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Research on Humanities and Social
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 222
Vol.3, No.5, 2013
Pattern of Social Rel
Agric
Department of Anthr
* E-ma
Abstract
Peasant life in rural Java is in the p
peasants need money. One way tosocial relations are built sometimes
areas. Therefore, studies have been
village are in the process of comm
by observation and interview. Int
conclusions of the results of the stu
constructed variably according to
characteristics of the social relatio
others are strong c) social relations
individual, individuals to institution
Keywords: social relationships, pa
1. Introduction
Peasants are some of the actor
in poor condition. Problems faced
financial capital to fund their peas
selling prices, and government poli
are increasing high, and so forth. O
opportunities for peasants who can
live well, such as peasants who hav
activities, they cannot do it alone b
several parties for the continuity of
Social relations are built by th
relations they built are sometimes
Similar condition occurs among pe
build social relationships. However,
sometimes become a burden. The
relations built by the peasants to sus
2. Methods
This research was conducted
Indonesia. Kebonrejo village is an
(roads, transport, electricity, telep
smoothly. Most residents in this vi
process of commercialization in agr
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96
ations among Peasants as an Ef
ultural Activities in Rural Area
Dr. Rustinsyah,
pology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Airl
Jl. Airlangga 4-6, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
il of the corresponding author: [email protected]
ocess of commercialization and almost all the necess
eet the needs of peasants in rural areas is to builnot economically profitable, but it supports life an
conducted on the peasants in the village Kebonrejo in
rcialization. Research was conducted using qualitati
rviews were conducted in-depth, independent and
y are as follows: a) peasants in the village are so div
interest, b) social relations are built vertically
ns of kinship, functional, patron-client, contractual,
are conducted with people in the village and outsi
s.
tern, peasants, commercialization, rural Java.
s of national food production. However, the lives of
by peasants are very diverse, such as limited co
ant subsistence , exchange rate instability of agric
cies that sometimes disadvantageous for some peasa
n the other hand, the commercialization of the count
capture a lucrative business opportunity. Some peas
e off-farm economic activities, such as traders. Simil
t they need the support of others. Therefore, they bui
arm activities and meet their needs.
peasants to earn profits and sustain farming in count
ot economically profitable, but it can support the s
asants in the village Kebonrejo. One way to sustain
existing social relations are profitable and bring pro
efore, this paper will be elaborated the patterns a
tain farming activities in the countryside.
n 2004-2005 in the village Kebonrejo, Sub district
pen farming village, with adequate infrastructure to
one, etc.) so that social relations with the villag
llage have livelihood from agriculture. Community
culture and in meeting the needs of everyday life.
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ort to Continue
angga University
om
ties of life and activities of
social relations. Althoughfarming activities in rural
2004-2005. Peasants in the
e methods, data collection
used interview guide. The
erse that social relations are
and horizontally with the
some are weak and some
e the village, individual to
ural peasants are generally
trol over land, increasing
ltural products, fluctuating
ts, agricultural input prices
ryside has created business
ants in the countryside can
arly, in conducting farming
ld social relationships with
ryside. However, the social
stainability of agriculture.
agricultural activities is to
ress, but on the other hand
nd characteristic of social
Kepung, Kediri, East Java,
support economic activities
rs outside the village run
life in the village is in the
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The method used was a qualit
The informants were peasants and
traders as agricultural buyer, agric
banking employees, sugarcane peas purposes of research and then interp
of kinship, contractual, patron-clien
3. Literature Review
Peasants are some of the actor
in poor condition. Problems faced
financial capital to fund their pea
selling prices, and government poli
are increasing high, and so forth. O
opportunities for peasants who can
live well, such as peasants who hav
activities, they cannot do it alone b
several parties for the continuity of
Social relations are built by th
relations they built are sometimes
Similar condition occurs among pe
build social relationships. However,
sometimes become a burden. There
built by the peasants to sustain farm
Peasants are people who work
tenants, peasants who manage the
modernization of agriculture is a
intensive farming systems, agraria
agricultural activities in dry land
guidance and assistance from threlationships is important for the co
Commercialization in rural Ja
electric communication technologie
areas and others. Commercializatio
structure. Social structure is a total
dyadic relationships or the first part
the tendency of social relations i
relationships in open and capitaliz
rural communities does not mean
Social interaction in rural communi
(Sayogya and Pudjiwati Sayogya, 2
moral, rational, and functional, accoAccording to Migdal (1974), s
in the closed village. In the open vi
outside the group freely according t
the social relationships of peasants
products, and c) the involvement o
more or less according, to his need
least four categories of social relati
producers and consumers, b) family
support; c) peasants as an integral p
products, bureaucrats, clerics, fruiti
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97
tive method. Therefore, data collection was done by
their social relations, such as family members, neig
ltural input dealers, lenders consisting of the patron
ants' groups, and so on. The collected data were classireted accordance with the concepts that were used, su
, and others.
s of national food production. However, the lives of
by peasants are very diverse, such as limited co
ant subsistence, exchange rate instability of agricu
cies that sometimes disadvantageous for some peasa
n the other hand, the commercialization of the count
capture a lucrative business opportunity. Some peas
e off-farm economic activities, such as traders. Simil
t they need the support of others. Therefore, they bui
arm activities and meet their needs.
peasants to earn profits and sustain farming in count
ot economically profitable, but it can support the s
asants in the village Kebonrejo. One way to sustain
existing social relations are profitable and bring pro
ore, this paper will be elaborate the patterns and char
ing activities in the countryside.
and directly involve in agricultural activities in rural
sharing system, and peasant proprietors. One im
growing class differentiation (Palmer, 1976). In o
classes emerge, affecting the dynamics of social
lso involve many others to obtain labor, farming
government, selling the harvest, and so forth.tinuity of agricultural activities in the village.
va runs quickly, supported by economic infrastruct
s, government policies relating to the development of
in rural areas expands social relations and ultimate
network of relationships among individuals and gr
y to different other group (Radcliffe-Brown, 1940). I
s functional and rational, rather than personal.
d community tend to be more impersonal. Rational
that matters related to traditions and social cohesio
ies is still affected by political affiliation, belief, kins
002). Therefore, the system of social relationships tha
rding to the interests.ocial relations network in rural and capitalized comm
llage, every citizen can establish social relationships
o his interests. According to Kunkel (1961), there are
who live in an open village: a) the use of wage la
f external parties to meet cash needs. Social relation
s. According to Diaz and Potter (1967), in an open
ons: a) family obtained from blood relations and m
and relatives in the village for cooperation in the eco
art of society and culture; d) persons outside the villa
r, merchant vessels, and the interests.
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observation and interview.
bors as a source of labor,
, cooperative management,
fied in accordance with thech as social relations, moral
ural peasants are generally
trol over land, increasing
ltural products, fluctuating
ts, agricultural input prices
ryside has created business
ants in the countryside can
arly, in conducting farming
ld social relationships with
ryside. However, the social
stainability of agriculture.
agricultural activities is to
ress, but on the other hand
acteristic of social relations
areas. They include hedge-
act of intensification and
en rural community with
relations pattern. Intensive
capital, agricultural inputs,
Therefore, building social
re, such as transportation,
economic activities in rural
ly affects changes in social
ups with two-dimensional
today's open rural society
eber (1978) found social
relationship order in open
n is abandoned altogether.
hip, status, and self-esteem
t develop can vary between
nities will open wider than
with individuals inside and
three factors that influence
or, b) trade of agricultural
s built by the peasants can
ural social life there are at
rriage, they have a role as
omic, social and emotional
ge as buyers of agricultural
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Social relations developing i
dyadic contract. Social relationshi
(Foster, 1967). Rural communities
farming communities affects changrelationships with workers, buyers
widen due to the change from colle
The characteristics of social r
basis of kinship emotion, b) patr
contractual relations (Popkin, 1979
as social relations of farmer group
capital, access to credit, labor, p
characteristic of social relations buil
farms establish social relationships
and have multiple economic activiti
4. Results and Discussion
Kebonrejo village is farming v
a living as a farmer with dry land fa
corn and so on. Generally, they do
agricultural products for sale.
Peasants in the village of Ke
tenants, poor peasants who have les
peasants who have less than 0.5 he
and have no source of income outsi
off-farm income, peasants who own
farm income sources. Mostly dema
class of merchant- peasants. For th
relations. Figure 1 is a diagram on t
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98
the farming community can be viewed vertically
s occur between those who have the same or diffe
are changing, according to Stirling (1965), so that
es in impersonal social relationships. Changes occur of agricultural products. Furthermore, Potter (1967
tive orientation to individualistic orientation.
lationships can be categorized by several things a)
on-client social relations (Scott, 1976), c) rational
, and d) functional social relationships with instituti
embers. The pattern of social relations is associated
roduction and agricultural means, the buyers, and
t by the peasants are in line with their needs. Generall
less than rich peasants who have wide land with a
es.
illage, which is undergoing commercialization. Most
rming systems that produce vegetables (peppers, onio
intensive farming using pesticides, chemical fertiliz
bonrejo consisted of cultivators with a hedge-shari
than 0.5 hectares of land and have no source of inco
ctares of land and have off-farm income, peasants w
de of agriculture, peasants who have a 0.5 to 1 acre o
land more than one acre that have off-farm income s
ded economic activity outside the agriculture is trad
continuation of agricultural activities in the village t
e pattern of social relations among the peasants in Ke
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or horizontally, called the
rent socio-economic status
social change in the rural
adults, especially in social) says that social relations
oral social relations on the
social relations, such as
ns and organizations, such
ith needs intended to raise
so on. The number and
y, peasants who have small
ariety of farming activities
of Kebonrejo villagers earn
ns, beans, etc.), sugar cane,
ers, manure and almost all
g system, peasant-tenants,
e outside agriculture, poor
ith 0.5 to 1 hectare of land
f land and have a source of
ources and do not have off-
because there is emerging
ey need to establish social
bonrejo village:
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4.1. Social Relationships among P
Social relations built by the
(money, land), and the distribution
social relations of the peasants wi
activity, and b) social relations of t
village, the sugar factory, traders i
lender; d) social relations of produc
relations of peasants and bureaucrat
peasants (rich peasants and farm wo
peasants is at least influenced by th
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igure 1: Social Relationships among PeasantsSource: Research Data, 2004/2005
easants in Kebonrejo village
easants are intended to address issues of labor, m
of the harvest. Social relations built by the peasants
h family, relatives, neighbors to gain mode suppor
e peasants with the agricultural buyers (middlemen i
the market, etc), c) social relations of the peasants
ion of peasants with traders (manure, chemical fertili
s, such as agriculture counselors and peasants' groups
rkers, peasants and tenants, and so on). The number o
ir interests to undertake economic activities and need
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eans of production, capital
can be categorized into: a)
, cooperation in economic
the village and outside the
with a financial institution
ers and anti-pest), e) social
; f) social relations between
f social relationships of the
of everyday life
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4.1.1 Social relations of the peasa
A family or a household usuasame house for a while the member
agricultural activities in the village.
members (children, wife, parents w
school can devote unpaid labor c
families of poor peasants can survi
children of the poor peasants dema
the village ask their parents to buy
tenants of farm laborers in the vill
work outside the village also assist
from their children who work in the
proud of remittances from their ch
building a house, renting land and
continuation of agricultural activitiewith his parents in the village hel
intentionally caderized to replace th
Elderly parents who live in o
from poor peasant families, who ha
as workers. Usually the land and th
has an important role in family peas
relationship, but also economic rela
can be categorized into: a) as a s
economic crisis, and c) as a friend o
a source unpaid family labor. For p
costs. Wife can help work in the
economic assistance in the form of also sources of unpaid labor, but t
wealthy peasants are deemed in app
perform heavy physical activities.
perfunctory. The full outpouring of
such as when the sales price of chili
for the needs of daily life. In the e
middlemen. Similarly, wealthy pea
relationship with wage labor, such a
labor is one way to make the work
job (when he is ill, traveling) or tak
the workers. The wives are those w
managing finances is a form of coo
general, have economic supporteconomic business as a trader of agr
4.1.2 Social Relations of the Peasa
Relatives or in a Javanese lan
blood relationship or by marriage.
relations with relatives occur not o
Their economic relations are expec
based social kinship. The pattern o
source of capital, as they lend mo
socioeconomic conditions. Cash bo
agreement about the timing of the r
aggrieved party, such as the case o
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100
ts with their families
lly consists of parents and children who have not bwork outside the village. Family plays an important
Families of poor peasants in the village Kebonrejo a
o live in the same house) in carrying out their activiti
rtainly like wage laborers in helping the economy
ve and even thrive because of the help of their childr
d rewards for meeting their needs as other children d
a motorcycle instead of a bicycle, because a numb
ge Kebonrejo already have motorcycles. Children
their families in the village. Some farm families in
big cities or abroad as Indonesian Workers. Peasant’
ildren so that they generally make the remittances
other critical needs. Children from wealthy farmin
s in the village. Children of wealthy farming family tthe economic activity by positioning themselves a
eir parents' work as peasants.
e house with the family of their children provide e
e only a narrow land of less than 0.25 acres and are
house are inherited, so that they do not have full po
ants. The social relations of wives and their families
ions. Peasant wives participation in economic activiti
ource of labor, b) as a mediator and negotiator wi
r partner, d) as an additional breadwinner. Wives in p
or peasants who have a narrow strip of land, help wi
ot sun. Wives in poor peasants generally double as
oney for capital and labor to farm. I contrast to the rihe outpouring of physical labor is lower than that i
ropriate to carry out heavy physical work, such as far
They are more appropriately to supervise the wa
physical labor is done in case of a crisis, urgent situ
declines at harvest time. A wife serves as a mediator
ent of crisis, women are seen as more flexible, nego
sant’s wife also serves as mediators and negotiators
s providing a decent meal for wage workers. Providi
rs feel at home. Wife as a partner means that they r
e some economic activities commonly performed by
o pay wages, buy agricultural tools, and others. Gran
eration in carrying out economic activities. Successf
rom the wives. Women in the village Kebonrejoicultural products, kiosks at home for selling food, ho
nts and their Relatives
uage called sanak-saudara, are people outside the n
Just like what happened to peasants in the village
ly in the context of fraternal relations, but also in r
ted to provide economic benefits for each party, des
f socio-economic relations between relatives is as
ey without any payment of interest, whose amount
rowing among relatives still undergoes, but not expos
turn and the reason for borrowing money. The case
denial of either party. If the issue is raised, it is usu
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een married or lived in theole for the sustainability of
re assisted by many family
es. Children who are out of
of their families. Several
en, although sometimes the
o. For example, children in
r of children who are also
ho are not yet married and
illages receive remittances
s families in the village are
or good purposes, such as
families also support the
at have grown up and liveds partner. The children are
onomic assistance. Parents
still able to work, also help
er over the property. Wife
are not only a family social
es in the village Kebonrejo
h people to overcome the
oor farming family serve as
es labor saving production
a laborer, so she can give
ch peasants wives, they aren poor peasants. Wives of
ming all day in the moor to
e workers while working
ations and in certain cases,
and negotiator to get a loan
tiate to get a loan from the
to establish a good social
g good and proper food for
places an absent husband's
usbands, such as watching
ting authority to the wife in
l peasants in the village, in
generally have additionalusehold goods and so on.
clear family related due to
Kebonrejo, peasant social
ational economic relations.
pite a sense of community
ollows: First, relatives are
varies depending on their
ed openly. Usually, there is
ill be raised if there is any
lly solved right away so as
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not to cause a rift in kinship social r
motor vehicles ownership [BPKB]
farming equipments, such as spraye
agricultural land owned by relativesthe farm. Fifth, run off-farm econo
of chemical fertilizers and agricult
social control in order to avoid d
understand other people's condition
denial, usually the aggrieved party
to the neighbor, to keep good relatio
4.1.3 Peasants Social relations wi
The buyers of agricultural pro
between peasants and buyers of agr
patron-client social relations is pre
the clients (peasants) are obliged to
daily life, farming capital or otheagricultural products. However, the
on. Patron social relationships occ
lasted for a long time. Contractual
credit to peasants without any pay
grinding at the mill. The base pric
beneficial because they can deal di
for sugar mill.
4.1.4 Social relations of peasants
Almost all peasants in the village u
or private. Public bank that provid
credit to peasants in this village a
institutions that provide loans with
Kebonrejo also provides credit to p
that provide credit even lead a num
in increasing cases of " gali lubang
peasants can take advantage of the
all successful peasants in the village
selling prices improve, the peasants
when the price of agricultural produ
4.1.5 Peasants social relations wit
Individual investors may com
buyers of agricultural products that
village usually perform contract of
the village receive certain amount
peasants who receive capital gain ar
Social relations between peasa
implemented. The bureaucrats, esp
guide the peasants. Rich peasants o
more closely associated with the Ag
the delivery of the program. Howe
government program, the social re
Pertanian has been much replaced
consultant or mediator in addressin
pests and diseases, agricultural seed
Sciences
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101
elations. Second, relatives may lend securities (land t
to serve as collateral to borrow money in the bank.
r, motor vehicles, and helping together in a farming a
who live outside the village, receiving a mandate froic activities together with venture capital (e.g sawmi
ral medicine and so on). Assistance given was not
nial. Those who have been already helped should
, such as running obligations concerning what had b
would protest. The protest is not done directly, for e
ns with the relatives.
h buyers of agricultural products
ucts are from the village and outside the village. Th
icultural produce is patron-client and contractual soc
ent because buyers as patron have provided investm
sell their products to patrons with a commission. Th
r needs. The amount of commission is fluctuatingcommission is limited because the buyer has to pay
r between peasants and buyers of agricultural prod
social relationships occur between peasants and su
ent of interest, but the credit is paid with sugar as
e of sugar is determined by the government. The p
ectly with the sugar mills, although sometimes there
ith financial institutions of lenders
se credit from financial institutions, such as cooperati
s much credit to peasants is Bank Rakyat Indonesia.
e cooperative, or Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR).
igh interest rates, yet the terms are easy. Cooperativ
asants with easy terms but small credit limit. The nu
er of peasants to involve in credit and even make the
tutup lubang" , meaning to get debt to pay off debt
redit so well that it brings progress of economic acti
are financed by credit. Peasant’s credit to financial in
will be benefited, and the number of peasants who
cts decline and many peasants suffer losses.
individual investors, bureaucrats, interest group,
from the village or outside the village. Investors fro
exist in the patron-client relationship. While individua
sale of agricultural products. For example, corn peas
f capital and pay in some amount of corn in specifie
e benefited since they have non-interest bearing loan.
ts and bureaucrat and organizational interests can be
cially the Agricultural Counselor, as government ag
peasants who doubled as village officials and peasa
ricultural Counselor or Penyuluh Pertanian. They are
ver, the pattern of social relations has ups and dow
lations become more intense. The role of Agricultu
y the agent or seller of agricultural drug in the villag
g the problems of the peasants, especially in farmin
s, and so on.
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itles, Petok D, certificate of
Third, to obtain loans for
ctivity. Fourth,, to manage
elderly parents to managell business, opening a store
voluntary, as they also do
ahu diri. Tahu diri means
een agreed. In the event of
ample, by telling the story
e pattern of social relations
al relations. The pattern of
ent loans to the clients and
loan can be a necessity of
in line with the price of ransportation, labor and so
ucts in rural areas and has
ar mills. Sugar mills give
the product of sugar cane
attern of social relations is
are issues such as queuing
ves and bank, either public
Private banks that provide
enerally, private financial
Ngadi Luhur at the village
ber of financial institutions
m difficult to pay, resulting
. On the other hand, some
ities in the village. Almost
stitutions fluctuates. If crop
apply for credit is less than
and neighbors
m the village are generally
l investors from outside the
nts who are also traders in
d time period. Some of the
mutually beneficial if well-
encies, deliver programs to
t groups administrators are
usually used as a partner in
s because when there is a
ral Counselor or Penyuluh
because they also serve as
g activities associated with
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Social relations of the peasan
peasants complain is the uncontinu
peasant group Tambaksari Mulyo a
groups is generally passive . The pCredit Disbursement. Since 1999,
fertilizer through a dealer, distribut
with farmer groups run more inten
mill. The board of farmer groups a
Petani Tebu Rakyat ). The chairm
sugarcane peasants in the village
APTR.
The peasants maintain good
activities, because rich peasants are
clean village rituals, village develo
villager’s gossip.
5. Conclusion
Peasants in the village Kebo
according to their needs. Social r
production, capital ( money, land,
peasants can be categorized into: a
support capital, labor, cooperatio
agricultural buyers (middlemen in t
c) social relations of the peasants
traders( manure, chemical fertiliz
agriculture counselors and peasants
peasants and tenants, and so on).
Social relations built by the peasant
labor, capital, money, means of pr
obtained from family, relatives and
of agricultural produce or patron,
obtained from agricultural buyers, s
subsidized fertilizer aid. To sell a
outside the village with the market s
The built characteristics of social
vertical and horizontal. social relat
relationships are common in thos
purchasers of agricultural products
Unstable social relations can be
particularly banks, and peasants so
References
Diaz, MN and J.M. Potter.1967. Int
A Reader . Berkeley: University of
Foster, G.M. 1967. The Dyadic Con
J.M.Potter (ed.) Peasant S
Migdal, J. 1974. Peasant, Politics a
World . USA: Princeton Press
Kunkel, JH. 1961. Economic Auton
Sciences
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102
ts and their organizations, such as farmer groups,
us government programs. In the village Kebonrejo, t
nd Harapan Jaya. If there is no government program,
asant groups become active when there are governmthere has been no Farm Credit any longer, only th
r of fertilizer in the village. However, the social rela
ive because sugarcane farmer groups serve as a loa
re also the member of People Sugarcane Growers A
n of Sugarcane Peasants Group serves as coordin
nd the sugar factory. Some wealthy peasants who
elations with their neighbors because they need la
expected to provide incentives for farm workers and t
ment, religious celebrations, and so on. Wealthy pe
rejo are diverse, so that the social relations also h
lations built by peasants are intended to address
pesticide, etc), and the distribution of the harvest. S
social relations of the peasants with family, relativ
in economic activity, and etc; b) social relation
e village and outside the village), the sugar factory, t
with a financial institution lender; d) social rela
rs and pesticide); e) social relations of peasant
groups; f) social relations between peasants ( rich
s are intended for the sustainability of farming activit
oduction, sales of crops and the needs of everyday
neighbors. Capital can be obtained from family, rela
financial institutions, and sugar mills. The needs f
ellers of agricultural inputs, and agents appointed by t
ricultural products, the peasants need buyers. Buy
ystem, and the commission system of patron-client bo
elationships are familial and moral, functional, rati
ons. Social relations among them may either be we
e who are bound in special patron-client relations
in the village, the peasants' social relations with t
found, for example, between the peasants and c
ial relations with agricultural extension.
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