Organic Chemistry•The chemistry of carbon compounds
•Sometimes called carbon chemistry
Organic Chemistry•The backbone element in the molecules of all living things is carbon
Carbon Chemistry•Carbon is one of the only elements that can form long chains
•Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds
Organic Chemistry•Carbon forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens
Hydrocarbons•Compounds whose molecular structures contain only carbon & hydrogen
Hydrocarbons CH4 C5H10
C3H8 C18H36
C6H6 CxH2y
Nomenclature•Naming compounds
•Rules made by IUPAC•International Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry
Nomenclature•Prefix: Indicates # of carbons in the group
•Suffix: Indicates the type of organic compd
Organic Prefixes•1 = meth- 6 = hex-
•2 = eth- 7 = hept-
•3 = prop- 8 = oct-
•4 = but- 9 = non-
•5 = pent- 10 = dec-
Organic Suffixes• -ane Sat hydrocarbon• -ene DB hydrocarbon• -yne TB hydrocarbon• -ol Alcohol• -one Ketone etc
Alkanes•Hydrocarbons containing only single covalent bonds
Alkanes•All hydrocarbons with no multiple bonds end with the suffix -ane
•Prefix: Alk- any length carbon chain
Alkanes1 = methane 6 = hexane
2 = ethane 7 = heptane
3 = propane 8 = octane
4 = butane 9 = nonane
5 = pentane 10 = decane
Drill•Name & give the molecular formula
for alkanes with 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5 carbons
Alkane Chemical Formula
CnH2n+2
Name each of the following:
C5H12
C3H8
C8H18
Saturated Hydrocarbon
•A hydrocarbon with the maximum number of hydrogens possible
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
• A hydrocarbon with less than the maximum number of
hydrogens possible
Formula Writing•Molecular Formula
C4H10
Formula Writing•Condensed structural formula, C-C & C-H
bonds understood
CH3CH2CH2CH3
Formula Writing•Condensed structural
formula, only C-H bonds understood
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
Formula Writing•Condensed structural
formula, bonds understood & repeats in ()
CH3(CH2)2CH3
Formula Writing•Carbon skeleton, C-H
bonds omitted
C-C-C-C
Formula Writing• Complete structural formula
HH H H
H C C C C H
HH H H
Stick or minimal Structures
Stick Structures•Line ends & joints represent carbons
•Hydrogens understood
•Others draw
Draw the following•Propane octane
•hexane pentane
•butane methane
•heptane ethane
Draw the following5-butyl-3-ethyl-4-cyclohexyl-,2,2-dimethyl-6-propylnonane
Name the following
Branched Chains
•When an alkane chain gets another hydrocarbon group substituted onto it
•Branches: sidechains
Branched Chains
C
C C C C C C C C C
Naming Branched
Chains
1) Find the longest continuous carbon chain & name it as the main chain. The final name will end with the naming of the main chain
• C Hexane
•C C C C C C• C C C
2) Number each carbon in the chain; so that, the side chains will be connected to the lowest possible numbers on the carbons
• C Hexane•C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
• C C C
3) Name the side chains or substituted groups, & precede them with the # of the carbon they are connected to & a dash
• C 2-methyl
•C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
• C C C• 2-methyl 4-ethyl
4) If identical groups appear more than once, use prefixes: di for 2, tri for 3, tetra for 4, penta for 5, etc Examples: dimethyl, tripropyl, etc
• C 2,2-dimethyl
•C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
• C C C• 4-ethyl
5) Name the sidechains or groups in alphabetical order, but ignore the prefixes when doing so
·Examples: ethyl comes before dimethyl, e < m
6) Separate numbers with commas, use hyphens between words & numbers, and write the alkanes as one word
·Example: dimethylhexane
• C
•C C C C C C
• C C C• 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane
Drill: Name CH3
CH2
H3C-CH-CH2-CH-CH-CH3
CH3 CH2
CH3
Deriving Structures from Names
• Draw the main chain first–Look the name ending
• Draw the branches–Look the # & group name
Draw:• 3,4-diethyl-2-methyloctane
• 2,3,5-trimethylhexane
• 5-butyl-3-ethyl-2,6,8-trimethyl-4-propyldecane
Drill: Draw:5-butyl-3-ethyl-
2,6,8,9-tetramethyl-4,7-dipropyldecane
Isomers•Compounds that have the same chemical formula, but different shapes