Observing the Universe by Going Underground
ZOOMING OUTby
ZOOMING INHAIM HARARI
Years of Physicsat the
Weizmann Institute of Science
May 12th, 2004
50
“ZOOMING IN”
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
~100
~1001890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
GalaxiesStarsLife
NOWNOW13.7G yr
~100M yr
300K yr
3 min
10-43 sec
10-25 sec
10-11 sec
10-6 sec
1 sec
102 sec
1013 sec
1016 sec
1017 sec
“ZO
OM
ING
OU
T”
Atoms
“ZOOMING IN” Into theATOM
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
~100
~100
~100
1890
1900
1910
1920
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1950
1960
1970
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1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
Radioactive -Decay
e-
A1 A2 + e-
“ZOOMING IN” Into theATOM
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
e
~100
~100
~100
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
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1950
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1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
Systematics: “Periodic Table” Mendeleyev
Collisions and InteractionsChemistry
“Smashing” ExperimentsRutherford
Radioactive -Decay
e-
e-
e-
e-
N1 N2 + e-
Radioactive -Decay
e-
e-
e-
e-
N1 N2 + e- +
“ZOOMING IN” Into theNUCLEUS
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
p, n
e
~100
~100
~100
~ 4
1890
1900
1910
1920
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1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
Radioactive -Decay
np
np
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
n p + e- +
Light Nuclei
Heavy Nuclei
Atoms
GalaxiesStarsLife
NOWNOW13.7G yr
~100M yr
300K yr
3 min
10-43 sec
10-25 sec
10-11 sec
10-6 sec
1 sec
102 sec
1013 sec
1016 sec
1017 sec
“ZO
OM
ING
OU
T”
Antiparticles
pne
pne
Equal Numbers of Particles and Antiparticles?Why p and e Have Equal and Opposite Charge?
THE BIG BANG
Only -decay Can Convert n pNuclear Reactions: The Dream of the AlchemistsMass Converted to Energy
Energy of the SunCreation of Heavy Elements
“ZOOMING IN” Into thePROTON & NEUTRON
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
p, n
…
Antiparticles
e
~100
~100
~100
~ 4
1890
1900
1910
1920
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1940
1950
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2000
2010
1954
2004
Hadrons ~100
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
Baryons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
0 -1 -2 -3
p
n
Baryons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
0 -1 -2 -3
Mesons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
-1 0 +1
p
n
Baryons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
0 -1 -2 -3
Mesons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
-1 0 +1
p
n
u
d s
0 -1
23
13
+
_
Quarks
Mesons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
-1 0 +1
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
uuu
uud
udd
ddd
uus
uds
dds
uss
dss sss
0 -1 -2 -3
p
n
u
d s
0 -1
23
13
+
_
Quarks
Baryons
Mesons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
-1 0 +1
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
uuu
uud
udd
ddd
uus
uds
dds
uss
dss sss
0 -1 -2 -3
p
n
u
d s
0 -1
23
13
+
_
s d
u
+1 0
13
23
+
_
Quarks Anti-Quarks
Baryons
Baryons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
uuu
uud
udd
ddd
uus
uds
dds
uss
dss sss
0 -1 -2 -3
u
d s
0 -1
23
13
+
_
p
n
Mesons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
us
ds
ud
uuddss
du
sd
su
-1 0 +1
s d
u
+1 0
13
23
+
_
Quarks Anti-Quarks
“ZOOMING IN” Into thePROTON & NEUTRON
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
HadronsQuarks
p, n
…
Antiparticles
e
~100
~100
~100
~ 4
~100
~ 7
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
u
sd
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
eLeptons Quarks
Leptons Quarks
u
sd
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
Baryon-Mesons CollisionsTime
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Baryon-Mesons Collisions
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Time
B1
M1 M2
B2
M*
Baryon-Mesons Collisions
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Time
B1
M1 M2
B2
M*
B1
M1 M2
B2
Duality Diagram
Baryon-Mesons Collisions
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Time
B1
M1 M2
B2
M*
B1
M1 M2
B2
Duality Diagram
B*
Baryon-Mesons Collisions
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Time
B1
M1 M2
B2
M*
B1
M1 M2
B2
Duality Diagram
M*
Baryon-Mesons Collisions
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Time
B1
M1 M2
B2
M*
B1
M1 M2
B2
Duality Diagram
B* M*
Meson Is a “String” Can Split Into Two
Deep Inelastic Scattering
e e
P Hadrons
All Hadrons Made of Quarks
Free Quarks Do Not ExistOnly at Very Short Distance They Can Be Detected
Early Universe - Soup of Quarks and Antiquarks
StanfordLinearAccelerator
Radioactive -Decay
d u + e- +
np
np
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
d
“ZOOMING IN” Into thePROTON & NEUTRON
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
HadronsQuarks
p, n
…
Antiparticles
e
~100
~100
~100
~ 4
~100
~ 7
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
Systematics: “Periodic Table” Eightfold Way
Collisions and InteractionsDuality+Quark Counting
“Smashing” ExperimentsDeep Inelstic
Leptons Quarks
u
sd
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
c
Leptons Quarks
u
sd
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
c t
b
-
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
HadronsQuarks
p, n
…
cb
t
Antiparticles
e
~100
~100
~100
~ 4
~100
~ 7
~ 20
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
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1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
“ZOOMING IN” Into theQUARK & LEPTON
Leptons Quarks
u
sd
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
c t
b
-
Quark Mixing
Heavy Quarks decay fastHeavy Quarks are Short-Lived
Three Generations of Quarks & Leptons
Do Heavy Quarks Matter?Violation of Symmetry betweenParticle and Antiparticle?
6 Quarks Masses3 Mixing Parameters
CERN
OPAL
Particle Masses Generated
“Quark Soup”
Protons & Neutrons
Light Nuclei
Heavy Nuclei
Atoms
GalaxiesStarsLife
NOWNOW13.7G yr
~100M yr
300K yr
3 min
10-43 sec
10-25 sec
10-11 sec
10-6 sec
1 sec
102 sec
1013 sec
1016 sec
1017 sec
“ZO
OM
ING
OU
T”
is Massless ?
Is Different from ?
Are e Really Different ?
Nuclear Reactions Neutrinos
Solar NeutrinosCosmic Ray NeutrinosSupernova Neutrinos
- ASTRONOMY
Neutrinos Have MassesThey Are Extremely Light
Masses of e Are Different
e Mix
Conclusions:
KamiokandeJapan
Leptons Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
u
sd
c t
b
e
-e-
-
Leptons Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
u
sd
c t
b
e
-e-
-
4M
150M7M
1.3G 170G
5G
8m<8m
100M500K
30m
1.8G
Leptons Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
u
sd
c t
b
e
-e-
-
Leptons Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
u
sd
c t
b
e
-e-
-
Leptons & Quarks
Leptons & Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
u
sd
c t
be
+e+
+
Antiparticles
e
-e-
-
u
sd
c t
b
Leptons & Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
u
sd
c t
be
+e+
+
Antiparticles
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e e
-e-
-
u
sd
c t
b
OPEN QUESTIONS
Why Are We Here (“Baryogenesis”)?What Is the Dark Matter?What Is the Dark Energy?Connection to Gravity?
Why Three Generation?
Do the 2nd and 3rd Generation Make a Difference?
Quarks – Lepton relation?
-1 23- 1
3- 0 +113+ 2
3+ ?, , , , , ,Why only
20 Building Blocks?20 Arbitrary Parameters?Origin of Masses?
A New IngeniousTheoretical Framework
STRING THEORY
Grand Unified Theories (GUT)
Supersymmetry (SUSY)
Sub-particles (“Rishons”?)
Options
BIG BANGBIG BANG
Gravity Connection
Inflation
Particle Masses Generated
“Quark Soup”
Protons & Neutrons
Light Nuclei
Heavy Nuclei
Atoms
GalaxiesStarsLife
NOWNOW13.7G yr
~100M yr
300K yr
3 min
10-43 sec
10-25 sec
10-11 sec
10-6 sec
1 sec
102 sec
1013 sec
1016 sec
1017 sec
Grand Unification ? Baryogenesis ? Subparticles ? Strings ?
“ZO
OM
ING
OU
T”
50HAPPY BIRTHDAYHAPPY BIRTHDAYWEIZMANN-PHYSICSWEIZMANN-PHYSICS