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Chapter 4: Interdependence Among Living Organisms and the
Environment
Interdependence among living organisms
Interaction between living organisms
- Example of plants that live on trees to obtain sunlight are: the moneyplant, the staghorn fern- Example of animals: remora fish and shark
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-Examples: stem borers and oil palm leaves, Aphids and trees
-A parasite may live outside the body (ectoparasite) or inside the body(endoparasite) of another living organisms (host).
Examples:
i. sea anemone and hermit crabii. Ox peckers eat the leeches and ticks that feed on buffaloes.
-For example:a. Flowering plants compete with weeds to obtain water and mineral salts
b. Lions a pride compete for foodc. Plants in a tropical rainforest compete for basic needs. Taller trees obtasunlight more easily.
- Biological control has many advantages as compared to using pesticideSome of them area. does not pollute the environment
b. does not kill other pests because natural enemies are usedc. is cheap and safe to use.- For examplea. owls and snakes eat rats
b. fire ants eat aphids on leaves-Two types of interaction used in biological control area. parasitism where the parasite destroys crops
b. predator-prey eventually removes the pest.
1. A food chain is an energy link showing how energy in food is passed
from plants (producers) to animals (consumers).Paddy rat bird eagle2. When the organism in a food chain die, they are decomposed by
decomposers such as fungi and bacteria, into simple minerals.
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Producers, Consumers and Decomposers
1. Producers are all green plants that make food through photosynthesis.2. Consumers are animals that eat plants or other animals.
3. Decomposers are organisms that decompose dead organisms (animalsor plants) and change them into simple substances. Examples of
decomposers are bacteria and fungi.
Photosynthesis
Role of photosynthesisa) enable green plants to make their own food
b) regulate and maintain carbon dioxide content in atmospherec) increase oxygen content in the atmosphere
Experiment to investigate the product of photosynthesis (starch)
Experiment to show that plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
Factors that affect Photosynthesis
- Carbon dioxide in atmosphere- temperature- Chlorophyll
-sunlight
The Importance of photosynthesis
* Sodium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide
Tertiary consumer
Secondary consumer
Primary consumer
ProducerPlant
Insect
Bird
Snake
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1. maintain the equilibrium of an ecosystem.2. supplies food to animals3. removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
4. Enables green plants to make their own food.5. Regulates equal and maintains carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.6. Increases oxygen content in the atmosphere. This gas is used byorganisms for respiration as well as in the process of combustion, rusting
and decomposition
Natural Gas Cycle
1. Natural gas cycles maintain the content of gases in the air.2. The carbon and oxygen cycles are two natural gas cycles.
The Carbon cycle
- The carbon cycle is the circulation of the carbon element on Earth.
- These processes take place continuously.
- The carbon cycle maintains the content of carbon dioxide in the air.
-The processes that release carbon dioxide into the air include:
a) respiration and breathing
b)combustion
c) decomposition
-Photosynthesis (in green plants) removes carbon dioxide from air
The Oxygen Cycle
-The oxygen cycle is the circulation of oxygen on Earth
- These processes take place continuously
- The oxygen cycle maintains the content of oxygen in the air.
The Role of Human in Maintaning the Balance of Nature
- Human beings are a part of the ecosystem that depend on living and
nonliving things for survival.-Human beings interact with the ecosystem to obtain needs and to lead
comfortable lives.- We obtain our needs in many ways. At the same time, we also disturb th
balance of nature. Human activities bring about an imbalance and declinin the ecosystem.
- Human activities that destroy the balance of nature arei. Forestry/logging v. Agricultureii. Industry vi. Constructioniii. Housing vii. Mining
iv. FishingThe greenhouse effect
- The greenhouse effect occurs when carbon dioxide (in atmosphere) trap
heat from escaping to outer space.
- Also known as global warming
- Effect of global warming:
a) raises Earths temperature / changes in worlds weather and climate
b) sea level increases causing flood in low-;lying coastal areas.
c) melting of ice caps at both Earths poles.
Ultraviolet rays that reach the Earth can cause:
a) Skin cancer
b) Cataract of the eyes
c) Human immune system to malfunction
Effects of acid rain:
a) Destroy sculptures
b) lower the soil pH value which is unsuitable for plants
c) Pollutes river habitat unsuitable for aquatic organisms
Importance of Conservation and Preservation of Living Organisms