some way to collect the

energy+ and this way simply does not eist(

In the case of the 3iF approach+ the almost instantaneous+ high!energy+ accurately timed

simultaneous deli-ery of energy by the lasers from all around the ball $needed to stop the ball /ust

wobbling around or e-en shooting off* re"uires a huge array of massi-e+ power!hungry lasers+ that

consume -ast amounts of energy at a high rate( o+ achie-ing net+ useful energy out of the 3iF as a

whole has not been achie-ed+ nor is it li'ely to be unless massi-e ad-ances in laser technology can

be made(

o+ with either the doughnut or the 3iF approach+ each approach has costs many billions of dollars

and has not deli-ered a single .att of usable ecess power ! nor are they li'ely to do so within the

net <0 years( his has led to the /o'e that Fusion =ower is <0 years away+ and always will be(

he problem with these two approaches is that they both use brute force to bring together two

nucleii at a nanoscale+ such that each o-ercomes the repulsi-e barrier put out by the other to fuse(he problem with currently funded and reported approaches is that they are the e"ui-alent of

building a planet!si>ed hammer to crac' a peanut!si>ed nut+ and then trying to ta'e aim( ( (

3ow+ a group of scientists wor'ing on an early to'ama' design reali>ed that there was another way

to achie-e confinement than a race!trac' ring( his form of confinement was another eample of

inertial confinement+ only this time using a collapsing powerful electromagnetic field( 9emember+

the problem scientists and engineers ha-e been trying to sol-e is:

"for useful levels of fusion to occur, the right conditions need to be in place for elements to fuse at a

rate that would provide an adequate amount of net, usable energy"

3otice+ no mention of millions of degrees+ or giant!si>ed e"uipment ! these were actually part of

answers put forward o-er ?0 years ago that erroneously slipped into the problem statement( his

misunderstanding came about because+ when scientists loo'ed to the nearest eample of a fusion

de-ice ! the un ! they only thought about replicating how that wor'ed here on 8arth+ rather than

how to achie-e fusion( hat was their big mista'e(

he un is /ust too big to replicate here on 8arth( oo big+ and too hot( It is also etremely

inefficient $than' goodness*+ e-en as stars go( It has been burning for billions of years+ yet is barely

half way through its life( Other stars+ hundreds of times bigger+ last only a few million years( hey

are able to burn their fuel more "uic'ly and+ e-en though they ha-e much more of it+ they wor'

their way through it at a rate far in ecess of that seen with the un( 3ot+ of course+ that this is much

help to us here on 8arth+ rather it does show that there are other ways(

,nyway+ bac' to fusion here on 8arth+ remember that /ar of deuterium that would $at least+

statistically spea'ing+*+ witness one or more spontaneous fusion e-ents o-er a -ery long period of

time6 .ell+ it got some scientists to wonder how else fusion might be achie-ed( o+ they went bac'

to the problem statement+ and restated the problem thus:

o achie-e fusion we need:




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1(

a way to achie-e confinement+ to much increase density ! and hence the probability of

collisions

2(

a way of o-ercoming the oulomb barrier

@( a way to "uic'ly etract the products of the reaction ! energy and matter ! ready to allow

the net reaction to ta'e place

4(

a way to continuously achie-e fusion e-ents so that many small+ rapidly occurring energy

releases can be summed up to produce an apparent large release of energy in human time

frames ! the nuclear e"ui-alent of the internal combustion engine+ as it were(

Out of this wor' came two ma/or branches that ha-e+ until now+ been all but ignored ! e-en ridiculed

! by the serious scientific community: that of inertial confinement using a collapsing powerful

electromagnetic field and confinement inside crystalline structures 'nown to aid in reactions(

Aoo'ing firstly at inertial confinement using a collapsing powerful electromagnetic field+ this

collapsing powerful electromagnetic field+ when unleashed inside a gaseous cloud+ super!heats and

traps part of the cloud as a dense plasma ball+ a'in to the glass ball of the 3iF+ only held together

by a $shrin'ing* electromagnetic field arranged as a ball( Due to the presence of the dense plasma

ball+ this form of fusion is 'nown as Dense =lasma( o "uote .i'ipedia $as of October 2014*:

e-eral groups ha-e contro-ersially proposed that fusion power based on the D=F could be

economically -iable+ possibly e-en with low!neutron fuel cycles li'e p!511 $ordinary atomic

hydrogen and 5oron!11*( he feasibility of net power from p!511 in the D=F re"uires that

the bremsstrahlung losses be reduced by "uantum mechanical effects induced by the

powerful magnetic field( he high magnetic field will also result in a high rate of emission of

cyclotron radiation+ but at the densities en-isioned+ where the plasma fre"uency is larger

than the cyclotron fre"uency+ most of this power will be reabsorbed before being lost from

the plasma( ,nother ad-antage claimed is the capability of direct con-ersion of the energy of

the fusion products into electricity+ with an efficiency potentially abo-e ?0B( 8periments

and computer simulations to in-estigate the capability of D=F for fusion power are

underway at Aawrence-ille =lasma =hysics $A==* under the direction of 8ric Aerner+ who

eplained his Focus Fusion approach in a 200? Google ech al'( On 3o-ember 14+ 200C+

Aerner recei-ed funding for continued research+ to test the scientific feasibility of Focus

Fusion( On October 1<+ 200+ the D=F de-ice Focus Fusion!1 achie-ed its first pinch( On

Eanuary 2C+ 2011+ A== published initial results including eperimental shots with considerably

higher fusion yields than the historical D=F trend( In &arch+ 2012+ the company announced

that it had achie-ed temperatures of 1(C billion degrees+ beating the old record of 1(1 billion

that had sur-i-ed since 1?C(

Aawrence-ille =lasma =hysics $A==*+ in other words+ ha-e achie-ed temperatures and plasma

stabilities much higher and longer than those achie-ed by any to'ama'+ and ha-e established a

stable load!fire!collect7etract cycle+ one that in-ol-es no mo-ing parts( 5etter yet+ A==#s de-ices

operate -ia aneutronic fusion ! they produce no dangerous+ fast mo-ing neutrons( he ideal

aneutronic fuel is a miture of hydrogen and boron( ,t etremely high temperaturesbillions of

degreeshydrogen nucleii $protons* fuse with boron!11 nucleii to -ery briefly form carbon nucleii(

5ut each carbon nucleus has too much energy to stay together+ so in an instant it brea's up into

three helium nuclei( hese nuclei+ and an electron stream in the re-erse direction+ carry the energy




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released by the reaction to create electricity more or less directly( ,nother ma/or ad-antage is that+

e-en with collectors and etractors in place+ the D=F reactor is only about !10 foot s"uare $2!@

metres s"uared*+ so would easily fit in a garage!si>ed room(

o "uote the A== .ebsite:

he dense plasma focus de-ice consists of two cylindrical metal electrodes nested inside

each other( he outer electrode is generally no more than !? inches in diameter and a foot

long( he electrodes are enclosed in a -acuum chamber with a low pressure gas filling the

space between them(

, pulse of electricity from a capacitor ban' $an energy storage de-ice* is discharged across

the electrodes( For a few millionths of a second+ an intense current flows from the outer to

the inner electrode through the gas( his current starts to heat the gas and creates an

intense magnetic field( Guided by its own magnetic field+ the current forms itself into a thin

sheath of tiny filamentsH little whirlwinds of hot+ electrically!conducting gas called plasma(

his sheath tra-els to the end of the inner electrode where the magnetic fields produced by

the currents pinch and twist the plasma into a tiny+ dense ball only a few thousandths of an

inch across called a plasmoid( ,ll of this happens without being guided by eternal magnets(

he magnetic fields -ery "uic'ly collapse+ and these changing magnetic fields induce an

electric field which causes a beam of electrons to flow in one direction and a beam of ions

atoms that ha-e lost electrons! in the other( he electron beam heats the plasmoid to

etremely high temperatures+ the e"ui-alent of billions of degrees $particles energies of

100 'eJ or more*(

he collisions of the electrons with the ions generate a short pulse of highly!intense K!rays( If

the de-ice is being used to generate K!rays for our K!ray source pro/ect+ conditions such as

electrode si>es and shapes and gas fill pressure can be used to maimi>e K!ray output(

If the de-ice is being used to produce fusion energy+ other conditions can minimi>e K!ray

production+ which cools the plasma( Instead+ energy can be transferred from the electrons

to the ions using the magnetic field effect( ollisions of the ions with each other cause fusion

reactions+ which add more energy to the plasmoid( o in the end+ the ion beam contain more

energy than was input by the original electric current( $he energy of the electron beam is

dissipated inside the plasmoid to heat it(* his happens e-en though the plasmoid only lasts

10ns $billionths of a second* or so+ because of the -ery high density in the plasmoid+ which is

close to solid density+ ma'es collisions -ery li'ely and they occur etremely rapidly(

he ion beam of charged particles is directed into a decelerator which acts li'e a particle

accelerator in re-erse( Instead of using electricity to accelerate charged particles+ they

decelerate charged particles and generate electricity( ome of this electricity is recycled to

power the net fusion pulse while the ecess $net* energy is the electricity produced by the

fusion power plant( ome of the K!ray energy produced by the plasmoid can also be directly

con-erted to electricity through the photoelectric effect $li'e solar panels*(




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he only obstacles now standing in A==#s way are the switch away from deuterium!deuterium fuel

that they are currently using for testing to 5oron!hydrogen + and an increase in the density of the

fuel inside the reaction chamber( o do this+ part of the current reactor they ha-e built has been re!

engineered to reduce unwanted discharges between parts of the reactor that were dowsing the

formation of the plasma balls ! and hence reactions ! and are currently $as of October 2014* fitting

their test reactor with the newly re!engineered parts( Once this is done+ A== intend to increase fuel

density and e-entually change o-er to 5oron ! hydrogen( .hen they do that+ A== are li'ely to

achie-e continuous+ useful+ net power generation by fusion ! rendering the to'ama' design obsolete(

3ow+ Dense =lasma Fusion+ although radically different from the to'ama' designs and conceptually

and technically -ery far ahead in e-ery sense+ is still a form of Lot Fusion+ albeit with the heat now

being created in a -ery small sphere ! and this I the point( he reactions are at billions of degrees+

yet the de-ice itself inside which the dense plasma balls are being created is wor'ing at only

hundreds of degrees: further+ the products produced by the reactor need only minimum shielding

and are already self organi>ed into beams $electrons and helium nucleii* that can be readily dealt

with without the need for ecessi-e ray!shielding( 5etter yet+ the products produced by the reactor

can be used directly to generate electricity+ so the D=F design is etremely efficient( Finally+ there is

enough hydrogen and boron on 8arth alone for hundreds of millions of years of reactor operations(

Cold Fusion

&'NR

he second ma/or branch being considered is that of nuclear reactions confined in a crystal lattice(

he most famous ! and infamous ! eample of this branch was old Fusion(

In 1C+ a claim appeared+ apparently out of nowhere+ that Fusion had been achie-ed in a bottle(

his story became infamous due to the way in which the e-idence was collated and reported( o

"uote etracts from .i'ipedia again $as of October 2014*:

old fusion is a hypothetical type of nuclear reaction that would occur at+ or near+ room

temperature+ compared with temperatures in the millions of degrees that are re"uired for

hot fusion+ which ta'es place naturally within stars( here is currently no accepted

theoretical model which would allow cold fusion to occur(

In 1C &artin Fleischmann $then one of the world#s leading electrochemists* and tanley

=ons reported that their apparatus had produced anomalous heat $ecess heat*+ of a

magnitude they asserted would defy eplanation ecept in terms of nuclear processes( (((

&any scientists tried to replicate the eperiment with the few details a-ailable( ((( In 1C+ a

re-iew panel organi>ed by the nited tates Department of 8nergy $DO8* found that the

e-idence for the disco-ery of a new nuclear process was not persuasi-e enough to start a

special program+ but was sympathetic toward modest support for eperiments within the

present funding system( , second DO8 re-iew+ con-ened in 2004 to loo' at new research+

reached conclusions similar to the first( upport within the then!present funding system did

not occur(




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he problem was that not enough details were in place to accurately replicate the eperiment+ and

as billions of dollars going into hot fusion were at sta'e and hot fusion physicists were the ones

being as'ed to replicate the eperiments of the two world!renowned electrochemists+ the dice were

loaded from the start for negati-e replications+ which+ of course+ is eactly what was then claimed !

no positi-e replications(

3o one had been able to see what =ons and Fleischmann had seen( his fact+ howe-er+ was later

pro-en false when it emerged that the eperimental results that pro-ed no ecess heat had been

produced had actually been ad/usted to remo-e any anomalies that showed the production of

ecess heat( hese ad/ustment led to the resignation of 8ugene &allo-e+ the chief science writer at

&I#s news office at the time of the =ons and Fleischmann replication attempts at &I(

In his words+ he resigned from the &I 3ews Office+ to protest the outrageous beha-ior of the =F

$=lasma Fusion enter* and others at &I against cold fusion(( Le further went on to say 5y Eune

of 1C+ the hot fusion community and the physics establishment were -ery satisfied that they had

debun'ed cold fusion( ,ny of the growing numbers of positi-e reports could readily be dismissed by

reporters and other+ less in-ol-ed scientists( ,fter all+ the plasma physicist authorities at &I had

spo'en( In fact+ so con-inced were the =F people that they had 'illed off cold fusion+ they held a

celebratory party billed as a M.a'e for old FusionN on Eune 2+ 1C(

he humorous poster for the party noted: M5rought to you by the enter for ontri-ed Fantasies

5lac' ,rmbands Optional(N .hat is most interesting about this anything!but!funny moc'ery by the

=F is that at the time the party was held+ the data for the =hase!II calorimetry eperiments had not

yet been analy>ed; o+ &I held a wa'e before any eperimental replication data had been

produced( trange indeed(

Fortunately+ a small community of researchers went underground to continue in-estigations into

cold fusion: remember+ there had been positi-e reports of replications( 9esearchers in Eapan and

Italy+ in particular+ too' up the torch discarded by mainstream scientists in the (

3ow+ =ons and Fleischmann had been wor'ing on what appeared+ superficially+ to be a form of

electrolytic cell( ,s =ons and Fleischmann and others realised+ howe-er+ after further study of the

old Fusion phenomena and the eperimental apparatus+ was that the cell being used only wor'ed

with a particular batch of palladium $the cathode used in the cell*: their cell contained hea-y water

$water formed using deuterium rather than the lighter normal form of hydrogen+ protium*+ which+

when current was passed through the hea-y water from the palladium cathode+ caused thepalladium to absorb the deuterium atoms+ which then+ within the confines of the palladium lattice+

fused+ generating heat and neutrons(

he only problem was that this only wor'ed some of the time+ and only when one particular source

of palladium used in the cathode was formed( In particular+ an eperiment carried out by 8dmund

torms in 12 to eamine the beha-iour of a =ons!Fleischmann type electrolytic cell using

palladium sheets found that one sheet produced a steady increase in ecess power that reached ?(<

. $20B of input power*+ while a second similar sheet from a different batch of palladium did not

produce any measurable ecess power(




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o+ it became increasingly clear that the =ons!Fleischmann type cell could produce ecess power

$although not enough to ma'e a commercial reactor*+ but that there was something in the cell+ and

the palladium sample in particular+ that was not well understood that was re"uired for this ecess

power to be generated(

From these eperiments+ it was reali>ed that the palladium had to become totally saturated with

deuterium before any useful heat!generating reactions occurred( It was also reali>ed that the

surface of the palladium was somehow important+ the more bumpy the palladium+ the more li'ely

a reaction would occur upon saturation( , pattern was beginning to emerge( aturation of the

metallic crystal lattice was re"uired+ and a bumpy surface that also increased the eposed surface

area in a gi-en -olume was re"uired(

From 12 to 2011+ much further co-ert research was carried out into what now came to be 'nown

as Aattice ,ssisted 3uclear 9eactions $A,39*+ Aow 8nergy 3uclear 9eactions $A839*+ or uantum

8ffects $8*+ the last being due to theories that were increasingly seeing "uantum tunnelling as li'ely

being in-ol-ed in these systems( In fact+ in many laboratories around the world+ following different

lines of research+ and often on a shoestring budget+ the e-idence for A839 $the name generally

settled on* became more and more o-erwhelming+ as eperimental techni"ues and understanding

of what caused ecess energy to be produced emerged: since 1C+ o-er 1?00 papers ha-e been

published around the world on research that has reliably demonstrated ecess heat form the -arious

phenomena 'nown collecti-ely as A839(

&'NR

hen+ in Eanuary 2011+ a new brea'through was announced( ,n A839 system+ the si>e of a small

mineral!water bottle+ was producing 10%. of heat continuously+ and capable of doing so for up to months( his de-ice was 'nown as the e!at $energy cataly>er* and+ ama>ingly+ now used nic'el

$instead of palladium*+ protium or normal hydrogen $instead of deuterium* and a secret catalyst(

he era of A839P $A839 plus* had arri-ed(

3ow+ in A839P+ it must be stressed that the eact theoretical mechanisms in-ol-ed ha-e not been

fully identified+ but there are plenty of clues as to what is going on ! and eperimental A839P

systems are deli-ering large "uantities of ecess energy+ in the form of heat+ from -ery small fuel

samples $the last ha-ing deli-ered an estimated @%. of heat o-er @2 days from one gram of fuel+

ma'ing the energy density in these A839P systems now one million times that of gasoline ! and that

despite their prototype nature and being early in their de-elopment cycle(*(

Despite the wealth of e-idence now in fa-our of A839 and A839P+ as with =ons and Fleischmann+ the

scientific community is saying that what is being claimed by the A839P ad-ocates is not allowed by

the well!accepted laws of physics(

In parallel with the A839 systems+ one researcher+ 9andell &ills+ was loo'ing into eploiting a

different phenomenon he had become aware of through his early wor'+ namely the creation of

states of $ordinary* hydrogen where the electron was orbiting the nucleus below the generally

accepted ground state that electrons occupy around a single proton nucleus $that is+ a hydrogen

nucleus*( Lis wor' led to the identification $through eamination of spectral absorption lines

amongst other means*+ of the identification of what Dr(&ills termed the hydrino+ and he has




2014 Page 10

continued to research into the possibility of producing wor'ing energy systems based on the release

of energy as the electrons around hydrogen nucleii are+ using the apparatus he is de-eloping+ forced

below the ground state(

,gain+ as with =ons and Fleischmann+ the scientific community came out in force against his wor'+

saying it was not allowed according to the well!accepted laws of physics ! despite copious

"uantities of measured ecess energy emerging from his -arious in-entions+ in-entions that share

much in common with the A839P systems such as the e!at mentioned abo-e(

till+ the mainstream scientific community sits in denial+ waiting to be impressed( ,s they are oft

heard to repeat+ etraordinary claims re"uire etraordinary proof( In the meantime+ with appro-al

of the mainstream scientific community+ public funding goes on being poured into the to'ama'

reactor designs such as I89 and the 3iF approach+ despite there being no good reason to belie-e

that either of these approaches will e-er deli-ering a single .att of useful+ ecess energy ! that is+

e-er deli-er a single+ useful+ commercially rele-ant reactor(

,nyway+ bac' to the e!at+ on October Cth 2014+ the following report was released:

8!at 9eport 9eleased: Q3ot a on-entional ource of 8nergyR $old Fusion7A839 onfirmed*

$ http:77www(e!catworld(com7201471070C7e!cat!report!released7 *

i days later+ Aoc'heed &artin announced its brea'through system+ a system that hasn#t actually

been built or tested yet( he purpose of the Aoc'heed press release appears to ha-e been a general

plea to not cancel our program because of the awesome research deli-ering through D=F+ A839P

and Lydrinos

he "uestion that really has to be as'ed is why the mainstream scientific community and

mainstream media ha-e not encouraged reporting on D=F+ A839P and Lydrino wor'( For eample+

the Dense =lasma Fusion wor' of Aawrence-ille =lasma =hysics is way ahead in the hot fusion field in

terms of concepts and de-elopment( It is also pri-ately funded+ including ma'ing use of the crowd!

funding mechanism+ and publishes many peer!re-iewed papers( Set+ no reports(

It is now in the process of fitting a new set of electrodes that will allow their D=F de-ice to surmount

its one remaining obstacle ! density ! for a net coefficient of performance $or O= ! energy out 7

energy in* way abo-e 1( ,s the de-ice produces electricity directly+ anything abo-e 1 $or+ with losses+

say 1(2* is ecess energy to use( Set+ no reports in the mainstream outlets(

he story is the same for 5lac'Aight =ower#s latest de-elopment+ the unell+ 5rillouin 8nergy#s A839

5oiler system and the 8!at mentioned abo-e+ as well as any other A839 wor' that is going on+ all of

which is way further ahead than to'ama's+ the 3iF approach+ and the Aoc'heed proposal+ in terms

of 9TD+ design+ cost reduction+ high O=+ and nearness to entering the mar'et( Set+ we see in the

mainstream rather announcements such as the non!brea'through made by Aoc'heed(

o+ what could be reported6

.ell+ for A839P+ aside from publication of the report+ on 8lfors'#s web!site and in the wedish

science and technology maga>ine 3yte'ni'+ 8lfors'#s 8O &agnus Oloffsson wrote an article

responding to the 8!at testing report published by the independent 8uropean research team :




2014 Page 11

Sesterday+ astounding results from month!long measurements on a so!called Menergy

catalyserN were reported( he report+ written by researchers from ppsala ni-ersity+ %L

and the ni-ersity of 5ologna+ describes a release of heat that cannot be eplained by

chemical reactions alone( Isotope changes in the analy>ed fuel instead indicate that nuclear

reactions might ha-e occurred at low temperatures( It implies that we may be facing a new

way to etract nuclear energy possibly without ioni>ing radiation and radioacti-e waste( he

disco-ery could potentially become -ery important for the world#s energy supply(

he central part of the reactor is a narrow cylinder that is 20cm long( In the eperiments+ the

reactor operated at temperatures up to about 1 400 degrees elsius( , net energy release of

1 <00 '.h was obser-ed( he thermal energy output was three to four times the electrical

energy input( he reactor was filled with 1 gram hydrogen!loaded nic'el powder and some

additi-es(

In recent years+ 8lfors' has followed the de-elopment of what has come to be called A839

Aow 8nergy 3uclear 9eactions( 8lfors' has published an o-er-iew summary of A839( 8lfors'

has co!funded the wor' described in the report in addition to earlier measurements that

showed an anomalous ecess of energy(

If it is possible to safely operate and control these reactions that are now belie-ed to be

nuclear reactions+ we may see a fundamental transformation of our energy system(

8lectricity and heat could then be produced with relati-ely simple components+ facilitating a

decentrali>ation of energy supply that could be both inepensi-e and part of a solution for

global climate change(

&ore research is needed to understand and eplain( Aet us engage researchers in trying to-alidate and then eplaining how it wor's(

3ow+ it must be remembered+ this is coming from the 8O of 8lfors'+ the wedish 8lectrical tilities#

9 T D ompany+ an organi>ation not 'nown for its flights of fancy(

he results being tal'ed about by &agnus Oloffsson are summari>ed as follows:

1(

esting was performed in 5arbengo $Augano*+ wit>erland+ in a laboratory placed at Uthe

testers#V disposal by Officine Ghidoni ,(

http:77www(officineghidoni(ch7en7

i-il 7 &echanical 8ngineering 7 &aterials cience 7 uality ontrol strap!line Muality+

competence and fleibility are our prerogati-esN(

2(

9eactor ma'eup 7 si>e alumina cylinder+ 2 cm in diameter and 20 cm in length+ ending on

both sides with two cylindrical alumina bloc's $4 cm in diameter+ 4 cm in length*(

,lumina+ synthetically produced aluminum oide+ ,l2O@+ a white or nearly colourless

crystalline substance that is used as a starting material for the smelting of aluminum metal( It

also ser-es as the raw material for a broad range of ad-anced ceramic products and as an

acti-e agent in chemical processing(

MLidden energy inputsN chec'ed and ruled out including hidden wires+ D offset+ magnetron+




2014 Page 12

batteries+ death ray $it would ha-e to be*W all en-ironmental measurements underta'en by

testers eperienced in their fields W at an independent site(

@(

.eight of acti-e powder sample used : 1g $0(01 'g*

4(

o "uote:

Mpon completion of the gradual startup process procedure+ the thermal camera indicated an

a-erage temperature for the body of the reactor of 120X+ while the =8 recorded an electric

power input to the 8!at fluctuating at around C10 .( W ,fter this initial period+ we noticed

that the feedbac' system had gradually cut bac' the input current+ which was yielding about

?0 .( .e therefore decided to increase the power+ and set it slightly abo-e 00 .( hereby+

we also obtained an important second measurement point( In a few minutes+ the reactor body

reached a temperature close to 1400X( ubse"uent calculation pro-ed that increasing the

input by roughly 100 watts had caused an increase of about ?00 watts in power emitted(N

and:

M.e also chose not to induce the O37OFF power input mode used in the &arch 201@ test+ W

$to a-oid ma'ing* W calculations troublesome and rendered analysis of the ac"uired data

difficult(N

<(

Initial dummy test run below <00.+ followed by @2 day main est run with continuous higher

input power $C00 00.+ as abo-e*( e!at not run in pulsed mode $which would ha-e

increased O= but made calculations and eperimental e-idence gathering much+ much more

difficult*

( he measured energy balance between input and output heat yielded a O= factor of about

@(2 and @( for the 120Y and 1400Y runs+ respecti-ely( he total net energy obtained during

the @2 days run was about 1(<&.h(

?( ample of fuel carefully eamined with respect to its isotopic composition before and after the

run+ using se-eral standard methods: K=+ 8D+ I&+ I=!& and I=!,8( From these

combined analysis methods+ significant "uantities of Ai+ ,l+ Fe and L in addition to 3i were

found in the fuel( Further+ protium but no deuterium was seen by I& $so+ non!radiati-e

protium main hydrogen isotope*

he isotope composition in Aithium and 3ic'el was found to agree with a Mnatural

compositionN before the run+ while after the run it was found to ha-e been changedsubstantially(

C( Lowe-er+ no radioacti-ity+ alpha particles+ fast neutrons or other high!energy e/ecta detected+

despite rigorous obser-ations(

(

9emar'able change in ash as compared to initial fuel samples:

Aithium content in unused fuel found to be in natural ratios : Ai ? B and ?Ai @ B( Lowe-er at

the end of the run a depletion of ?Ai in the ash was re-ealed by both the I& and the I=!&

methods( In the I& analysis the ?Ai content was only ?(B and in the I=!& analysis it was

42(< B(

3ic'el content in unused fuel also found to be in natural ratios: i(e( <C3i $C(1B*+ 03i $2(2B*+




2014 Page 13

13i $1(1B*+ 23i $@(B*+ and 43i $0(B*+ whereas the ash composition from I& is: <C3i

$0(C(B*+ 03i $0(<B*+ 13i $0B*+ 23i $C(?B*+ 43i $0B*+ and from I=!&: <C3i $0(CB*+ 03i

$0(@B*+ 13i $0B*+ 23i $(@B*+ 43i $0B*(

o+ the fuel is indeed changed at the nuclear le-el( all it what you will+ there are definitely

nuclear reactions going on(

10( =erformances obtain do not reflect the &,KI&& potential of the reactor+ e-en at this point

in its de-elopment: the net production of the reactor after @2 daysR operation was $<C2< Z

10B* U&EV+ the density of thermal energy $if referred to an internal charge weighing 1 g* was

$<(C [ 10 Z 10B* U&E7'gV+ while the density of power was e"ual to $2(1 [ 10 Z 10B* U.7'gV(

hese -alues place the 8!at .O O9D89 OF &,G3ID8 $on a 9agone plot* beyond any

'nown con-entional energy source( 8-en if conser-ati-ely repeating the same calculations

using the weight of the whole reactor $including the casing* rather /ust the powder+ the results

confirm the non!con-entional nature of the form of energy generated by the 8!at+ namely

$1(@ [ 104 Z 10B* U&E7'gV for thermal energy density+ and $4(? [ 10@ Z 10B* U.7'gV for powerdensity(N

o+ the news is truly remar'able and J89S positi-e(

Finally+ we li-e in an era of man!made climate change+ with the release of arbon Dioide o-er the

last 1<0 years being one of the prime culprits for global warming( o+ will fossil fuels melt the global

economy6 In fact+ they are already destroying it+ and not /ust in terms of global warming( adly+ the

current status "uo with fossil fuel usage is not /ust about energy but about political power ! as we

see li-ed out on our tele-ision screens e-ery wee' of the year(

Set+ there are alternati-es+ and many more than those in power would want to admit to( 3ow+

.ind+ .a-e+ Lydro and olar are all possibilities+ but they do ha-e their limitations ! including the

geopolitical ones of ownership of upply $5uilding a power array in the ahara might loo' appealing+

but it would be in politically unstable countries ! and the desert is a harsh and dirty en-ironment+

especially for solar panels*+ as well as cost+ continuity of supply $for which an alternati-e such as gas

is re"uired* and damage to the en-ironment(

o+ the time is now right to spread the argument to loo' at what else is $or soon will be* out there !

an energy source that will wor' anywhere+ anyplace+ anytime+ and not be sub/ect to the instabilitiesand whims of despotic regimes+ an energy source that can be used to eliminate fossil reser-es as

fuels altogether ! after all+ the chemical industry needs fossil reser-es for ma'ing much!needed

substances such as medicines+ plastics+ high!tech materials+ and fertili>ers+ so why burn them6

Of course+ there is traditional fission power+ but that produces long!li-ed radioacti-e waste+

something that has to!date caused many problems of its own( his+ howe-er+ is where A839

technology first comes into its own+ as &itsubishi Lea-y Industries has been granted a patent by the

8uropean =atent Office for a M3uclide transmutation de-ice and nuclide transmutation methodN

that+ as the introduction to the patent states+ will allow for the transformation of long!li-ed

radioacti-e waste into short!li-ed radioacti-e nuclides or stable nuclides and the transmutation ofabundant elements into rare earth elements $the patent application was filed in 2001+ but was only




2014 Page 14

finally granted on December @ 201@: the in-entors are listed as Sasuhiro Iwamura+ a'ehi'o Itoh and

&itsuru a'ano with the applicant being &itsubishi Lea-y Industries+ Atd(*( he implications of this

alone are enormous+ as it finally means a process can be de-eloped to clean!up fissile waste

material+ brea'ing waste products with half!li-es of thousands of years down into products with only

a -ery short half!life waste of the order of a decade or so( &uch of the waste in ellafield has

already been there 20 years or more+ so this is good news for dealing with a problem we already

ha-e(

he best bit is yet to come+ howe-er+ as the process in-ol-ed is a metal deuteride 7 metal hydride

process ! the same basis as A839 and similar de-elopments(

o understand why the best bit is yet to come+ it is necessary to loo' bac' twenty fi-e years: on

&arch 2@rd 1C+ tanley =ons and &artin Fleischmann announced to the world their disco-ery of a

new form of energy+ one that "uic'ly became 'nown as old Fusion( he world reacted with

surprise+ s'epticism and+ ultimately+ derision+ as famous names in science sought to replicate the

success( nfortunately for the world+ these famous names+ in their haste to grab the crown+ failed in

their attempts( ,t the time+ it was claimed =ons and Fleischmann had been mista'en+ that there was

no effect or that worse they were charlatans and frauds( old fusion disappeared as "uic'ly as it had

come( hose whose li-elihoods and go-ernment grants depended on maintaining the status "uo in

energy and energy research breathed a collecti-e sigh of relief(

3ow+ howe-er+ twenty fi-e years on+ the world faces a perfect storm as climate change+ energy

security+ energy demand+ demand for water and demand on scarce resources combine to threaten

not /ust our way of life but our -ery sur-i-al( he need for a safe+ secure+ clean+ inepensi-e+

plentiful+ reliable supply of energy has ne-er been more pressing+ yet the options on the table ha-e

apparently remained+ after 2< years+ oil+ coal+ gas and fission $namely+ uranium*+ often from

politically unstable regions of the world+ with some renewables: e-en the renewables are coming

under pressure+ howe-er+ as their cost+ need for energy storage 7 augmentation+ need for land and

green credentials $solar and wind generators in particular re"uiring materials that despoil the 8arth

in a big way to etract* all come under fire(

o+ is there another way6 wenty fi-e years on+ is there nothing that can be done to resurrect the

promise of old Fusion6 ,ccording to popular mythology+ and the -ested powers that be+ old

Fusion is dead( 3othing could be further from the truth+ howe-er( In fact+ old Fusion sur-i-ed the

initial sa-aging it recei-ed at the hands of the famous names+ albeit in small+ out of the way

laboratories well off the beaten trac'( hese small laboratories continued to wor' on ! and+ more

importantly+ understand+ the wor' underta'en by =ons and Fleischmann( his time+ through careful

replication $the de-il is in the details*+ reflection and ad/ustment ! that is+ using proper 98!search

techni"ues ! they not only replicated the effects+ they enhanced and impro-ed on them: li'e some

long lost secret of the ancients+ the secrets of old Fusion ha-e been slowly re-ealing themsel-es+ as

dedicated indi-iduals ha-e searched+ searched and searched again $the origin of the word research:

98!search* by trial and error to find out what wor'ed and what did not( ,s a result of this wor'+ a

whole new set of research a-enues into Aow 8nergy 3uclear 9eactions $A839*+ Aattice ,ssisted

3uclear 9eactions $A,39*+ ontrolled 8lectron apture 9eaction $89*+ ransmutation+ old

Fusion and Lydrino formation+ all under the umbrella of ondensed &atter 3uclear cience

$&3* ha-e opened up( he result has been the de-elopment of competing theories and models




2014 Page 15

that+ whilst appearing superficially different+ share many of the same effects and are indeed now

being seen as different combinations of these same effects in different proportions( &ost

interestingly+ from the initial wor' of =ons and Fleischmann $which+ by their own admission+ they

partly misunderstood at the time+*+ where only a small amount of ecess power was sporadically

detected+ reliable ecess power production into the 'ilowatts and beyond is now being seen(

o+ after twenty fi-e years+ and facing the perfect storm+ is it not time to open our minds and re-isit

the field of old Fusion in its many new forms of Aow 8nergy 3uclear 9eactions $A839*+ Aattice

,ssisted 3uclear 9eactions $A,39*+ ontrolled 8lectron apture 9eaction $89*+ ransmutation+

Lydrino formation and Dense =lasma Fusion6 If you can suspend the pre/udice that has surrounded

this area of research for the last twenty fi-e years+ you may be pleasantly surprised with what you

find(

nd rememer# all these de*ices are H+GH,'N'RG- RD+.+ON FR''# /roduce no lon0,term waste

and are fail,safe1

Further Resources

,s to Aithium+ the effects of Aithium in a nuclear reaction ha-e been o-erloo'ed once before:

https:77www(youtube(com7watch6-\y/i.5'i5]

and+ more factually:

http:77gi>adeathstar(com7201270?7they!/ust!cant!seem!to!get!lithium!?!right7

On this last web!site+ we see: M5ut what if+ as 9ichter suggested+ lithium!? has some peculiarproperties of lattice assisted nuclear reactions+ or Mcold fusionN6N

his suggestion was made bac' in the fifties+ and had rather dramatic conse"uences for the astle

5ra-o test( Fortunately+ with the configuration used in A839P+ run!away would cause melt!down

would cause the system to fail safe( o+ there is no need to run for the shelters with A839P(

here is plenty more information on A839P at:

http:77www(e!catworld(com7

http:77www(scoop(it7t7lenr!re-olution!in!process!cold!fusion6page\1

http:77www(brillouinenergy(com7

http:77coldfusionnow(org7

Ai'ewise+ for Lydrino theory+ more information is a-ailable at:

http:77www(blac'lightpower(com7

Finally+ for Aawrence-ille =lasma =hysics#s Dense =lasma Fusion wor':

http:77lawrence-illeplasmaphysics(com7

http:77focusfusion(org7inde(php7site7category7?0

all of which are rich -eins for news and stories on A839P+ Lydrinos and Dense =lasma Fusion(




2014 Page 16

http:77lawrence-illeplasmaphysics(com7fusion!power7dpf!de-ice7

http:77www(e!catworld(com7201471070C7e!cat!report!released7 http:77www(e!catworld(com7201470@7mitsubishi!granted!patent!for!lenr!process7

http:77www(e!catworld(com720147017industrial!heats!ac"uisition!of!e!cat!is!ma/or!endorsement!

of!rossi!boost!for!lenr7

http:77www("uantumheat(org7inde(php7en7follow7powder!test!cells7@1!powder!push

http:77www(blac'lightpower(com7technology7-alidation!reports7

http:77www(e!catworld(com7may!201@!@rd!party!test7

and# rememer# all these de*ices are H+GH,'N'RG- RD+.+ON FR''# /roduce no lon0,term waste

and are fail,safe1




2014 Page 17

o+ instead of being doomed to li-e in a dying+ poisoned world+ where mass etinction $including

ours* is all that we ha-e left to loo' forward to+ I I I&8 O L,3G8 L8 ,9G&83 5S 59I3GI3G

I3O L8 8,IO3 O&8LI3G 38.+ something that would:

1( eliminate the need for oil+ coal+ gas+ uranium+ plutonium as fuel sources

2(

address the global warming issue ! with a concerted effort+ carbon dioide emissions could

be all but eliminated

@(

address the water shortage issue ! after all+ the real issue is not shortage of water but

shortage of clean water

4( redress imbalances in the geopolitical system+ reduce scarcity+ and increase stability

<(

pro-ide enough fuel for o-er 1+<00+000+000 $1(< billion* years $at present demand* on

8arth alone(((and remember+ e-en something as ancient as G^be'li epe is only 12+000

years old+ so 1(< billion years should be more than enough time to pro-ide us with the

chance to mo-e beyond our current limitations(




2014 Page 18

ddendum

9esonance is seen as a critical success factor in achie-ing Aow 8nergy 3uclear 9eactions ! and here#s

why(

In tal'ing about the oulomb barrier+ there is a tendency to represent the barrier as a MwallN around

a nucleus+ which is itself represented as a MmarbleN( ,pproaching nucleii are li'ewise represented as

marbles $although+ strangely+ with no oulomb barrier* that need to climb the barrier of the first

for Fusion to occur( Low+ though+ can a sphere climb another sphere to get into the middle( his

representation is a result of thin'ing of nucleii as infinitely small points in space( his representation

is not accurate( 3ucleii are not /ust points( Instead+ nucleii sit toward the center of spherical field

wa-es that are generating by those nucleii( Further+ In form+ these generated wa-es are elastic( he

upshot of this is that any deformation in a wa-e around a nucleus will ta'e time to tra-el bac' in

toward the center( his point is -ery important to understanding Aow 8nergy 3uclear 9eactions

$A839*( he oulomb MbarrierN is not /ust a spherical wa-e around a nucleus+ it is one that is

eponentially attenuated $that is+ it starts off with a -ery high amplitude but "uic'ly reduces down to

bac'ground le-els*( ,ll $collections of* protons ha-e this barrier( o+ when one nucleus $including a

single proton* approaches another+ the highly attenuated spherical wa-es of each start to collide(

.hen this happens+ they interfere( 3ow+ if they are out of resonance+ their interference will cause

disturbances the energy of each wa-es will be partly dissipated+ partly reflected bac' against the

nucleus( his rebound of energy will cause each nucleus to change direction( It is this that causes

the nucleii to mo-e apart+ and so not fuse(

3ow+ if you ram two nucleii together fast enough+ then the wa-es donRt ha-e enough time to reflect

energy bac' into the nucleus they surround before the nucleii approach each other sufficiently

closely that the two surrounding spherical wa-es Mreduce into chaosN ! before coalescing into a

single coherent wa-e( he result is that the two nucleii are now in the middle of the same+ larger

spherical wa-e( his is what hot fusion does( It is a messy process( 3ow+ if the fused nucleus

contains an ecess of protons+ a part of the nucleus following fusion will be e/ected out of the center

to restore nuclear e"uilibrium in the middle( he part being e/ected will+ of course+ be surrounded

by a spherical wa-e ! its own oulomb barrier( his point is generally ignored when loo'ing at

Fusion( Set this e/ected part+ with its own field+ is able to cross the oulomb barrier of the larger

nucleus( .hy6 .ell+ as this smaller part of the nucleus was+ for a brief period+ a part of the larger

whole+ the field surrounding the smaller part would necessarily ha-e to be in harmony with the field

surrounding the larger whole the field of the smaller part+ after all+ is emerging from the field ofthe larger part(

hus+ the field of the smaller part is in resonance with the field of the larger part and here we see a

clue as to how A839 can wor'( If it is possible for a part of a nucleus to lea-e a nucleus due to

resonance+ why cannot two nucleii in resonance be brought together $e-en a small and large

nucleus*6

his is what is being proposed in A839( .hat+ though+ is so special about resonance6 .ell+ in

resonance+ as the two wa-e shells around two nucleii approach each other+ for any gi-en point on

the one shell+ in resonance+ that point is always going to be at the same le-el as the corresponding$neighbouring* point on the other shell: to each opposing point+ the other loo's to be either




2014 Page 19

stationary or+ for a -ery short time window $delta!t*+ mo-ing a -ery small distance in the same

direction( For this to be the case+ not only do the wa-es ha-e to be resonant+ but the spin of each of

the nucleii has to be parallel to the other and mo-ing in the opposite direction or >ero $the slower

the spin+ the longer the period delta!t can be*( o be able to -isuali>e this last point+ thin' first of an

aircraft landing gear( ,s the gear is lowered and brought into contact with the runway+ if the gear is

perpendicular to the surface+ the gear wor's as intended( If+ on the other hand+ the gear is not fully

lowered when it comes into contact with the runway $it is at an angle*+ the gear ris's s'idding

sideways $due to lateral force*+ with the possibility of collapse if the lateral force is great enough( ,s

a second analogy+ thin' of two wheels brought into contact+ such that their spin aes are parallel and

their centers on a common plane $that is+ arranged so: !!I!! !!I!!*( If one of the wheels is spinning

and the other is not+ when the spinning wheel is brought into contact with the stationary one+ the

stationary wheel will start spinning+ in the same direction at the point of contact+ which+ on an

eternal frame of reference+ means that the two wheels will now be spinning in e"ual and opposite

directions+ one cloc'wise+ the other anti!cloc'wise( If those same two wheels+ howe-er+ are brought

together out of alignment $ _ 7 *+ then they will bounce off one another+ and a lot of heat andfriction generated+ especially if the wheels are free to mo-e in any direction(

o+ the result of resonance and spin harmony is that the energy in the two wa-es can flow

seamlessly between the shells $there is no acceleration force anywhere*+ allowing the two wa-es to

combine and merge into one ta'ing the nucleii at the center with them ! pro-iding the two nucleii

are still mo-ing together fast enough+ so that delta!t is 'ept -ery short(

o+ any particle emitted from a nucleus+ must ta'e some of the field energy with it ! and what is

that field energy but some form of electromagnetic barrier $after all+ neutrons show no such barrier*(

hat the magnetic field then collapses is li'ely a macro effect as the nucleii go out of resonance( It#s

still all there+ only in chaos( 5y applying a unifying field+ howe-er+ $re"uires energy*+ all will remain in

resonance: focus those em particles while letting them lose energy together+ you will ha-e created

an I9!laser( ,lternati-ely+ by passing the particles o-er a plate 7 through a tube+ the focused+

resonant particles should induce a current in the plate 7 tube( Do both+ and you can create

electricity -ia an induction collar and some form of I9!photocell $hermo =hoto-oltaic or =J cell*(

3ow+ =Js are currently rather inefficient+ but it is li'ely only a matter of time before their efficiency

can be increased+ especially if the I9 source is an I9!laser( his resembles+ in some way+ the unell

setup of 5lac'light power(