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Welcome Dive Center: I Dive Tec Rec Centers PlcInstructor: Andy Varoshiotis
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WELCOME PERSONAL INTRODUCTION PAPERWORK
Course Overview• Course Materials
• Academic Sessions
• Pool Sessions
• Open Water Dives
• Course Certification
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TO BECOME A COMFORTABLE AND CONFIDENT DIVER IT TAKES FOUR INGREDIENTS:
• Proper Knowledge
• Proper Skills
• Proper Equipment
• Proper Experience
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LOOK FOR THESE ICONS:
• Pearl
• Continuing Education
• Environment
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SECTION 1YOUR DIVING EQUIPMENT
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SECTION 1YOUR DIVING EQUIPMENT OBJECTIVES
Be able to:
1. Identify the 7 Sub-Systems of the Total Diving System.
2. Understand how each piece of equipment plays an important role in diver comfort, confidence, and safety.
3. Learn how to choose and fit each component of the Total Diving System.
4. Recognize the benefits of owning a personal Total Diving System.
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YOUR DIVING EQUIPMENT
The Total Diving System• Snorkeling System• Exposure System• Air Delivery System• Information System• Total Divelog System• Buoyancy Control System• Specialty Training & Accessory
System
Maintaining the Total Diving System
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THE SNORKELING SYSTEM
Mask• Purpose• Types
• Optical Lenses• Features• Fitting
Fins & Footwear• Diving Fin• Snorkeling Fin• Fitting
Snorkel• Purge • No Purge• Features
Snorkeling System Bag
The snorkeling equipment is the base of your Total Diving System!
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THE EXPOSURE SYSTEM
Warm Water Dive Skins
Wet Suits• Choice• Features• Fit
Dry Suits
SSI Dry Suit Diving Specialty Program
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THE AIR DELIVERY SYSTEM
S.C.U.B.A.
Components• Cylinder• 1st Stage Regulator• 2nd Stage Regulator
Cylinder• Choosing a Cylinder• Cylinder Valves• Cylinder Features
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THE AIR DELIVERY SYSTEM
Regulator• Choice• 1st Stage• 2nd Stage
Alternate Air Sources• Alternate 2nd Stage• Inflator-Integrated Air Source• Redundant Breathing System
It is recommended to have a high-quality regulator, especially when diving in cold water!
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THE INFORMATION SYSTEMInstruments
• Dive Computer• Submersible Pressure Gauge (SPG)• Depth Gauge• Timing Device• Compass• Thermometer
Configuration• System 1: Air Integrated
• Computer, Air• System 2: Dive Computer,
• Computer, Analog SPG, Compass• System 3: Analog Console
Use the Equipment Service Program, which will help you remember scheduled services!
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THE TOTAL DIVELOG SYSTEM
The DiveLog as a Training Tool
The DiveLog as a Recognition Tool
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THE BUOYANCY CONTROL SYSTEM
Buoyancy Compensator (BC)• Purpose• Archimedes’ Principle
Features• Inflators• Deflators• Inflator-Integrated Air Source• Integrated Weight System• Lift• Other Features
Neutral Buoyancy is important for a comfortable dive and is the best possible environmental protection!
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Proper Weighting Technique• Weight Belts• Choosing Your Weighting• Proper Weighting Technique
THE BUOYANCY CONTROL SYSTEM
SSI Perfect Buoyancy Specialty Program
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THE SPECIALTY TRAINING AND ACCESSORY SYSTEM
Diver’s Luggage• Size• Durable & Versatile• Locking Device• Wheels
Flags & Floats• Recreational Diver’s Flag• Alpha Flag (International)
SSI Boat Diving Specialty Program
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THE SPECIALTY TRAINING AND ACCESSORY SYSTEM
Signal Devices• Whistles & Alarms• Signal Flares• Inflatable Surface Marker• Underwater Audible Devices
Save-a-Dive System
SSI Equipment Techniques Specialty Program
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THE SPECIALTY TRAINING AND ACCESSORY SYSTEM
Underwater Lights• Battery Powered
Underwater Flashlight• Chemical Glow Lights• Battery Powered Glow
Lights
Diver’s Tool
SSI Night / Limited Visibility Specialty Program
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MAINTAINING YOUR TOTAL DIVING SYSTEM
Buoyancy Control System• Cleaning• Storage• Maintenance
Regulator• Cleaning• Storage• Maintenance
Information System• Cleaning • Storage• Maintenance
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MAINTAINING YOUR TOTAL DIVING SYSTEM
Cylinder• Cleaning• Storage• Preventing Damage to Cylinder• VIP (Visual Inspection Program)• Hydrostatic Testing
Exposure Suits
Equipment Consultation
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DIAMOND DIALOGUE 1
The SSI Training Philosophy is illustrated through the SSI Diver Diamond.
Discuss the four sides of the SSI Diver Diamond and how each side relates to the others.
Your Total Diving System is all the equipment you need to go diving, as well as the additional equipment you may want to have for added enjoyment.
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WORKSHOP 1
Let’s go to the “interactive classroom”, and identify and discuss the seven subsystems that make up your Total Diving System and how they relate to each other.
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SECTION 2USING YOUR DIVING EQUIPMENT
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SECTION 2USING YOUR DIVING EQUIPMENTOBJECTIVES
1. Understand basic snorkeling and scuba diving skills as they relate to your equipment, including:• Dressing• Putting on Your Equipment• Using Your Equipment
2. Learn proper procedures for:• Entering the Water• Descending & Equalizing Pressure• Establishing & Maintaining Neutral Buoyancy• Ascending• Safety Stops• Exiting the Water
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THE SNORKELING SYSTEMPUTTING ON THE EQUIPMENT
Mask
Snorkel
Fins
Exposure Suit
Pay attention to sun protection and sufficient liquid absorption!
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THE SNORKELING SYSTEMENTERING THE WATER
Pre-Dive Check
Types of Entries• Controlled Seated Entry• Step-in Entry• Feet-First Jumping Entry• Beach Entry• Boat Entry
Always choose the safest and easiest method, which is appropriate for the dive spot.
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THE SNORKELING SYSTEMUSING THE DIVING EQUIPMENT
Using the Snorkel• Breathing• Snorkel Clearing
Using the Fins• Fin Safety• Fin Power• Fin Kicks
Using the BC• On Surface• Deflation• Bobbing Method
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THE SNORKELING SYSTEMSURFACE DIVES
Head-first Dive
Feet-first Dive
One-up – One-down
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THE SNORKELING SYSTEMEQUALIZING PRESSURE
Equalizing Mask Pressure
Equalizing Ear Pressure
Equalizing Sinus Pressure
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THE SNORKELING SYSTEMEXITS
Types of Exits
Safety Tips
Always choose the safest and easiest method which is appropriate for the dive spot.
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Assembling the Scuba Unit
Putting on the Scuba Unit• Sitting position• Standing position – Buddy Lift• In-water
Never leave your scuba unit standing! Always make sure that it is secured!
SCUBA DIVINGDIVING WITH THE SCUBA UNIT
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SCUBA DIVINGDIVING WITH THE SCUBA UNIT
Pre-Dive Check• Visual Check• Active Check
Entry Procedures• Techniques• Safety aspects
Always choose the safest and easiest method, which is appropriate for the dive spot.
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The Mask• Cleaning• Clearing
Using the 2nd Stage• Breathing• Clearing the 2nd Stage• Retrieving the 2nd Stage
Surface Procedures• Using the BC• Snorkel Use in Scuba
SCUBA DIVINGDIVING WITH THE SCUBA UNIT
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Descending
Neutral Buoyancy During Your Dive
Ascending & Surfacing• Procedures• Rate of Ascent• Dive Lines• Safety Stop• Surface Procedures
Scuba Exits• Boat Exits• Shore Exits
SCUBA DIVINGDIVING WITH THE SCUBA UNIT
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DIAMOND DIALOGUE 2
In Workshop 1, we discussed the seven subsystems that make up your Total Diving System.
The assembly and preparation of the subsystems is essential for your comfort, safety, and enjoyment underwater.
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WORKSHOP 2
Let’s assemble your Total Diving System, as you would in preparation for a dive. Throughout a dive you will be exposed to increasing and decreasing pressure.
Proper use of your Total Diving System will enable you to manage the changes in pressure.
Let’s discuss how your Total Diving System helps you manage the effects of increasing pressure.
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SECTION 3YOUR BODY AND THE UNDERWATER WORLD
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SECTION 3YOUR BODY AND THE UNDERWATER WORLD OBJECTIVES
1. Learn the effects of increasing pressure on your body and Total Diving System.
2. Understand how breathing compressed air under pressure affects your body.
3. Study partial pressures and how it applies to divers.
4. Learn how to perform proper ascent procedures under normal and emergency situations.
5. Learn the causes and prevention of the diving maladies, e.g. – Nitrogen Narcosis, Air Embolism, and Decompression Sickness.
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EFFECTS OF INCREASING PRESSURE
Pressure• Definition• Pressure & Diving
Atmospheric Pressure
Ambient Pressure• Water is Heavier Than Air• Deeper = More Pressure
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EFFECTS OF INCREASING PRESSURE
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EFFECTS OF INCREASING PRESSURE
Equalizing Pressure • How does pressure affect
the human body?• Boyle’s Law• Ears Underwater• Sinuses• Equipment• Lungs
Other Considerations• Reverse Block• Mask Squeeze
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BREATHING UNDERWATER
Diving Fitness
Cardiovascular Fitness• Importance of Good Circulation• Improve Circulation With Exercise
Healthy Lungs• Healthy Lungs are Important• Lung Problems
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BREATHING UNDERWATER
Breathing Control = Stress Control• Breathing Pattern• Anxiety• To Control Anxiety• Important Rule While Diving:
Never hold your breath!
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THE FUNCTION OF THE LUNGS
What are Lungs?• Function• Assembly
Gas Exchange• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Nitrogen• Carbon Dioxide Excess
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EFFECTS OF BREATHING COMPRESSED AIR – PARTIAL PRESSURE
Breathing at the Surface• Air is a Mixture of Gases• Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure• Function of Oxygen & Nitrogen in Body
Breathing Air Underwater• At Depth• Henry’s Law
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EFFECTS OF BREATHINGCOMPRESSED AIR – PARTIAL PRESSURE
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EFFECTS OF BREATHING COMPRESSED AIR – PARTIAL PRESSURE
Nitrogen Narcosis• Cause• Symptoms• Treatment• Prevention• Recreational Diving Limit
Open Water Divers are trained for 60 foot / 18 meter dives!
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ADAPTING TO THE UNDERWATER WORLD
Buoyancy• Positive Buoyancy• Negative Buoyancy• Neutral Buoyancy
Proper Weighting• Purpose• Proper Weighting Technique
Perfect buoyancy control is the best environmental protection!
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ADAPTING TO THE UNDERWATER WORLD
Controlling Buoyancy Underwater• On Descent• At Depth• Neutral Buoyancy• Reasons for Having Good
Buoyancy Control
Vision• Refraction• Limited Visibility (Turbid Water)
SSI Perfect Buoyancy Specialty Program
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ADAPTING TO THE UNDERWATER WORLD
Communication• Problems With Communication
Underwater• Communication Techniques
Exposure – Protection from the Environment• Body Heat Loss• Prevention
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EFFECTS OF DECREASING PRESSURE
Decreasing Pressure• Decreasing Pressure Occurs
when Ascending to the Surface• Prevention of Problems
Never hold your breath! Breathe normally all the time!
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OVEREXPANSION INJURIES
Air Embolism
Mediastinal Emphysema
Subcutaneous Emphysema
Pneumothorax
SSI Diver Stress & Rescue Specialty Program
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EFFECTS OF DECREASING PRESSURE
Decompression Sickness• Definition / Causes• DCS Symptoms• First Aid & Treatment• Prevention
First Aid for Divers• Asphyxiation• Be Prepared• First Aid• Treatment
DAN Emergency Training• DAN Basic Life Support• DAN Oxygen First Aid
for Scuba Diving• DAN Automated
External Defibrillation
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ASCENT PROCEDURES
Normal Ascents• Purpose• Key Points
Air Sharing• Purpose• Terms
Perform a Safety Stop after each dive!
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ASCENT PROCEDURES
Alternate Air Sharing Ascents• Key Points• Equipment Determines
Procedures
Emergency Ascents• Swimming Ascent• Buoyancy Ascent• Key Safety Points
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DIAMOND DIALOGUE 3
As a diver, understanding how changes in pressure effect your body and how we compensate for these changes is vital for your safety, comfort, and enjoyment.
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WORKSHOP 3
Avoiding the effects of squeeze and overexpansion is easy by breathing normally and following proper ascent and descent procedures. Developing good habits with these skills begins with your confined and open water sessions.
Let’s simulate a virtual dive in the “interactive classroom” to include:
• Entry• Descent• Neutral Buoyancy• Ascent• Exit
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SECTION 4PLANNING AND EXCECUTING YOUR DIVES
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SECTION 4PLANNING AND EXECUTING YOUR DIVEOBJECTIVES
1. Learn the benefits of owning and using a dive computer.
2. Discover common dive computer features and functions.
3. Study how other factors can affect nitrogen absorption and elimination, including decompression.
4. Learn the value of diving with a buddy and buddy team functioning.
5. Learn how to execute your dive.
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DIVE PLANNINGDecompression Theory Terminology
• Depth• Bottom Time (BT)• Residual Nitrogen• Surface Interval (SI)• Repetitive Dive• No-Decompression Limits• No-Decompression Dive• Decompression Dive
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USING DIVE COMPUTERS FOR REPETITIVE DIVING
Benefits of Computers
Common Computer Features• Planning Mode• Dive Mode• DiveLog Mode• Time to Fly• Alarms• Display Lighting• Units• Personal Computer Integration• Advanced Features
SSI recommends the use of Dive Computers!
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USING DIVE COMPUTERS FOR REPETITIVE DIVING
Computer Guidelines you should follow:1. Always have your own dive computer. Do not share a computer with
your buddy.
2. Check the computer’s battery life before diving.
3. Adhere to the limits of the computer. Make sure all safety warnings are observed.
4. Follow the ascent display or audible warning to stay within the proper ascent rate for the computer.
5. Remain within your limits and be conservative.
6. Plan and execute your dive carefully and have a contingency plan, if your computer fails.
SSI recommends to always perform Safe Diving Practices!
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OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING NITROGEN ABSORPTION AND DECOMPRESSION
Physical Factors
Altitude
Flying after Diving• Wait generally 24 hours
SSI Altitude Diving Specialty Program
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EXECUTING YOUR DIVE
Pre-Dive Briefing and Buddy Team Functioning
• Buddy System• Solo Diving• Pre-Dive Briefing• Dive Planning
Plan your dive and dive your plan!
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AVOIDING PANIC SITUATIONS
Causes of Panic• Breathing Distress• Mistaking Fiction for Reality• Environmental Conditions• Equipment• Comfort & Ability
Identifying the Panic Response• Ways to Identify Panic Responses in Divers• If you observe signs of panic in your buddy at depth• If you observe signs of panic in your buddy on the surface
Prevention of Panic
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EXECUTING YOUR DIVE
Review of Dive Procedures
Post Dive Briefing (Logging your Dive)• Record for future dive planning• Record of equipment uses• Record of training, logged dives,
and memories
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DIAMOND DIALOGUE 4
A diver, while breathing compressed air absorbs nitrogen. The deeper we go, the longer we stay, and the more dives we make will effect how much nitrogen we absorb. Our rate of ascent back to the surface is directly related to this level of nitrogen.
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WORKSHOP 4 Let’s discuss the most important subsystem of the Total Diving System which enables you to manage your rate of ascent at 30 feet per minute including a safety stop of 3-5 minutes at 15 feet. Executing and analyzing your dive are important aspects of dive planning. The Total DiveLog System will enable you to plan, execute, analyze, and remember your diving experiences.
Review your Total DiveLog:• Levels of Certification and Recognition• Personal Information and Training Record• Levels 1-5 DiveLog Pages• Specialty Diver Record• Scuba Skills Update Record• Equipment Record
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SECTION 5YOUR UNDERWATER WORLD
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SECTION 5YOUR UNDERWATER WORLDOBJECTIVES
1. Understand the fundamentals of wave, tide, and current action.
2. Explain how waves, tides, and currents affect divers.
3. Learn proper diving techniques as they relate to surge and surf.
4. Discover how coral reefs play an important role in the environment.
5. Identify many species of marine life including potentially hazardous marine life.
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THE OCEAN ENVIRONMENT
Salt Water• Salinity• Photosynthesis
Fresh Water• Evaporation• Freezing• Ice Melt
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WATER MOVEMENT AND DIVING
Tidal Currents• Flood Current• Ebb Current• Slack Time• Diving in Tidal Currents
Always start the dive against the current when diving locally! Do not fight against a strong current for a long period of time!
Tides• Causes• High and Low Tide
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WATER MOVEMENT AND DIVING
Ocean Currents
Thermoclines• Definition• Freshwater Diving• Dressing for Thermoclines
Waves• Causes• Size of Waves• Wavelength, Trough & Wave Energy• Confused Sea
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Entering and Exiting when diving from a Boat
• Procedures• Avoiding Seasickness
SSI Boat Diving Specialty Program
WATER MOVEMENT AND DIVING
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WATER MOVEMENT AND DIVING
Surf and Surge• Surf• Surf Zone• Types of Breakers• Surge
Entering and Exiting Surf
SSI Waves, Tides & Currents Specialty Program
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WATER MOVEMENT AND DIVING
Localized Currents• Longshore Currents• Rip Currents
Diving with Localized Currents• Rip Current• Boat Diving in Currents• Drift Diving• Safety Stops in Currents• If caught in Current
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UNDERWATER LIFE
The Coral Reef• Development• Hard Corals• Soft Corals
Worms
Mollusks• Gastropod • Bi-valves • Cephalopods
SSI ECOlogical Diver Program
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Crustaceans
Echinoderms
Vertebrates
Tropical Reef Fish
UNDERWATER LIFE
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UNDERWATER LIFE
Potentially Harmful Marine Life
• Basic rules• Sculpin, Scorpion
Fish, Stone Fish• Eels• Stinging Animals• Sea Urchin• Sharks• Barracudas
SSI Shark Diving Specialty Program
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UNDERWATER LIFE
Cold Water Marine Environments
• Kelp• Cold Water Formations• Artificial Reefs
Freshwater Environments• Freshwater Environments• Freshwater Diving• Freshwater Life
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DIAMOND DIALOGUE 5
The more you know about the aquatic world, the better diver you will be. The basic knowledge and practical information about water movement and aquatic life will enhance your diving experience.
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WORKSHOP 5
Discuss the following considerations about your local dive sites:• Entry Techniques• Exit Techniques• Aquatic Life• Special Equipment Considerations
Perhaps the most critical skill to master as a competent scuba diver is navigation. Divers must be able to follow a planned set of directions underwater and reach the planned exit point accurately:• Discuss natural navigation• Discuss how a compass works• Conduct a reciprocal compass program• Discuss the SSI Navigation Specialty Program
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SECTION 6YOUR SCUBA DIVING EXPERIENCES AND BEYOND
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SECTION 6YOUR SCUBA DIVING EXPERIENCES AND BEYOND OBJECTIVES
1. Learn the reasons you should complete referrals through the Universal Referral Network.
2. Learn how Continuing Education will improve scuba skills.
3. Understand why diving experience is required for SSI Continuing Education.
4. Learn why Continuing Education cards are important.
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YOUR SCUBA DIVING EXPERIENCES AND BEYOND
Your Open Water Dives• With your SSI Dive Center• By Referral
College Credit for Scuba Courses
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YOUR DIVING ADVENTURES
Finding Dive Buddies
Joining a Dive Club
Diving at Home
Diving on Vacation
Getting the Family Involved• Scuba Rangers• Junior Open Water Diver
Stay Proficient
Keep Learning
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Specialty Course Programs
Continuing Education Ratings• Specialty Diver
(2 Specialty Courses + 12 Logged Dives)• Advanced Open Water Diver
(4 Specialty Courses + 24 Logged Dives)• Master Diver
(4 Specialty Courses + Diver Stress & Rescue + 50 Logged Dives)
Record Keeping
Frequently Asked Questions
BEYOND OPEN WATER DIVER
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BEYOND OPEN WATER DIVER
Sharing Your Adventure• SSI Dive Guide• SSI Divemaster• SSI Dive Control Specialist• SSI Open Water Instructor• SSI Advanced Open Water Instructor• SSI Dive Control Specialist Instructor• Master Instructor• SSI Instructor Trainer
Check with your SSI Dive Center for your personal career options!
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BEYOND OPEN WATER DIVER
Lifetime of Adventure• Levels of Experience• Levels of Recognition
• Century Diver• Gold500 Diver• Platinum1000 Diver• Platinum5000 Diver
Keep Scuba Diving Strong
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RECOMMENDED DEPTH LIMITSIN RECREATIONAL DIVING
Scuba Diver – 40 ft / 12 m
Junior Scuba Diver – 40 ft / 12 m
(Diving only with Dive Leader!)
Open Water Diver – 60 ft / 18 m
Junior Open Water Diver Age: 15 years – 60 ft / 18 m
Junior Open Water Diver Age: 11 years – 40 ft / 12 m
(After certification without further training)
Advanced Adventurer – 100 ft / 30 m
(If a Deep Dive was conducted within the program!)
Junior Advanced Adventurer – 60 ft / 18 m
Deep Diving Specialty Program – 130 ft / 40 m
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DIAMOND DIALOG 6 When you become a certified scuba diver, your adventure begins! Combining proper knowledge, skills, equipment and experience will greatly enhance your proficiency as a diver. SSI’s Continuing Education courses offer you a pathway to becoming a safer, more competent diver.
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DIAMOND WORKSHOP 6 Discuss:
1.The fundamentals of wave, tide, and current action.
2.How waves, tides, and currents affect divers.
3.Proper diving techniques as they relate to surge and surf.
4.How coral reefs play an important role in the environment.
5.Identify many species of marine life including potentially hazardous marine life.
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Open Water Diver
CONGRATULATIONS!
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APPENDIXPLANNING AND EXECUTING YOUR DIVE – DIVE TABLES
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DIVE PLANNING
The Dive Profile
Dive Tables and Terminology• Bottom Time (BT)• Decompression Dive• Depth• Doppler Limits• Group Designation Letter• No-Decompression Dive• Repetitive Dive• Residual Time (RT)• Surface Interval• Total Time (TT)
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Table 1: The No-Decompression
Limits Table• Purpose• Understanding• Key Points• Examples
DIVE PLANNING
3
4
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Table 2: The Surface Interval Table• Purpose• Understanding• Key Points• Examples
DIVE PLANNING
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Table 3:The Residual Nitrogen Times Table• Purpose• Understanding• Key Points• Examples
DIVE PLANNING
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Repetitive Dives and the Dive Profile:• Dive Profile• Understanding• General Rules
Note:• Safety Stop
3-5 Minutes at 15 ft (5m) Depth• Maximum Ascent Rate
30ft (9m) per Minute• No-Decompression Dive
DIVE PLANNING
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1st Dive
(52ft/16m for 36 min.) OWD-Manual Appendix
2nd Dive (40 ft/12m
for 40 min.)
OWD-Manual Appendix
EXAMPLE:
G 1 30 E
5203636
I 1 30 F
40494089
E
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3rd Dive (20ft/6m)
OWD-Manual Appendix
Plan another series of 3 dives!
EXAMPLE:
20159
F