Open Educational Resources: The Value proposition
Prof. Rory McGrealAthabasca University
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License(some images fair dealing)
What to learn: Openness
Evolution: FREE Education
COSTS
Evolution: FREE EducationAn asymptotic curve
COSTS
Zeno’s dichotomy paradox
Free to the learner
Evolution: Free Education
Growth of the WWW
http://www.anywhere.com
Reach an infinite audienceReach an infinite audience
Tim Berners-Lee
Evolution: Free Education
“Death of Distance”
• Global Global telecommunicationstelecommunications• SatellitesSatellites• WirelessWireless• InternetInternet
Atlas of Cyberspaces
History of copyright
They hang the man and flog the womanWho steals the goose from off the commonBut leaves the greater villain looseWho steals the common from off the goose.
Anonymous 1764 or 1821?
Stealing the Goose
An Act for the Encouragement of Learning
Statute of Queen Anne 1710
Remove barriers to access
• No one owns creative works• Creations belong to everyone• Creations are public goods
Intellectual Property
Privileged Monopoly
• imposing duties• restricting freedom• inflicting burden on users Waldron
Intellectual Property ?ORa manifestation of government intervention in social relations May
Law & Policy
Enable us
To shout “MINE” ever more loudly, to convulse ever more uncontrollably and hit each other with ever larger toys.
D. Wiley
Benefits of Sharing• Preserves authors’ rights– Openness makes plagiarism difficult; No incentive – Attribution– No need to lie about source– Institutional marketing – Services not content – Expands creator’s careers
OER
Toys?Sony’s PSP GO
Mobile phone
CD Shape
Gizmondo
= 2 jiffies or 200 milliseconds
Why OER?
Why OER?• DRM (digital rights management)• Digital licenses
digital restrictions management?
DRM (Digital Rights Management)
You CANNOT• Copy & paste, annotate, highlight• Text to speech• Format change• Move material • Print out• Move geographically• Use after expiry date• Resell
• DRM restricts our freedom
• Can we not own & control our own property?
But our device is our PROPERTY
Nielsen.com
But, we’re innocent!
Swiss-copyright.ca
Digital Licenses•Copy & paste, annotate, highlight• Text to speech or hyperlink• Format change• Move material to another computer• Print out• Move geographically• Use after expiry date• Resell
• Prohibited to show your content to others • Must accept that you have NO rights
• Owners have NO liability even if product doesn’t work• Owners can “invade” your computer without permission• Collect & use personal data• User has a “privilege” to use the product not own it
Open ETextbooks•Copy & paste, annotate, highlight √• Text to speech or hyperlink √• Format change √• Move material to other computer √• Print out √• Move geographically √• No expiry date √• Reuse/Remix/Mash √
•Retain privacy and digital rights √√Essential for E-learning im
plementations
Access Rights?Vendors can control how, when, where, and with what specific brands of technological assistance audiences are able to access content
You buy but you don’t g
et – D. Wiley
• student owns nothing, can share nothing, save nothing, sell nothing• subscription ends – ALL ends•publishers own student data, notes, highlights• students can’t transfer data
Commercial Learning Service or Rent-a-book
US Version per month+20 000 movies $ 7.99
+45 000 TV shows $ 7.99
+15 000 000 songs $ 9.99
TOTAL $25.97
ONE Biology text $20.25
-David Wiley
When you subscribe to content through a digital service, the publisher achieves complete and perfect control over you and your use of their content
-- David Wiley
Attack on Personal Property
Openness is the skeleton key that unlocks every attempt at vendor control and lock in - D. Wiley
MOOCs
A Canadian First
ITC 23%
Arts 28%
Community learning
What technology has done more to destroy human community than any other?
Could it be the portable book?
Community or accessibility?
Mobile learning
Free Education
Wireless Access
Mobile learning?
+2 billion Internet connexionsWorld population: 7 billion
¼ of the world’s populationhttp://www.soil-net.com/album/Places_Objects/slides/Globe%20Planet%20Earth%20NASA.jpg
Global Internet usage
International Telegraph Union 2012
Global Mobile phone subscriptions
Internet Users
International Telecommunications Union 2012
Web usage worldwide
3.81%Worldwide
Chad 29%Nigeria 25%Sudan 22%
Mobile Signal Coverage
Percentage of the world's population covered by a mobile cellular signal, 2003 compared to 2010
Mobile Telephony
Mobile learning
4.5 billion mobile subscriptions1.5 billion mobile internet users
1/3 only access internet via mobile
90% of world population is covered by cellular
More time spent on Internet
with Mobile
than with desktops
More time spent on Internet
with Mobile
than with desktops
The world is going mobile
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1048/1022720488_0a1b779fc8.jpg
Design for Mobile FIRST
4G Mobile Phones
• Computer in your phone• Phone in your computer?
Tablets
Google AndroidiPad MiniSamsung
Tablets
Shenzhen Tablet <$75
Aakash India <$50
Ypy Brazil <$75
Sakshat $20 laptop
Affordable Computing
India to unveil the £7 laptopGovernment hopes its mini-computer, the world's cheapest, will bridge the digital divide between rich and poor
One Tablet per Child
Negroponte et al.
E-Books
OPENNESS
Digital convergence:
TV
Electronic book
Computer
Telephone
Radio
WWW
Fax
Clock
Camera
Handy 21 Oxygen project MIT
PDA
Nokia5510
Game player
bandwidth
features performance
functionality
usability
accessibility
A Balancing Act
Kent Anderson, Scholarlykitchen.org
Mobile Learning requires OER
OER•Copy & paste, annotate, highlight √• Text to speech or hyperlink √• Format change √• Move material to other computer √• Print out √• Move geographically √• No expiry date √• Reuse/Remix/Mash √
•Retain privacy and digital rights √√Essential for M
-learning implementations
the International experience
•$2 billion for OER
Netherlands
POLAND
Avoir Project
INDIA• National Repository of Open
Educational Resources <http://nroer/home/>
• S.N.D.T. Women’s Univ. (Mumbai)
• B.A.O.U. (Gujarat)
Washington State
Utah
California
the Canadian experience
OER in Canada: A POERUP Report
D. QuirkR. McGrealT. Anderson
Athabasca University
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License(some images fair dealing)
Policies for OER UPtake
OER
•OER•Open access•Open user-generated works•Open data•Open Glam(Galleries, Libr., Arch. Museums)•Open government•Open policies•Open licences•Open licence tools (CC)•Open standards•Open Source
Paul Stacey
Paul Stacey
Open Access & OER“Despite the mounting support for
open access, Canada has lagged behind with only a handful of pilot projects from the federally-funded research agencies . . . it is time for those agencies to make a firm commitment to open access.”
Canada Report
• Provincial• No Government policies• Few initiatives• Policy proposals (HEIs)
Open Data Canada• Innovation• Leveraging public information • Develop consumer/commercial
products• Better use of broadband• Research• Informed decisions for consumers
THE BIG Canadian SPLIT
• School Level vs Higher Education Ministries• Paris Declaration on OER
• BC Campus licence• Online Programme Development Fund• 40 First year post-secondary courses as OER
First Major OER initiative
Alberta
• $2 million for OER • Post-secondary
OER Barriers
Barriers: Fear• Competition• Loss of students/jobs• Loss of revenue/control• Criticism by peers• lack of economic models • Accountability
With Paul Stacey
Barriers: Confusion• Business model• How open licences work • Collaboration strategies • Autonomy• Evidence of effectiveness • Terminology (OA,OER, PD etc.)
With Paul Stacey
Barriers: Effort• Finding OER• Finding quality resources • How it saves time or money?• Specific academic contexts • Localisation
With Paul Stacey
Barriers: Special Interests• Publishers • Copyright collectives• Textbook authors $$$• “Not invented here” • Copyright officers• ????
With Paul Stacey
OER Incentives
Incentives: YES• Updating at any time - quality• Copy, paste, annotate highlight,
print• Mix, mash, alter, localise• Format shifting• Move content/share/collaborate • Cost savings – open texts
With Paul Stacey
Incentives: YES• Increased access to education• Students can better assess/plan • Showcase profile/brand• Convert lurkers into students• Accelerate learning • Reduce faculty preparation time
With Paul Stacey
How to participate?
How to participate internationally?
Rory McGreal Fred Mulder
UNESCO Chairholders in OER Partners
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License(some images fair use)
Wayne Mackintosh Tel Amiel
https://oerknowledgecloud.com/
OER: Successful Practices
Fred Mulder
PhD in the study of OER
Susan D’Antoni
Global OER Graduate Network
Characteristics• Umbrella for PhD research on OER in a global network of
universities / researchers (decentralized model)• Addressing fundaments, design, applications, context,
evaluation, etcetera, linked to a wide range of disciplines • Key are the PhD candidates, both full-time and part-time• Joint supervision by 2-3 experts / (co-)promoters• Rely on QA system of the promoter’s university & country• Knowledge dissemination with the GradNetwork label• Lightly supervised by a GradNetwork Board
Cape Town December 2013
Why OERu?Present systems are unsustainable.
Present systems are not scalable for universal education.
We must find new more cost-effective learning systems with higher quality.
OER will form part of this solution:
How many learners??
The issue
Learners who access OER and acquire knowledge/skills cannot have their learning assessed and accredited
The view from an OERu partner
Traditional modelTraditional model OERu model
learners
The mini-MOOCFriesen & Murray
Challenges
Challenges• Economic crisis– Decrease in investment in education &
innovation– Promotion of OER becomes more
challenging– National programmes are declined,
downsized, or not started
POERUP team
Opportunities & further work • Opportunities– The rise of MOOCs – a new business model– FutureLearn in the UK
• Further work– In-depth analysis on OER policies & practices– In-depth research into end-users of OER
POERUP team
Reality & support
Information
http://poerup.org
http://col.org
Priorities NOT Principles
"Let's put all this hype about change and transformation in perspective. It's underhyped."
"There's something coming after us, and I imagine it is something wonderful.” "
Danny Hillis, Wired
Change
« le ch
angemen
t s’im
pose, la
surv
ie est
une optio
n; faite
s le b
on choix »
Franço
is Tav
enas,
ancie
n recte
ur de l
’Univers
ité Lav
al
“Change is m
andatory, s
urvival is
an
option. M
ake the r
ight choice
.”
Franço
is Tav
enas,
ancie
n recte
ur de l
’Univers
ité Lav
al
General Eric Shinseki, retired Chief of Staff, U. S. Army
So, let’s wake up and smell the coffee
[email protected]@athabascau.cahttp://www.col.org/resources/publications/Pages/detail.aspx?PID=446
THANK YOU