The effects of kinetin and Alar-85 applications on the growth and flowering of Adonis autumnalis, L.
Journal Title: Proceedings annual meeting - Plant Growth Regulator Society of America.
Journal Volume/Issue:
1985. (12th)
Main Author: Abdalla, N.M.Other Authors: El-Gengaihi, S.E., Solomos, T., Al-Badawy, A.A.
Format: Article Language: EnglishSubjects: height
plant characteristics Adonis ornamental plants medicinal plants spraying kinetin daminozide stems diameter branching flowers yields
Document detailsTitle
Influence of growth regulators on growth, herbage and essential oil yield in davana (Artemisia pallens Wall.).
AuthorsBhat, P. B.; Farooqi, A. A.; Subbaiah, T. K.
EditorsBhattacharyya, S. C.;Sen, N.;Sethi, K. L.
Conference paperProceedings of the 11th international congress of essential oils, fragrances and flavours. New Delhi, India, 12-16 November, 1989 Vol. 3. 1990 pp. 81-84
Conference TitleProceedings of the 11th international congress of essential oils, fragrances and flavours. New Delhi, India, 12-16 November, 1989 Vol. 3.
ISBN1-85529-018-9
Record Number19920311100
Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA3) was sprayed at 0, 50 and 100 p.p.m. on seedlings 20 days after transplantation to the field. Cycocel (CCC) [chlormequat]
(at 0, 2000 and 4000 p.p.m.) and TIBA (at 200, 300 and 400 p.p.m.) were sprayed once before flowering (30 days after transplanting) and a
second time after flowering (60 days after transplanting) as sub-plot treatments. Plant height, number of branches, plant spread, number of days
taken for 50% flowering and fresh and dry weight of flower heads and leaves were determined. Leaves and flower heads were air dried for 48 h
and essential oil content was determined by hydrodistillation. Plants treated with GA3 showed an increase in plant height, number of branches,
plant spread and fresh and dry weight of flower heads and leaves. Essential oil yield from flower heads was significantly enhanced (to 12.12
kg/ha) by GA3 at 100 p.p.m. and less so by TIBA at 400 p.p.m. (to 11.17 kg/ha) and CCC at 4000 p.p.m. (to 10.11 kg/ha) compared with controls
(7.30-8.98 kg/ha). Early flowering (47 days) was observed with GA3 treatment, but flowering was delayed after application of CCC or TIBA. CCC
and TIBA suppressed plant height significantly.
Title
Action of various growth regulators and floral preservatives on vase life of cut rose cv. 'First red' grown under controlled conditions.
AuthorsDhekney, S. A.; Ashok, A. D.; Rengasamy, P.
JournalSouth Indian Horticulture 2000 Vol. 48 No. 1/6 pp. 69-71
ISSN0038-3473
Record Number20013163045
Abstract
A greenhouse experiment was conducted on rose cv. First Red to determine the action of pre-harvest sprays of growth regulators i.e. GA3 at 100,
200, and 300 ppm; benzyladenine at 500, 1000, and 1500 ppm; salicylic acid at 50, 100 and 150 ppm; and brassinolide at 0.25, 50 and 0.75 ppm.
In a related experiment, the vase life of the cut flowers under different treatments was determined in vase holding solutions i.e. 200 ppm AgNO3,
and 15% sucrose+0.3% citric acid. The flowers sprayed with GA3 at 200 ppm and salicylic acid at 50 ppm recorded a vase life of 7.33 and 7.00
days, respectively, compared to the control (5.33 days). A maximum vase life of 10.33 days was recorded under GA3 at 200 ppm using 200 ppm
AgNO3 and sucrose+citric aci
to AGRIS search
Try it!
Journal of Agronomy (2004)
Effect of accel on the postharvest vase life of Easter lily
Emongor, V.; Tshwenyane, S.O. (University of Botswana, Gaborone (Botswana). Dept. of Crop Science and Production)
Date of publication 2004
AGRIS Categories Handling, transport, storage and protection of plant products
AGROVOC English terms Lilium; Cut flowers; Plant growth substances; Keeping quality; Postharvest physiology
AGROVOC French terms Lilium; Fleur coupée; Substance de croissance végétale; Aptitude à la conservation; Physiologie après récolte
AGROVOC Spanish terms Lilium; Flor cortada; Sustancias de crecimiento vegetal; Aptitud para la conservación; Fisiología postcosecha
Language English
Notes 3 tables, 29 ref.
Type Summary
Type Bibliography
Journal Title Journal of Agronomy
ISSN 1680-8207
Vol. No. v. 3(3) p. 170-174
Abstract (English) Laboratory trials were carried out to investigate the effect of Accel on the postharvest vase life of Easter lily cut flowers. Flowering stems of Easter lily cultivar `St. Joseph' were purchased from a commercial farm in Gaborone, Botswana. Accel at 25, 50, or 75 mg L-1 significantly delayed postharvest catastrophic leaf yellowing of Easter lily, flower senescence and abscission, improved flower water uptake, increased flower vase life and retarded leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen degradation. The results indicated that Accel can be used as a commercial cut flower preservative solution for Easter lily and other cut flowers with postharvest leaf yellowing as a problem.
Submitted by:National Agricultural Research Centre (Pakistan)
P.O. Box NIH, Park Road
Islamabad
Contact: Ms Shahnaz ZUBERI
Tel: +92 51 9255033 +92 51 9255033 ; 51 9255061
Fax: +92 51 9255034
Email: [email protected]; [email protected];
URL: http://www.parc.gov.pk/NARC/narc.html
AGRIS search
Try it!
Journal of Agronomy (2004)
Effects of gibberellic acid on postharvest quality and vaselife life of gerbera cut flowers (Gerbera jamesonii)
Emongor, V.E. (University of Botswana, Gaborone (Botswana). Dept. of Crop Science and Production)
Date of publication 2004
AGRIS Categories Handling, transport, storage and protection of plant products
AGROVOC English terms Cut flowers; Gerbera; Gibberellic acid; Keeping quality; Postharvest physiology
AGROVOC French terms Fleur coupée; Gerbera; Acide gibbérellique; Aptitude à la conservation; Physiologie après récolte
AGROVOC Spanish terms Flor cortada; Gérbera; Ácido giberelico; Aptitud para la conservación; Fisiología postcosecha
Language English
Notes 4 tables, 19 ref.
Type Summary
Journal Title Journal of Agronomy
ISSN 1680-8207
Vol. No. v. 3(3) p. 191-195
Abstract (English) Laboratory trials were carried out to investigate the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on the postharvest quality and vase life of gerbera cut- flowers. Freshly cut flower stems of gerbera cultivar `Ida Red', with two outer disc florets open were put in flower vases containing 0, 2.5, 5, or 7.5 mg L-1 of GA3. The treatments were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with four replicates. Gerbera cut-flowers held in GA3 at 2.5, 5 or 7. 5 mg L-1 significantly delayed flower senescence by increasing the number of disc florets open, delayed petal fading and abscission. Gibberellic acid at 2.5, 5 or 7.5 mg L-1 significantly reduced dry matter content in the flower heads and stems of gerbera cut-flowers. Gerbera cut-flowers held in 2.5, 5 or 7.5 mg L-1 GA3 had significantly higher water content in the flower heads and stems, hence maintaining flower turgidity, reduction in bent neck and flower senescence and increased flower quality after 14 days of holding compared to flowers held in distilled water. Gibberellic acid at 2.5, 5 or 7.5 mg L-1 has the potential to be used as a gerbera cut-flower preservative solution.
Submitted by:National Agricultural Research Centre (Pakistan)
P.O. Box NIH, Park Road
Islamabad
Contact: Ms Shahnaz ZUBERI
Tel: +92 51 9255033 +92 51 9255033 ; 51 9255061
Fax: +92 51 9255034
Email: [email protected]; [email protected];
URL: http://www.parc.gov.pk/NARC/narc.html
Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities (EJPAU) founded by all Polish Agriculture Universities presents original papers and review articles relevant to all aspects of agricultural sciences. It is target for persons working both in science and industry,regulatory agencies or teaching in agricultural sector. Covered by IFIS Publishing (Food Science and Technology Abstracts), ELSEVIER Science - Food Science and Technology Program, CAS USA (Chemical Abstracts), CABI Publishing UK and ALPSP (Association of Learned and Professional Society Publisher - full membership). Presented in the Master List of Thomson ISI.
2011Volume 14Issue 4
Topic:
AgronomyELECTRONICJOURNAL OFPOLISHAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITIES
Copyright © Wydawnictwo Akademii Rolniczej we Wroclawiu, ISSN 1505-0297 1505-0297
El-Saeid H. , Abouziena H. , AbdAlla M. 2011. EFFECT OF SOME BIOREGULATORS ON WHITE LUPINE (Lupinus termis) SEED YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS AND ON ENDOGENOUS HORMONES CONTENT IN SEEDS, EJPAU 14(4), #02.Available Online: http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume14/issue4/art-02.html
EFFECT OF SOME BIOREGULATORS ON WHITE LUPINE (LUPINUS TERMIS) SEED YIELD AND ITS
COMPONENTS AND ON ENDOGENOUS HORMONES CONTENT IN SEEDS
H.M. El-Saeid, Hussein Fawzy Abouziena, M.S.A. AbdAlla
Botany Department, National Research Center
ABSTRACT
A pot experiments was carried out at National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, to investigate the effect of
IAA (100, 200 and 400 mg∙dcm-3), NAA (10, 20 and 40 mg∙dcm-3) and kinetin (25, 50 and 100 mg∙dcm-3) on
Lupinus termis plant growth, yield and seed chemical composition as well as hormones contents compared with
untreated plants. The obtained results indicated that the highest number of branches was obtained with kinetin
treatment, especially at 100 mg∙dcm-3. While, the maximum values of both number and dry weight of pods were
obtained as a result of foliar application with kinetin at 50 mg∙dcm-3. Spraying the lupine plants with
bioregulators increased significantly the seed number per pod and per plant, and seed yield/plant except those
plants treated with IAA at 100 mg∙dcm-3. Applications of IAA, NAA and kinetin treatments had no significant
effect on crop index, harvest index and shelling percentage. The maximum seed yield was recorded with the
application of kinetin at 50 mg∙dcm-3 followed by kinetin at 100 mg∙dcm-3 as well as IAA at 100 mg∙dcm-3. High
levels of GA and IAA were observed in seeds produced from plants treated by IAA relative to those treated by
NAA or kinetin. Spraying the lupine plants with the bioregulators IAA, NAA and kinetin caused an increase in
protein content and total carbohydrates and decrease of oil percent in the lupine seeds
Key words: lupine, IAA, NAA, kinetin, endogenous hormones, seed yield.
INTRODUCTION
White lupine (Lupinus termis Forsik) is one of the oldest agricultural crops widely used in the
world not only as a protein source in fodder production but also for soil improvement [19].
Lupine belongs to the genus Lupinus in the Fabaceae family. Lupine seeds contain
considerable nutrition due to its high protein (35-45%) and oil content (10-15%). In Egypt,
the cultivated lupine area is about 1482 ha producing 2881 t with a productivity of 19,439
kg∙ha-1 [10].
Plant growth regulators play important roles in the enhancement of the growth and
productivity of the most economic crops. Gromadzinski et al. [13] reported that plant growth
regulators resulted in significant increases in pod number, shortening of offshoots and seed
yields of yellow and narrow-leaved lupines (Lupinus luteus and L. angustifolius, resp.) plants,
but only when applied at the correct rate and date. Prusiński and Borowska [23] reported that
sprayed plants of traditional yellow lupine cultivar with varied doses of the growth regulators
auxin (indole-3-butritic acid) and cytokinin (6-benzyloaminopurine) limited the unfavourable
abscission of generative organs, which resulted in a significantly higher seed yield, than the
control.
Emery et al. [9] reviewed the literature and stated that a wide range of environmental factors
can influence the extent of "flower shedding", and as a consequence the yield potential of
many pulses may not be realized. Theories as to the cause include hypotheses based on
competition for nutrients. They add that at different times during fruit development 18
different forms of cytokinin (CK) were detected in the component tissues [9]. El-Saeid et al.
[8] reported that when cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.) plants were sprayed with IAA at the rate of
25 and 50 mg∙dcm-3 increased number of leaves, shoot dry weight and number of produced
flowers per plant and consequently significantly increased number and weight of pods and
seeds per plant. Meanwhile 50 and 100 mg IAA significantly decreased the number of
flowers abscised from cowpea plant. Seymour [26] reported that timing of application was
critical, with application 6 weeks before flowering giving the most consistent positive
responses. El-Bassiouny and Shukry [7] reported that foliar application of IAA at three
concentrations (12.5, 25 and 50 mg∙dcm-3) induced increments of the plant height, fresh and
dry weights, number of branches and number of leaves per cowpea plant as well as yield
components (pods per plant, seeds per pod, weight of seeds per pod and per plant and weight
of seeds/fed) (fed = 0.42 ha). Khalil et al. [15] reported that kinetin treatments decreased stem
height of lentil plant, however they induced significant increase in the number of leaves and
branches, shoot dry weight and number of produced flowers per plant. Meanwhile, all
treatment decreased the percentage of abscised flowers and increased number and weight of
pods and seeds per plant.
The working hypothesis assumed that:
spraying the bio-regulators have an effect on the productivity and chemical constituents features of lupine plants,
there is a relationship between the endogenous hormones and lupine yield,
the effect of bio-regulators on the plants varied depending on the concentration of the plant hormone application.
The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of IAA, NAA and kinetin applied at 3
concentrations on white lupine plants growth, yield, and chemical composition and hormones
content in seeds.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Two pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre,
Cairo, Egypt to study the effect of IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) at 100, 200 and 400 mg∙dcm-3;
Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 10, 20 and 40 mg∙dcm-3 and kinetin at 25, 50 and 100
mg.dcm-3 and tap water (as control) on growth, yield and seed chemical constituent as well
as hormones contents of white lupine (Lupinus termis Forsik) plants.
Seeds of white lupine cultivar Giza 1 were obtained from the Legume Research Section,
Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt. Ten seeds were planted in
plastic pots 50 cm diameter filled with 20 kg clay loam soil at 21th of October in the two
winter seasons and the plants were irrigated when needed. The seedlings were thinned at the
age of 3 weeks to three uniform seedlings per pot. Triple superphosphate was mixed with the
soil before sowing the seeds. The plants were fertilized with 3 g of nitrogen in the form of
ammonium sulphate in three applications (one gram for each) after 4, 7 and 10 weeks from
sowing.
Seedlings were sprayed with IAA at irrigated at 100, 200 and 400 mg∙dcm-3; NAA at 10, 20
and 40 mg∙dcm-3 and 25, 50 and 100 mg∙dcm-3 in the case of kinetin and tap water as control.
Tepole was added (1 mg∙dcm-3 of growth substances) to the solution as wetting agent. The
volume of spraying solution was maintained just to cover completely the plant foliage till
drip. The plants were sprayed twice. The first spray was applied ten days before flowering as
guided by the indicator plants and the second spray was performed ten days later. Other
agricultural processes were performed according to normal practice.
Data recorded
At harvest, plant height, numbers of branches and pods per plant, pods weight, number of
seeds per pod and plant, seed yield per plant, seed index (100 seed weight), shelling (%)
[(seed weight per pod divided by pod weight) ×100], straw yield (g∙plant-1), crop index (seed
yield per plant divided by straw yield per plant), and harvest index (seed yield per plant
divided by biological yield (above ground) per plant) were estimated. Furthermore, migration
coefficient (pods dry weight divided by biological yield) was estimated according to the
method described by Abdel Gawad et al. [2].
Chemical analysis
For determination of total carbohydrate, phenol sulphuric acid method was used according to
Dubois et al. [6]. Nitrogen, element was determined according to the method described by
Cottenie et al. [5]. Total protein was calculated using a conversion factor of 6.25. Oil content
in the yielded seeds was determined as described by the methods mentioned in the A.O.C.S.
[1] using petroleum ether (40-60°) in Soxhlet apparatus.
Endogenous hormone contents
Contents of endogenous IAA and GA3 in lupine seeds were determined using High
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Extraction and purification were performed
according to Jensen and Junttila [14] and Potts et al. [22] for IAA and GA, respectively.
Analysis of samples by HPLC for IAA was carried out on a Perkin Elmer unit, Series (2),
fitted with UV detector delivery system and analytical C18 reversed phase column. The
solvent program was linear gradient (1%-99%) methanol in 1% acetic acid, the rate of the
program (2% min-1) at a flow rate 0.8 ml∙min-1. Gibberellins were determined by the bioassay
of lettuce hypocotyls in purified extracts chromatography [11].
Statistical analysis
A completely Randomized Design was used; each treatment was replicated six times. The
obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis of variance according to the method
described by Snedecor and Cochran [27] and the combined analysis of the two seasons was
calculated according to the method of Steel and Torrie [28]. For comparison between means,
L.S.D. test at 5% level was used.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant height and number of branches
The data presented in Table 1 indicated that IAA increased significantly the white lupine
plant height and the highest plant was recorded with 200 mg∙dcm-3 of IAA. The auxin IAA
increased linear growth of stem by causing cell elongation, due to greater osmotic uptake of
water which results in increase of osmotic pressure or decrease in turger pressure or both. On
the other hand, NAA and kinetin at 100 mg∙dcm-3 treatments had a negative effect on the
plant height.
Concerning the effect of the three growth regulators tested on number of branches per plant
the results in Fig. 1 showed that IAA induced a lowest increment in most cases for the
branches number, except the highest level. Regarding the effect of NAA the data in Fig. 1
showed no significant differences in branches number. The highest significant effect on
branches number was obtained with kinetin treatment, especially the highest level. So, it
could be conclude that kinetin treatments had more effect on branches number compared with
auxins. Khalil et al. [15] found that kinetin treatments increased the dry weight of lentil
shoots though they decreased stem length; such increase may be due to increase in number of
branches and leaves. In this respect, Wickson and Thimann [30] reported that the application
of CK reduced apical dominance and the lateral buds of intact plants which, otherwise,
remain arrested could be made to grow by applying kinetin.
Figure 1. Effect of some bioregulators on number of branches and pods per white lupine plant
Yield and yield attributes criteria
Spraying the plants with growth substances increased both number and dry weight of white
lupine pods per plant. It could be noticed that IAA at 200 mg∙dcm-3 and kinetin at 50 and 100
mg∙dcm-3 had a significant effect on pods number (Fig. 1), while pods dry weight per plant
was significantly affected with all treatments, except NAA at 100 mg∙dcm-3 (Table 1). The
maximum values of both number and dry weight of pods were obtained as a result of foliar
application with kinetin at 50 mg∙dcm-3. In this respect, kinetin plays an important role in
growth of the ovary by cell division [17]. Seymour[26] reported that lupine seed yield
increases due to CK application were related to improvements in pod set.
Spraying the plants with bioregulators increased significantly the seed number per pod and
per plant, and seed yield per plant, except those plants treated with IAA at 100 mg∙dcm-3
(Table 1). The highest values of those criteria were obtained as a result of kinetin treatments,
especially the medium level. Krishnamoorthy [17] reported that cytokinin influences the
direction of transport of organic metabolites and minerals and their accumulation in cells. It's
well known that metabolites are preferentially translocated to developing fruits and seeds. It's
quite likely that phloem transport from source to sink may also be under the control of
cytokinins. On the other hand, it could be noticed that seed index increased significantly as a
result of growth substances treatments. Thus it can be concluded that the increment of seed
yield per plant mainly due to the increase of seed number per plant. Prusinski et al. [24]
found that weight of 1000 seeds and the seed yield of treated lupine plants with auxin were
significantly higher than the non-treated control.
Table 1. Effect of some bioregulators on white lupine plant and yield characters (combined analysis of two seasons)
Treatments Characters
SubstancesConcentration
[mg∙dcm-3]
plant
height
[cm]
pods
weight
[g∙plant-
1]
no. of
seeds
per
pod
no. of
seeds per
plant
seed
index
[g]
shelling
[%]
crop
index
harvest
index
Control – 77.6 20.7 2.3 30.0 48.9 61 0.39 0.89
IAA
100 84.9 25.1 2.9 44.8 40.8 63 0.44 0.86
200 93.2 31.1 2.8 50.9 38.9 59 0.39 0.79
400 85.7 27.4 2.6 43.8 41.1 77 0.39 0.74
NAA 10 79.8 22.6 2.4 34.3 43.7 59 0.41 0.73
20 78.4 26.8 2.5 41.8 39.1 61 0.42 0.73
40 75.3 26.9 2.9 37.9 43.2 77 0.43 0.75
Kinetin
25 76.9 27.4 3.1 50.4 44.3 74 0.45 1.29
50 73.7 31.6 3.0 64.4 36.3 82 0.60 1.33
100 68.4 31.1 3.1 52.7 38.5 66 0.58 1.40
LSD0.05 3.3 2.1 0.2 6.8 2.0 ns ns nsns – non-significant differences
As for straw yield per plant, the increase was observed as a result of growth regulators
treatments except kinetin at 50 and 100 mg∙dcm-3 which decreased significantly the value of
this character (Fig. 2). On the other side, these treatments had no significant effect on crop
index, harvest index and shelling percentage. Generally, these treatments decreased those
characters, except plants sprayed with kinetin. The highest values of crop and harvest index
were obtained as a result of kinetin at 50 mg∙dcm-3, while the maximum value of shelling
percentage was obtained at 25 mg∙dcm-3. The results showed also that migration coefficient
was obtained under the effect of kinetin at 100 mg∙dcm-3.
Figure 2. Effect of some bioregulators on seed and straw yields per white lupine plant
There was significant effect of plant growth regulators application on lupine seed yield. The
maximum yield was recorded with the application of kinetin at 50 mg∙dcm-3 followed by
kinetin at 100 mg∙dcm-3 as well as IAA at 100 mg∙dcm-3 and minimum yield was recorded in
unsprayed plants (Fig. 2).
The increment of seed yield as a result to application of CK could be attributed to that
exogenous application of cytokinin to developing flowers prevents their abortion and permits
the initiation of seed development [3]. Morris [21] reported that accumulation of cytokinins
in developing seeds coincides with the highest rates of cell division, which is consistent with
the idea that CK increase the sink strength of seeds for assimilates. Matthysee and Scott [20]
stated that CK serve as a carrier from the root apex as it regulates the growth of lateral roots
and lateral branches of the shoots. These results are in agreements with those reported by
Seymour[26], Khalil et al. [15] and El-Saeid et al. [8]. Prusinski et al. [24] reported that the
seed yield of yellow lupine treated with auxin was significantly higher than when treated with
CK and the non-treated control.
Endogenous hormonal content
There is a relationship between the exogenous and endogenous hormones, especially GA3,
and there is a relationship between the end product and endogenous hormones [4]. The results
in Table (2) indicated that spraying the lupine plants with IAA or NAA at the three
concentrations used caused a significant increase of the endogenous hormones contents i.e.
GA and IAA in white lupine seeds. While application of kinetin at 50 and 100 mg∙dcm-3 led
to a significant increment of the two endogenous hormones (GA and IAA), however spraying
kinetin at the low concentration (25 mg∙dcm-3) had a slight enhancement of the endogenous
hormones contents in lupine seeds.
Table 2. Effect of some bioregulators on chemical composition of white lupine seeds (combined analysis of two seasons)
Treatments Characters
SubstancesConcentration
[mg∙dcm-3]
Migration
coefficient
Chemical contents in seeds
[ %]
Endogenous
hormones
[ng∙g-1 seeds]
total
carbohydrates
crude
proteinsoil GA IAA
Control – 0.59 24.7 39.4 15.9 25 31
IAA
100 0.61 25.2 45.3 14.7 68 99
200 0.69 25.3 45.7 14.3 95 200
400 0.61 24.7 45.5 14.9 124 300
NAA 10 0.63 24.7 43.7 15.0 61 58
20 0.65 25.8 44.7 15.0 88 90
40 0.64 24.7 43.8 15.1 107 95
Kinetin
25 0.70 25.6 48.7 14.3 32 47
50 0.77 27.7 51.6 13.0 51 63
100 0.81 29.3 50.8 12.9 66 76
LSD0.05 0.06 0.2 0.4 0.1 18 43
It's evident that the level of IAA increased endogenous GA in the seeds, such increase were
362%, 218% and 166%, compared with control seeds when plants treated with 400, 200 and
100 mg∙dcm-3 IAA, respectively. However the content of IAA in the seeds produced from
plants treated by different levels of IAA was more than the control seeds. Such increases
were 812%, 497% and 206%, when plants treated with 400, 200 and 100 mg∙dcm-3 IAA
respectively.
The amounts of GA in the seeds produced from plants treated by different levels of NAA are
shown in Table 2. It's evident that the level of NAA increased endogenous GA in the seeds,
such increase were 281%, 211% and 111%, compared with control. However the content of
IAA in the seeds produced from plants treated by different levels of NAA was more than the
control seeds. Such increases were 174%, 112% and 56%, when plants treated with 40, 20
and 10 mg∙dcm-3 NAA, respectively.
Data in Table 2 indicated that sprayed white lupine plants with kinetin at concentrations of
25, 50 and 100 mg∙dcm-3 resulted in significant increase the GA content in lupine seeds by
167%, 104% and 26%, relative to the unsprayed plants, respectively. In the same direction
the amount of IAA in the seeds was increased by 147%, 91% and 26%, respectively in
comparison to untreated plants. Similar finding was obtained by Khalil et al. [15], El-Saeid et
al. [8]. Khalil et al. [15] found that Kinetin treatments increased the level of IAA,
gibberellins and cytokine's in lentil plants.
It seems very fruitful to correlate and discuss changes in the separate endogenous groupings
of active materials existing into extracted of seeds from plants treated by different levels of
IAA, NAA and kinetin. The high levels of GA and IAA in seeds produced from plants treated
by IAA relative to those treated by NAA or kinetin may explain the increase in plant height
and number of leaves and pods. Its well known that the increase in the levels of both auxin
and gibberellins promote cell division and cell enlargement and hence increased plant height
[12]. On the other hand, high levels of auxins and gibberellins together were found to
enhance leaf production [25].
Chemical contents in seeds
Data recorded in Table (2) revealed that spraying white lupine plants with the three growth
substances i.e. IAA, NAA or kinetin at different concentrations caused an increase in resulted
in increase of total carbohydrate as well as crude protein contents, compared to unsprayed
plants. The highest significant values of total carbohydrates and protein contents were
observed under the effect of kinetin at 100 and 50 mg∙dcm-3 respectively. It's apparent from
the data that fixed oil percent was decreased as a result of applied the three bioregulators
treatments. So it could be concluded that there is a negative correlation between fixed oil and
carbohydrate as well as protein content.
Using kinetin at 25, 50 or 100 mg∙dcm-3 exhibited highly significant increments in the total
carbohydrate and protein content and decreased the oil % rather than IAA, NAA and non-
treated control treatments (Table 2). Similar findings were reported with Khalil and
Mandurah [16], Tagade et al. [29] and Khalil et al. [15]. However Prusinski et al. [24]
reported that auxin treatment had no significant effect on chemical composition or seed yield
components of yellow lupine. Leopolda and Kriedeman [18] reported that kinetin plays an
important role in protein synthesis through activation of nucleic acid synthesis, which needed
phosphorus as participate part and potassium as stimulus to enzyme system.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Application of the three bioregulators IAA, NAA and kinetin increased the number of branches as well as pods and seeds per plant resulting in the significantly enhancement of seed yield per white lupine plant.
2. The maximum seed yield was recorded with the application of kinetin at 50 mg dcm∙ -3 followed by kinetin at the dose of 100 mg dcm∙ -3.
3. There was a negative correlation between fixed oil and carbohydrate as well as protein content.
4. Spraying white lupine plants with IAA or NAA at the three concentrations used and kinetin at 50 and 100 mg dcm∙ -3 caused a significant increase of the endogenous GA and IAA hormones contents in seeds.
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H.M. El-SaeidBotany Department, National Research CenterDokki, Cairo, Egypt
Hussein Fawzy AbouzienaBotany Department, National Research CenterDokki, Cairo, Egyptemail: [email protected]
M.S.A. AbdAllaBotany Department, National Research CenterDokki, Cairo, Egypt
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