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OSTEOLOGI UMUM
ARTHROLOGI UMUM
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II. Berdasarkan Letak
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Arthrologi umum
• Defenisi : ilmu yang mempelajari persambungantulang (sendi) pada umumnya.
• Klasifikasi berdasar ada/ tdk persambungan:• SYN ARTHROSIS, terdapat persambungan
antara kedua tulang oleh suatu jaringan.
• DI ARTHROSIS, tidak terdapat persambungankrn ada ruang antar kedua tulang (cavumarticulare)
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Synarthrosis
KLASIFIKASI, berdasarkan jenis jaringan
a. Sindesmosis (jar. Ikat)
i.
Suturaii. Schindylesis
iii. Gomphosis
iv. Syndesmosis elastica
v. Syndesmosis fibrosa
b. Synchondrosis (tulang rawan)
c. Synostosis (tulang)
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Indarti * *
a. sutura
d. Gomphosis e. Schindylesis
b. Syndesmosis elastica
c. Syndesmosis fibrosa
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DiarthrosisBagian -bagian sendi diarthrosis
• Capsula articulare
• Fossa articulare/ cavitas glenoidalis
• Cavum articulare
• Capsula articulare• Alat –alat khusus:
• Labium articulare
• Discus articulare
• Meniscus
• Bursae mucosae
• Ligamentum , ekstra & intra-capsularis
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Indarti * *
Bursa mucosae
Caput articulare
ligamentum
Cavum articulare
Ligamentum
meniscus
Capsula articulare
Fossa articulare
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Klasifikasi diarthrosis
Berdasarkan kemungkinan geraknya:
1. Amphiarthrosis, gerak sedikit
• Misal : art. Sacroiliaca2. Articulationes, gerak luas
A. Sendi satu sumbu
• sendi engsel (ginglymus); art. Humero-ulnaris• Sendi kisar (art. Trochoidea) ; art radio-ulnaris
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B. Sendi dua sumbu
• Sendi telur ( art ellipsoidea), kepala sendicembung. Misal : art. Radiocarpae
• Sendi pelana (art. Sellaris) , kepala sendi seperti
pelana, misal : art. Carpometacarpae I
C. Sendi tiga sumbu
• Sendi peluru (art. Globoidea), lekuk sendi
mencakup ½kepala sendi.Mis art Humeri.
• Sendi buah pala (art. Spheroidea), lekuk sendi
mencakup > ½ kepala sendi . Misal ; art. coxae
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Indarti * *
a. Multi axial
c. Sendi kisar
d. Sendi ellipsoidea
b. Sendi engsel
f.sendi pelurue. Sendi pelana
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Terms of movement
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Vertebral Column
ComponentsVertebrae
Intervertebral discs
Normal CurvaturesCervicalThoracicLumbar
SacralAbnormal CurvaturesScoliosisLordosisKyphosis
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Vertebral Colum
General Characteristics ofa Vertebra◼ The Cervical
Vertebræ◼ The Thoracic
Vertebræ◼ The Lumbar
Vertebræ◼ The Sacral and
Coccygeal Vertebræ
The Vertebral Column as a Whole
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Vertebrae
Parts of a typicalvertebra• Body
• Vertebral arch• Pedicles (paired)
• Laminae (paired)
• Transverse
processes (paired)• Spinous process
(single)
• Vertebral
foramen
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Joints of the vertebral column
• Joint of the vertebral bodies
• Joint of the vertebral arches(zygapophysial joints)
•Atlanto-axial joints• Atlanto-occipital joints
• Costo-vertebral joints
• Sacro-iliac joint
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• Atlantooccpital :• Ante and retroflexie (30 ) degree it`s to retard by anterior
membr,atlantooccipital , and ant.,atlanto-epistropheus• Lateroflexie (20 ) degree
• Rotatio atlantoaxial joints
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Upper Limb
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Skeleton of Upper Limb
Shoulder (shoulder girdle)Clavicle, Scapula
Upper armHumerus
Lower armUlnaRadius
HandCarpus
MetacarpusPhalanges of the Hand
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Carpal tunnel
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Joints of the upper limb
• Sterno-clavicular joint
• Acromio-clavicular joint
• Shoulder joint
• Elbow joint• Radio-ulnar joint
• Wrist joint
• Intercarpal joints
• Carpo-metacarpal joints• MP joints
• IP joints
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Elbow Joint
• Structure :• Distal part of humerus
• Proximal part of radiusand ulna
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Wrist joint
Radio-carpal joint
Proximal parts :
◼ Distal end ofradius◼ Articular disc
Distal parts◼ Proximal row of
carpal bones
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Skeleton of Lower Limb
PelvisHip Bone
Femur
PatellaLeg
TibiaFibula
The Foot
TarsusMetatarsusPhalanges of the Foot
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Skeleton of theLower limb
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Joints of the lower limb
• Hip joint• Knee joint• Tibio-fibular joints• Ankle joint• Foot joints :
• Involve tarsal,metatarsaland phalanges
• Subtalar joint• Talo-calcaneonavicular• Calcaneo-cuboid• Cuneonavicular•
Intercuneiform-cuneocuboid• Tarsometatarsal,and
intermetatarsal• Metacarpophalangeal and
iterphalangeal
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HIP JOINT
• Type : enarthrosis (ball andsocket )
• Bones : head of femur and
acetabulum of hip bone
• Movement : flexion,extension, abduction,
adduction, lateral, medial
rotation
• Ligaments of hip joint :• Acetabular labrum (glenoid
labrum)
• Transverse acetabular
• Iliofemoral
• Ischiofemoral
• Pubofemoral
• Capitis / teres femoris
• Synovial membrane
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• Perasat Thomas
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MUSCLE ACTING ON HIP JOINTS• Flexion : iliopsoas, sartorius, pectineus, rectus fem., add. long., add. Brevis,
add. magnus (anterior part), tensor fascia lata
• Medial rotate : Glut. max, semitend., semimemb., biceps fem., add. mag.
(posterior part)
• Lateral rotate : Piriformis, obturator int., gemelli., obturator ext., quadrat., fem.,glut. max., adductores (all)
• Extension : Gluteus max., semitend., semimemb., biceps fem., add., mag.,post., part.
• Abduction : Glut. med., glut. min., tensor f.l., piriformis, sartorius
• Adduction : add. mag., add. long., add. brev., gracilis, pectineus, obturator ext.,quadratus fem.
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CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS A. Dislocation
1. Congenital
2. Traumatic• anterior dislocation much rarer than
posterior dislocation
B. Osteoarthritis
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• Knee joints
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Myologi Umum
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Bag. Anatomi
FK. UNJANI
Myologi Umum
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Tata Letak Otot
(Anterior)
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Tata Letak Otot
(Posterior)
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M l f th h ld
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Muscle group of the shoulder
• Anterior Thoraco-Appendicular /pectoral Musclesh Pectoralis major / minor mh Subclavius mh Serratus anterior m
• Posterior Thoraco-Appendicular
Musclesa. Superficial : trapezius m,
latissimus dorsi mb. Deep : levator scapulae m,
rhomboids m• Scapulo-Humeral / Intrinsic shoulder
musclesh Deltoid mh Teres major mh 4 rotator cuff muscles (SITS)
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W ll f h ll
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Wall of the Axilla
anterior wall
lateral wall
posterior wall
medial wall
Contents of theAxilla
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Articulation on the Pectoral Girdle
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Articulation on the Pectoral Girdle
Movement, support/stability1. Sterno-clavicular joint2. Acromio-clavicular joint
h Acromiclavicular lig., coracoclavicular lig. ( trapezoid, conoid )3. ”Scapulo-thoracic joint”
h Pseudo-joint,h Support : M.trapezius,rhomboidei,serratus anterior,levator
scapulae4. Shoulder joint ( art humeri )
h Unstableh Support:
h Lig.glenohumeral superior/media/inferior,coracohumeral,coracoacromialh Dynamic stability : SITS + Tendo m.biceps brachii caput
longumh Coracoacromial arc = roof of the shoulder
B hi l / U A R i
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Brachial / Upper Arm Region
❑ Skeleton : humerus❑ Superficial structures
➢ Superficial brachial fascia
➢ Cephalica vein, basilic vein
➢ Cutaneus nerve
➢ Lymphatic system
❑ Fascial Compartment ( Deepfascia )
➢ Anterior
➢ Posterior
➢ Intermuscular septum
Cross section of the Arm
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A t i F s i l C t t f th A
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Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Arm
❑ Muscles:❑ Biceps brachii m. ;❑ Coracobrachialis m. ;❑ Brachialis m.
❑ Innervation :
musculocutaneus n.
❑ Function : Flexor on thecubital joint
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Posterior Fascial Compartment of the
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pArm
❑ Muscle:
❑ Triceps brachii m.❑ Nerve supply : radial
nerve
❑ Function : extension
Cubittal fossa
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Cubittal fossa
❖ Boundariesh Superiorly / base : an
imaginary line connectingthe medial and lateralepicondyles
h Medially : pronator teresh Laterally : brachioradialis
h Floor : pronator teres,brachialis
h Roof : deep fascia (cubital fascia )
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◼ Muscles acting the elbow jointsanterior /flexor compartmentsuperficial layers :biceps brachii m.,
deep layers :brachialis and coracobrachialisposterior /extensor compartment :superficial layers :long heads and lateral head oftriceps brachii m .,deep layers : medial head of the triceps m.,anconeus m.
Fascial compartment of the forearm
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Anterior Fascial Compartment of the
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pForeArm
❑ Superficial Muscles:• Pronator teres m. ;• Flexor carpi radialis m. ;• Palmaris longus m.• Flexor carpi ulnaris m• Flexor digitorum superficialis m
❑ Deep muscles• Flexor digitorum profundus m• Flexor pollicis longus m•
Pronator quadratus m
❑ Function : Flexor on the cubital joint
Posterior Fascial Compartment of the
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pForeArm
• Extensor– supinatormuscles :
• Superficial :• extensor carpi radialis
longus & brevis, extensordigitorum, extensor
digiti minimi, extensorcarpi ulnaris, anconeus
• Common tendon of originis attached to lateralepicondyle of humerus
• Deep group• Supinator, abductor
pollicis longus, extensorpollicis longus & brevis,extensor indicis
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◼ Thenar muscles : abductor pollicis brevis,
flexor pollicis brevis,and opponens pollicis,
adductor pollicis.Hypothenar muscles: abductor digiti V,
flexor digiti V brevis, opponens digiti V.short
muscle of the hand :lumbricales(4 ) and
interossei (dorsal and palmar )
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• The lower limb is specialized forlocomotion,
bearing weight equilibrium
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Lower limb consists of :• Gluteal region
• Thigh and knee joint
• Anterior leg and dorsal foot
• Posterior leg and plantar foot
Gluteal Region 1
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G ut a g n
▪
Gluteal fascia▪ Gluteal Ligaments :
▪ Sacrotuberous, Sacrospinous ligament
▪ Greater sciatic foramen is the passageway for structures
entering or leaving the pelvis▪ Lesser sciatic foramen is the passageway for structures
entering or leaving the perineum
▪ Gluteal Muscles : ▪
Large glutei and a deep of smaller muscles ( piriformis,obturator internus, gemelli, quadratus femoris )
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GLUTEAL REGION
◼ Lies posterior to the pelvis
◼ Between crista iliaca / iliaccrest
◼ And inferior border ofgluteus maximus is
indicated by gluteal sulcus when the tight is extended,it is inferior to the glutealfold
◼ Intergluteal cleft (clunial /
natal cleft) separated thebuttock from each order
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• Gluteal ligaments :
• Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous lig.
• The greater sciatic foramen
• The lesser sciatic foramen
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Muscle of gluteal region:
gluteus maximus, gluteus
medius, gluteus minimus,
periformis, obturatorinternus, gemelli superior
and inferior, quadrattus
femoris
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• Gluteal muscles :• Three large glutei →maximus, medius, and minimus
– which are mainly extensors, abductors, and medial
rotators of the thigh
• Deeper group : piriformis, obtorator internus, gemelli,and quadratus femoris → lateral rotators of the thigh
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• Emerge to the inferior piriformis muscle are :• Sciatic, posterior cutaneus, inferior glutealis (A,V.N),
pudendal nerve,internal pudendal art.
• Emerge to the superior piriformis muscle are :• Superior gluteal art / vena and nerve
Intragluteal injection
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Gluteus mediusparalyses
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p y
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THIGH MUSCLEThree compartment :
• Anterior → quadriceps femoris, pectineus,
iliopsoas, tensor fascia lata, and sartorius
• Medial / adductor group → adductor (longus,brevis, magnus), gracilis and obturator externus
• Posterior → hamstrings muscle
(semitendinosus, semimembranosus, bicepsfemoris / long head)
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Muscles of the Anterior Fascial Compartment
f th Thi h
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of the Thigh
▪ Muscles :▪ Sartorius,
▪ Ilio-psoas,
▪ pectineus,
▪ quadricepsfemoris
Muscles of the Posterior FascialC mp tm nt f th Thi h
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Compartment of the Thigh
▪ Muscles :
▪ Biceps femoris,
▪ semitendinosus, semimembranosus,
▪ small part of the adductor magnus
Muscle in Posterior
Compartment of the
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Compartment of the
Thigh
Popliteal fossa
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Transverse section of the leg
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Contents of the Anterior FascialCompartment of the Leg
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Compartment of the Leg
▪ Muscles :▪ Tibialis anterior,
▪ extensor
digitorum longus,▪ peroneus tertius,
▪ extensor hallucis
longus
Contents of the Lateral FascialCompartment of the Leg
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Compartment of the Leg
▪ Muscles :▪ Peroneus longus,
▪ peroneus brevis
Contents of the Posterior FascialCompartment of the Leg
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Compartment of the Leg
▪ Muscles : • Deep transverse fascia
• Superficial group :Gastrocnemius, popliteus,soleus
• Deep group : Popliteus,flexor digitorum longus,tibialis posterior, flexorhallucis longus
Contents of the Posterior FascialCompartment of the Leg
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Compartment of the Leg
▪ Muscles : • Deep transverse fascia
• Superficial group :Gastrocnemius, popliteus,soleus
• Deep group : Popliteus,flexor digitorum longus,tibialis posterior, flexorhallucis longus
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FOOT / PEDIS
Skeleton of the foot : 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals
and 14 phalanges.
◼Three parts :
◼ Hindfoot : talus and calcaneus
◼ Mid foot : naviculare, cuboid, and cuneiforme
◼ Fore foot : metatarsals and phalanges
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MUSCLES OF FOOT
• 4 layers muscles of the plantar of foot.
• Three compartment of the sole foot :
• Medial compartment : abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis, medial plantar nerve
and vessels
• Lateral compartment :abductor and flexor digiti minimi brevis• Central compartment : flexor digitorum brevis, flexor digitorum longus,
quadratus plantae, lumbricals, proximal part of tendon flexor hallucis
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◼ Foot/Pedis RegionMuscle of sole of the foot (plantar pedis):
First layer : abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digitiminimi/VSecond layer: quadratus plantae, lumbricalsThird layer : flexorhallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis/V
◼ Fourth layer : Plantar interossei (three muscles), dorsal interossei (fourmuscles)
◼ Muscles of dorsum of the foot (dorsum pedis):extrinsic muscles: tibialis
anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longusintrinsicmuscles: externsor digitorum brevis, extensor hallucis brevis◼ Joints :
hip jointknee/ genu jointtibiofibular joint proximal and distalankle jointfoot joints
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Muscles of dorsum of thefoot (dorsum
pedis) :extrinsic muscles :
tibialis anterior, extensor
digitorum longus, extensor
hallucis longusintrinsic
muscles: externsor
digitorum brevis, extensorhallucis brevis
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FOOT / PEDIS
Skeleton of the foot : 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals
and 14 phalanges.
◼Three parts :
◼ Hindfoot : talus and calcaneus
◼ Mid foot : naviculare, cuboid, and cuneiforme
◼ Fore foot : metatarsals and phalanges
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ARCHES OF FOOT
• Longitudinal arch is composed of :
✓ Medial → talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, 3 medial
metatarsals. Talus and navicular are most subject toinjury.
✓ Lateral → calcaneus, cuboid, 2 lateral metatarsals.
• Transversal arch is spreading the weight in all directions :
✓ Posterior transverse arch → navicular and cuboid
bone.✓ Anterior transverse arch → heads of the metatarsal
bones.
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• Arcus is to endured : by interpillar lig.,intersegmental lig. and strapmedial
• medial longitudinal arcus
• Intersegmental is form by lig.,: calcaneo-naviculare, cuneonaviculare, cuneometatarsalia.
• Interpillar : plantar aponeurosis, abductor
hallucis, flex., digit., brevis• Strap by posterior tibial m.
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• Lateral longitudina arcus is toendured by
lig.,:intersegmental : plantar longum.
Calcaneocuboidea,
• Inrpillar : aponeurosis plantaris, abductor digiti V,
flexor pollicis brevis
• Strap : longus peroneus m.
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• Arcus plant., tranversus :
• Intersegmental :lig tarsi plantaris, lig., tarsi
interossea.• Interpillar : post., tibial m., and longus peroneus
m.
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Appendix
Istilah
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• Apponeurosis: Tendo yang tipis seperti pita,
mengubungkan otot dengan bagian yang
digerakkannya
• Fascia: Lembaran jaringan ikat fibrosa yangmembentang di bawah kulit atau membungkus otot
dan oragan tubuh
• Ligamentum: Jaringan ikat yang menghubungkantulang atau organ dalam
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Kesimpulan
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• Otot merupakan jaringan yang penting dalam tubuh
manusia, dengan fungsi yang utama sebagai alat penggerak
• Terdapat 3 jenis otot: polos, jantung, rangka
• Gerakannya dipengaruhi oleh sistem syaraf ➔ unit motor
system; volunter dan involunter
• Terminologi otot menggambarkan arah gerak, posisi, bentuk
dan lokasinya dalam tubuh
Referensi
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Gray’s. Atlas of Anatomy. Churchill Livingstone. 2008
Martini, Frederic H. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology.
Ed 7th. Pearson Education. 2006
Moore, Keith L. Essential Clinical Anatomy. Hipokrates. 1996.
Moore, Keith L. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Ed th. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins. 2006.
Rohen J, Yokochi. Atlas Anatomi Manusia. Ed 5th
. ECG. 2002Snell RS. Clinical Anatomy. Ed 7th. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins. 2004.
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INTERMEZZO
Pertanyaan
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1. Gerakan apa yang dilakukan ?
2. Otot apakah berkontaksi untuk menimbulkangerakan tersebut?
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