PAKISTAN SOCIETY OF PAKISTAN SOCIETY OF SUGAR TECHNOLOGISTSUGAR TECHNOLOGIST
AGRICULTURAL WORKSHOPAGRICULTURAL WORKSHOP
June 30, 2012June 30, 2012
Impact of Sugarcane Varieties in Impact of Sugarcane Varieties in Improvement of Sugar Mills Improvement of Sugar Mills
RecoveriesRecoveries
ByBy
Karim Bakhsh MalikKarim Bakhsh Malik
Missionary Statement
Our cane yields are one of the lowest in the world and the sugar mill’s recoveries do not match the economic goals of our sugar industry
Expansion in Sugar Industry andExpansion in Sugar Industry and Cane Area in Punjab and KPK Cane Area in Punjab and KPK
Particulars
Punjab KPK
1949-50
2010-11 1949-50
2010-11
Cane area“000”acres
170 672 41 88
No ofSugar mills
1 46 2 7
Cane Crushed MT
65 27,682 140 3,035
Cane Yield and Sugar Recovery in Cane Yield and Sugar Recovery in Punjab and KPK, During 1950 - 2011 Punjab and KPK, During 1950 - 2011
YearPunjab KPK
Cane Yield t/ha
Sugar Rec. %
Cane Yield t/ha
Sugar Rec. %
1950-1960 28.05 8.16 29.06 7.71
1960-1970 35.16 8.17 37.18 8.15
1970-1980 36.13 8.37 38.80 7.77
1980-1990 36.20 8.26 40.22 8.62
1990-1995 39.20 8.23 44.14 8.60
1995-2000 42.80 7.92 45.40 8.02
2000-2005 47.30 8.60 46.19 8.10
2005-2011 51.17 8.80 44.7 8.20
Periodic Progress in Improvement in Cane and Sugar Periodic Progress in Improvement in Cane and Sugar Yields of Pak-Punjab and Indian PunjabYields of Pak-Punjab and Indian Punjab
Year
Pak. Punjab Indian Punjab
Cane yield t/ha
SugarRec. %
Sugar yield t/ha
Cane yield t/ha
SugarRec. %
Sugar yield t/ha
1950-60 28.5 8.16 2.29 32.91 9.30 3.06
1960-70 35.16 8.17 2.87 34.86 8.42 2.93
1970-80 36.13 8.37 3.02 50.02 8.88 4.44
1980-90 36.20 8.26 3.00 60.65 9.85 5.97
1990-95 39.20 8.23 3.22 58.80 9.25 5.44
1995-00 42.80 7.92 3.39 61.60 8.84 5.45
2000-05 47.30 8.60 4.07 60.70 9.67 5.87
2005-10 48.50 8.80 4.27 59.60 9.33 5.56
Agencies Involved in Cane Development Agencies Involved in Cane Development ActivitiesActivities
1.1. Role of sugar mills in cane variety Role of sugar mills in cane variety development.development.
2.2. Role of Sugarcane Research Institute in Role of Sugarcane Research Institute in variety evolution.variety evolution.
3.3. Response of growers to new varieties.Response of growers to new varieties.
4.4. Government policies.Government policies.
Role of Sugar Mills in Cane Variety Role of Sugar Mills in Cane Variety DevelopmentDevelopment
Sugar Mills have the responsibility toSugar Mills have the responsibility to propagate seed of high sugar varieties for its propagate seed of high sugar varieties for its multiplication with growers.multiplication with growers.
Right approachRight approach
To evaluate the performance of new varieties To evaluate the performance of new varieties at sugar mills farmat sugar mills farm
With respect toWith respect to
Their adoptability in the region Their adoptability in the region
rapid multiplication of seedrapid multiplication of seed
Replacement of run out varietiesReplacement of run out varieties
Quite a few Sugar Mills have the insight toQuite a few Sugar Mills have the insight to
Replace the run out varietiesReplace the run out varieties Some sugarmills provide incentive on seedSome sugarmills provide incentive on seed
and other inputs while others are leastand other inputs while others are least
growers.growers. It takes long time to develop a variety in the It takes long time to develop a variety in the
region.region.
Five Categories of Sugar Mills with Recovery Five Categories of Sugar Mills with Recovery Ranges of 7.0 to 10.25%Ranges of 7.0 to 10.25%
No. of FactoriesNo. of Factories Sugar Recovery RangesSugar Recovery Ranges
8 9.5 to 10.25%
9 9.0 to 9.5%
11 8.5 to 9.0%
9 8.0 to 8.5%
6 7.0 to 8.0%
Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in PunjabSugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in Punjab
S.No Sugar Mill
Average for the period
2009-10 to 2010-11
1999-2000 to 2000-01
1990-81 to 1991-92
1 Indus 10.23 9.17 0.002 JDW 2 10.13 8.35 8.663 Kamalia 9.84 7.80 8.144 Etihad 9.75 -- --5 R.Y.K 9.74 -- --6 Hamza 9.74 9.32 8.337 JDW 1 9.63 9.17 0.008 Ashraf 9.55 8.91 8.62
Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in PunjabSugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in Punjab
S.No Sugar Mill
Average for the period
2009-10 to 2010-11
1999-2000 to 2000-01
1990-81 to 1991-92
9 Haq Bahoo 9.31 -- --10 Fatima 9.29 8.02 --11 Tandlianwala 2 9.22 -- --12 Tandlianwala 1 9.16 7.11 --13 Adam 9.12 8.48 8.1214 Shakarganj 9.11 7.57 8.0715 Brothers 9.10 7.57 8.0016 Chaudhry 9.10 7.49 --17 Layyah 9.06 7.11 7.96
Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in PunjabSugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in Punjab
S.No
Sugar MillAverage for the period
2009-10 to 2010-11
1999-2000 to 2000-01
1990-81 to 1991-92
18 Pattoki 8.98 7.32 7.98
19 Chanar 8.92 7.17 --
20 Sheikhoo 8.84 8.10 --
21 Kashmir 8.83 8.22 --
22 Madina 8.74 7.10 --
23 Hunza 8.73 -- --
24 Colony (Punjab) 8.72 9.23 8.27
25 Abdullah 8.72 7.59 --
26 Shakarganj Bhone 8.70 -- --
27 Husein 8.67 7.36 8.24
28 Huda 8.53 -- --
29 Ramzan 8.52 7.71 7.97
Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in PunjabSugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in Punjab
S.No
Sugar Mill
Average for the period
2009-10 to 2010-11
1999-2000 to 2000-01
1990-91 to 1991-92
30 Macca 8.48 -- --31 Ittefaq 8.48 7.70 8.4432 Haseeb Waqas 8.45 7.62 --33 Baba Farid 8.45 7.09 8.1934 Safina (Ph. Wali) 8.19 7.90 --35 Shahtaj 8.18 8.19 8.37
Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in PunjabSugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in Punjab
S.No
Sugar Mill
Average for the period
2009-10 to 2010-11
1999-2000 to 2000-01
1990-81 to 1991-92
36 Gojra 7.95 7.02 7.8437 National 7.95 8.06 --38 Fecto 7.61 6.66 7.6639 Kohinoor 7.60 7.97 8.7640 Colony (Phalia) 7.53 7.81 8.1741 Noon 7.49 8.04 8.7742 Chishtia 7.36 7.71 8.1743 Abdullah (Shahpur) 7.14 7.59 --
Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in K.P.KSugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in K.P.K
S.No Sugar Mill
Average for the period
2009-10 to 2010-11
1999-2000 to 2000-01
1990-81 to1991-92
1 Al-Moiz 8.68 -- --
2 Chashma 2 8.60 -- --
3 Chashma 1 8.54 8.69 7.41
4 Zamand 2 8.36 -- --
5 Khazana 8.20 8.79 8.44
6 Premier 7.83 8.41 7.74
7 Bannu 7.80 8.10 7.72
The 17 Sugar Mills having recovery over 9% The 17 Sugar Mills having recovery over 9% must have taken measures to improve must have taken measures to improve recovery.recovery.
We have to ask the 15 mills with sugar We have to ask the 15 mills with sugar recovery of less than 8.5%,recovery of less than 8.5%,
Has the technology specific to recovery Has the technology specific to recovery improvement not reach their door steps?improvement not reach their door steps?
Cane variety is the single most important factory Cane variety is the single most important factory affecting Sugar Mills recovery.affecting Sugar Mills recovery.
Points to PonderPoints to Ponder
Periodic Sugar Recoveries of Cane Varieties at Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad.
Varieties Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. AverageNov. - Mar
CO-1148 6.5 6.8 7.2 8.9 9.6 9.8 8.5CPF-238 5.8 6.1 6.9 8.1 8.8 9.1 7.8HSF-240 8.5 9.2 10.7 11.4 11.6 12.1 11.0HSF-242 9.1 10.1 10.6 11.6 12.0 12.3 11.3CPF-246 9.9 11.0 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.2 11.7CPF-247 10.0 10.5 10.8 11.1 11.7 12.4 11.3
CP 77-400 9.3 10.0 10.9 11.3 11.4 12.2 11.1CPF-237 9.4 10.4 10.9 11.4 11.9 12.3 11.4
Name of MillSeason 2010-2011
Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.SeasonAvg.
JDW - 10.2 10.3 10.6 10.8 10.5RYK 8.4 9.6 9. 9 10.3 10.3 10.1Haq Bahu 8.0 8.6 9.3 9.4 10.0 9.4Layyah 7.9 8.7 9.1 9.2 9.4 9.1Hussain 0 8.1 9.4 9.0 9.3 8.8Ittefaq 0 0 8.6 8.7 9.2 8.6Noon 0 7.4 7.7 7.5 8.4 7.7
Periodic Sugar Recoveries of Different Sugar Mills in Punjab, During 2010-11
Impact of Cane Variety CompositionImpact of Cane Variety Composition
Average recovery of mills to be high orAverage recovery of mills to be high or
low depends onlow depends on Cane variety composition in the area.Cane variety composition in the area. High sugar varieties grown in a large High sugar varieties grown in a large
proportion would result in higher recoveries.proportion would result in higher recoveries. Cane varieties to be harvested according to Cane varieties to be harvested according to
their maturity period.their maturity period.
Cane Variety Composition Chart in Al-MoizCane Variety Composition Chart in Al-Moiz
Cane Varieties
2009-10Area acres
% Share
2010-11Area acres
% share
2011-12Area acres
% share
CPF-234 6746
28
6173
41
6575
54
CP 77-400 2204 2344 3053
HSF-240 2978 4311 7305
HSF-242 1082 1545 2742
CPF-246 0 5 1277
CO-1148 32792 72 20748 59 17777 46Total 45802 35126 38729
Sugar Rec. % 8.39 8.97 9.36
Cane Variety Composition Chart in Cane Variety Composition Chart in Premier Sugar Mills, MardanPremier Sugar Mills, Mardan
VarietyCane Variety Composition - % area
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
CP 77-400 92 96 97.14
NCO 310 3 1.74 0.55
CP 44/101 1 0.26 0.08
CP 48/103 1 0.11 0.21
CP 51/21 0.29 0.09 0.15
Triton 1.84 0.98 0.99
MR 93 0.04 0.17 0.14
CO 1148 0.18 0.33
Sugar Rec. % 7.01 8.65 9.70
7.01
Cane Variety Composition Chart in Cane Variety Composition Chart in Meeran - Zamand Area, During 2009-12Meeran - Zamand Area, During 2009-12
Variety 2009-10(area acres)
% Share
2010-11(area acres)
% Share
2011-12(area acres)
% Share
CP 77-400 780
35.90
1012
41.35
1174
38.97
CPF 213 1170 1175 1490
SPF 234 6478 6530 4667
CPF 237 807 571 393
HSF 240 3784 4552 5200
HSF 242 371 769 709
CPF 246 0 25 61
Misc. SG 555, SG 79, CP 44-33, CPF 235)
707 709 598
CO 1148 25166 64.09 21763 58.64 22381 61.02
Total 39263 37105 36673
Sugar Rec. % 8.35 8.38 8.39
Role of Sugarcane Research InstituteRole of Sugarcane Research Institute
To evolve new cane varieties to meet To evolve new cane varieties to meet the demands of growers and Industry.the demands of growers and Industry.
Testing varietals performance in Testing varietals performance in different ecological conditions.different ecological conditions.
Supply of seed to sugar mills farms and Supply of seed to sugar mills farms and cane growers.cane growers.
Sugarcane Research Institute, FaisalabadSugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad
The main Institute working for variety The main Institute working for variety evolution in Punjab.evolution in Punjab.
Sindh and KPK are also beneficiariesSindh and KPK are also beneficiaries of its of its varieties released at Faisalabad.varieties released at Faisalabad.
The Institute has tried its best to release The Institute has tried its best to release varieties with meagre resourcesvarieties with meagre resources
The varieties evolved in recent Past have the The varieties evolved in recent Past have the potential to give average recoveries ofpotential to give average recoveries of over over 11%11%
If fully adopted can bring revolution in sugar If fully adopted can bring revolution in sugar industryindustry
Periodic Sugar Recoveries 0f Cane Varieties at SRI,
FaisalabadVarieties Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Average
Nov. - Mar
CO-1148 6.5 6.8 7.2 8.9 9.6 9.8 8.5CPF-238 5.8 6.1 6.9 8.1 8.8 9.1 7.8HSF-240 8.5 9.2 10.7 11.4 11.6 12.1 11.0HSF-242 9.1 10.1 10.6 11.6 12.0 12.3 11.3CPF-246 9.9 11.0 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.2 11.7CPF-247 10.0 10.5 10.8 11.1 11.7 12.4 11.3
CP 77-400 9.3 10.0 10.9 11.3 11.4 12.2 11.1CPF-237 9.4 10.4 10.9 11.4 11.9 12.3 11.4
New Promising Cane Varieties Expected to be Released New Promising Cane Varieties Expected to be Released in Futurein Future
Variety
Periodic Sugar Recover % Average
Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.Nov. - Mar.
S2003 - US 633 10.9 11.2 11.2 11.9 12.7 12.7 11.6
S2003-US694 10.8 11.8 11.9 12.4 12. 6 11.6 12.1
Evolution of Site Specific Cane VarietiesEvolution of Site Specific Cane Varieties
Varieties to be adaptable in different soils Varieties to be adaptable in different soils typestypes
High sugar yielding varietiesHigh sugar yielding varieties Varieties to be tolerant to prevailing Varieties to be tolerant to prevailing
diseasesdiseases Tolerant to prevailing pestsTolerant to prevailing pests Tolerant to biotic stressesTolerant to biotic stresses Specific for mechanized cultivationSpecific for mechanized cultivation
Besides all this high level of performanceBesides all this high level of performance
The Institute should have a vigorous The Institute should have a vigorous germplasm for a regular flow of varieties germplasm for a regular flow of varieties to meet the demand of sugar industry.to meet the demand of sugar industry.
Germplasm Sources of Variety Evolution at SRI, Germplasm Sources of Variety Evolution at SRI, Faisalabad, (Cronological order)Faisalabad, (Cronological order)
Germplasm Source
Varieties Evalued
PeriodAverage yield t ha
Sugar Rec. %
Coimbatore
COL 29 1954 70 10.10
Col 44 1954 75 8.93
COL 54 1963 75 9.63
BarbadosBL 19 1966 85 9.49
BL 4 1968 85 10.34
MureeL 116 1973 75 10.81
L 118 1975 83 8.23
Introduction Triton 1983 85 10.10
Barbados BF 162 1990 90 10.35
Introduction
CP 43-33 1996 80 11.69
CP 72-2086 1996 85 12.35
CP 77-400 1996 90 11.90
Germplasm Sources of Variety Evolution at SRI, Germplasm Sources of Variety Evolution at SRI, Faisalabad, (Crondogical order)Faisalabad, (Crondogical order)
Germplasm SourceVarieties Evalued
PeriodAverage yield t ha
Sugar Rec. %
Brazil
SPF 213 2000 90 10.50
SPF 234 2002 106 11.60
SPF 245 2004 100 11.00
ThattaHSF 240 2002 95 11.70
HSF 242 2006 102 12.50
USA
CPF 237 2008 95 12.50
CPF 243 2006 102 12.55
CPF 246 2011 105 12.00
CPF 247 2011 105 12.25
USA & Sri Lanka Near future
India CO 1148 1975-2005 80 8.50
Seedlings Transplanted with Germplasm Source Seedlings Transplanted with Germplasm Source from 1990 to 2011from 1990 to 2011
PeriodPeriod SourceSource Seedlings No.Seedlings No.
19901990
19911991
USA (538), Thatta (11715)USA (538), Thatta (11715)
USA (10513), Thatta (7480)USA (10513), Thatta (7480)
1225312253
1799317993
19921992
19931993
Th. (23133), Murr. (8)Th. (23133), Murr. (8)
Braz. (5255), Murr. (302), Th. (13041)Braz. (5255), Murr. (302), Th. (13041)
2314123141
1859818598
19941994
19951995
Braz. (36047), Murr. (639)Braz. (36047), Murr. (639)
USA (6259), Th. (1424)USA (6259), Th. (1424)
3668636686
76837683
19961996
19971997
Braz. (29547), Murr. (83)Braz. (29547), Murr. (83)
------
2963029630
------
19981998
19991999
20002000
Braz. (7203), USA (11151)Braz. (7203), USA (11151)
Braz. (13381), USA (11058), Murr. (32)Braz. (13381), USA (11058), Murr. (32)
USA (14362)USA (14362)
1835418354
2447124471
1436214362
PeriodPeriod SourceSource Seedlings No.Seedlings No.
20012001
20022002USA (15958), Th. (1233), Murr. (32)USA (15958), Th. (1233), Murr. (32)
USA (15315), Th. (16365), Murr. (33)USA (15315), Th. (16365), Murr. (33)
1722617226
3171331713
20032003
20042004Aust. (7410), USA (2061), Murr. (579)Aust. (7410), USA (2061), Murr. (579)
Aust. (2383), USA (13382), Braz. (2558), Aust. (2383), USA (13382), Braz. (2558), Murr. (740)Murr. (740)
1005010050
1906319063
20052005
20062006Aust. (6499), USA (1160), Th. (147), Murr. (808)Aust. (6499), USA (1160), Th. (147), Murr. (808)
Aust. (1897), Th. (14), Murr. (1)Aust. (1897), Th. (14), Murr. (1)
86148614
19121912
20072007
20082008
Aust. (311), USA (2338), Maur. (542), Th. (119),Aust. (311), USA (2338), Maur. (542), Th. (119), Murr. Murr. (1115)(1115)
S. Afr. (1071), Th. (8), Murr. (52)S. Afr. (1071), Th. (8), Murr. (52)
44254425
11311131
20092009
20102010S. Afr. (896)S. Afr. (896)
Sri Lanka (6375), Th. (8), Murr. (102)Sri Lanka (6375), Th. (8), Murr. (102)
896896
64856485
Average per annumAverage per annum 1523415234
Selection Pressure in Cane Seedling at Different Selection Pressure in Cane Seedling at Different Cane Breeding StationsCane Breeding Stations
CountryCountry Cane areaCane area(‘000’ha.)(‘000’ha.)
Crosses Crosses (number)(number)
Seedlings per annumSeedlings per annum
AustraliaAustralia 391391 15001500 85,00085,000
BrazilBrazil 85988598 14771477 400,000400,000
IndiaIndia 44004400 25002500 300,000300,000
IndonesiaIndonesia 495495 20002000 1,200,0001,200,000
Mauritius Mauritius 6161 26002600 100,000100,000
South AfricaSouth Africa 314314 13001300 180,000180,000
USAUSA 350350 17001700 300,000300,000
Sri LankaSri Lanka 1414 10001000 100,000100,000
PakistanPakistan 10311031 -- 15,00015,000
Cane Variety Selection ProgramCane Variety Selection Program
Seedlings raised in exotic status are out Seedlings raised in exotic status are out come of well planned crossing program.come of well planned crossing program.
In Pakistan the selection work is based on In Pakistan the selection work is based on donation or random purchase without any donation or random purchase without any character in view. character in view.
Future TaskFuture Task
Infact neither Government, nor sugar industry Infact neither Government, nor sugar industry has realised the importance of cane breeding has realised the importance of cane breeding program.program.
All the fuzz import has been due to efforts of All the fuzz import has been due to efforts of individual researchers.individual researchers.
It is not a long term program.It is not a long term program. It is just a time gap arrangement.It is just a time gap arrangement. Our industry is to exist for ever.Our industry is to exist for ever. For its bright future, industry should have its For its bright future, industry should have its
own can breeding station to be established at own can breeding station to be established at Thatta.Thatta.
To promote growing quality varieties sugar mills should change its cane procurements policy
Targets should not be fixed for maximum purchase of certain quantum of cane, it should be rather on production of sugar in a season.
This policy would develop a close liasion between cane, chemical and mechanical departments
Cane payment systemCane payment system Flat rate on cane irrespective of its qualityFlat rate on cane irrespective of its quality It does not encourage to grow quality cane It does not encourage to grow quality cane
Growers taste was CO 1148 , SPF 238. Growers taste was CO 1148 , SPF 238. Growers were compelled to eradicate Growers were compelled to eradicate unwanted varieties by un-authorized cut unwanted varieties by un-authorized cut on cane wt/ cane price.on cane wt/ cane price.
Cane payment system need to be linked Cane payment system need to be linked with cane quality.with cane quality.
Government PoliciesGovernment Policies
– Growers look for their benefits in termsGrowers look for their benefits in terms of of high cane yield – irrespect of quality high cane yield – irrespect of quality
Good ratooner.Good ratooner. Well adapted varieties in the regionWell adapted varieties in the region Growers have selective response to new Growers have selective response to new
lineslines CP77-400CP77-400, , SPF-234SPF-234, CPF-237, , CPF-237, HSF240HSF240, ,
241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, CPF246CPF246, 247., 247.
Response of Growers to Cane VarietiesResponse of Growers to Cane Varieties
Conclusion Our cane yields and recoveries are
one of the lowest in the world The steps taken to improve
provincial yields and and recoveries are questioned
For about 4-5 decades we dragged on consistently low sugar yields
Features of some improvement have been noticed from 1990 onward but to match the progressing world much has yet to be done
The agencies involved in cane variety development have been discussed
The sugar industry has just waken up showing a little rise in sugar recoveries, but still 30-40% of the mills seem to be immobile
Sugarcane Res. Instt. has in near past released very remarkable varieties like CP-400, SPF234 HSF240 and CPF246,their efforts are applaudable----
but the Instt. Lacks ample germplasm for frequent release of site specific varieties
Both Govt. and the sugar industry are to be blamed for not establishing self contained Cane Breeding fascilities in Pakistan
All the agencies should realize the importance of cane breeding for bright future of ever lasting sugar industry of Pakistan
For bright future of ever lasting Sugar Industry the importance of cane breeding has not been realized
To assure a bright future long terms measure are earnestly required rather than time gap arrangements