Organic Compounds
Biology 11Ms. Lowrie
Nutrients
Raw materials needed for cell metabolism
6 classes:1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Water5. Vitamins6. Minerals
A Healthy & Lean Adult Male
Is approximately … 62% water Less than 1% carbohydrate 16% fat 16% protein 5% minerals and other substances
Micronutrients (micro = small)
Needed in small amounts in the body
Examples:– Vitamins– Minerals
Macronutrients (marco = large)
Large molecules– Several units joined together
Needed in large amounts in the body
Examples:– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins
- Nucleic acids- Water
Dehydration Synthesis
Occurs when two molecules bond together by removing a water (H2O) molecule
Makes:– Disaccharides– Polysaccharides– Lipids– Proteins
Types of Compounds
Organic: Always contain carbon (C)
– Usually oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) too
Found in all living things Examples:
– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids
Inorganic: Do not contain carbon Found in non-living things Examples:
– Vitamins– Minerals– Water
Water (H2O)
Makes up:– 70-90% of cells – 60% of body weight
Functions: – Lubricant for digestion– Transport fluid – Regulates body temperature– Determines structure of cell membrane
Important properties:– Universal solvent– High heat capacity,
vaporization, melting, boiling points
– Expands when solid
Carbohydrates
Made of simple sugars
– Monosaccharide Single/simple sugars
– Disaccharide Double sugars
– 2 simple sugars joined together
– Polysaccharide Complex carbohydrates
– Many simple sugars creating long chain
Carbohydrates
Function: Energy source
– Fuel
Extra carbs are: Stored as starch
– In plants
Stored as glycogen– In animals
Food Source(s): Simple Sugars
– fruit, vegetables, syrup, jellies, desserts
Starch (polysaccharide) – bread, cereal, pasta,
potatoes, rice, corn, beans
Cellulose
– a.k.a. fiber
Polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate) Can not be broken down by body
– Provides little energy.
Found in the cell wall of:– Vegetables, fruits, legumes (lentils), whole grains
Important for digestion and gastrointestinal (GI) health
Plants & Carbohydrates
Lipids
Made up of fatty acid and glycerol– a.k.a. Triglyceride
Other lipids:– Phospholipids– Cholesterol
Amounts/types can increase risk of cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer
Lipids
Function: Energy source Construction material for:
– Cell membrane– Hormones
Carry vitamins
Extra Fat: Converted into glycogen
(a carb) and stored
Food Source(s): Meat Milk products Oil Butter Nuts
Saturated & Unsaturated Fats
Nutrients that Provide Energy(Carbohydrates & Lipids)
If food not used, will be stored as glycogen (type of polysaccharide) – Used for energy when no food available
Over long term if body consumes:– Too much energy = weight gain– Too little energy = weight loss
Burns both fat and carbohydrate stores
Proteins
Made up of amino acids– Polypeptide chains
Humans need 20 amino acids– 12 are made in cells – 8 are obtained from food
“Essential” amino acids
Proteins
Function: Construction material
for: – Enzymes– Anti-bodies– Hormones– Muscles– Cell membrane
Food Source(s): Meat Eggs Milk products Rice Beans & legumes (lentils)
Essential amino acids - meat, legumes (lentils), whole grains, cheese
Nucleic Acids
Composed of nucleotides– `Free nucleotides` gained from ALL food
Function:– Carry genetic information
Instructions for protein synthesis
Examples:– DNA & RNA
Any Questions