8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
1/43
2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 1
Chapter 3:Network Protocols andCommunications
Network Basics
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
2/43
Presentation_ID 2 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Chapter 3: Objectives
Students will be able to:
Explain the role protocols and standards organizationsin facilitating interoperability in network
communications.
Explain how standards are established using theRequest for Comments (RFC) process.
Explain how devices on a LAN access resources in asmall to medium-sized business network.
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
3/43
Presentation_ID 3 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Chapter 3
3.1 Network Protocols and Standards3.2 Using Requests for Comments
3.3 Moving Data in the Network
3.4 Summary
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
4/43
Presentation_ID 4 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Protocols
Rules that Govern Communications
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
5/43
Presentation_ID 5 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Protocols
Network Protocols
How the message is formatted or structured
The process by which networking devices share informationabout pathways with other networks
How and when error and system messages are passedbetween devices
The setup and termination of data transfer sessions
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
6/43
Presentation_ID 6 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Protocols
Interaction of Protocols
Application Protocol
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Transport Protocol Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Internet Protocol Internet Protocol (IP)
Network Access Protocols
Data Link & Physical layers
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
7/43Presentation_ID 7 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Protocol Suites
Protocol Suites and Industry Standards
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
8/43Presentation_ID 8 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Protocol Suites
Creation of Internet, Development of TCP/IP
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
9/43Presentation_ID 9 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Protocol Suites
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Communication
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
10/43
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
11/43Presentation_ID 11 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Standards Organizations
Open Standards
The Internet Society (ISOC)
The Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
The International Organization for Standards (ISO)
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
12/43Presentation_ID 12 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Standards Organizations
ISOC, IAB, and IETF
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
13/43Presentation_ID 13 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Standards Organizations
IEEE
38 societies
130 journals
1,300 conferences each year
1,300 standards and projects
400,000 members
160 countries
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.11
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
14/43
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
15/43Presentation_ID 15 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Standards Organizations
Other Standards Organization
The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
The International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers(ICANN)
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
16/43Presentation_ID 16 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Reference Models
The Benefits of Using a Layered Model
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
17/43Presentation_ID 17 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Reference Models
The OSI Reference Model
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
18/43Presentation_ID 18 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Reference Models
The TCP/IP Reference Model
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
19/43Presentation_ID 19 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Reference Models
Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
20/43Presentation_ID 20 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Using Requests for Comments
Why RFCs
Used for peer review
Not all RFCs come from IETF
Some RFCs come from IAB, IRTF, or independentsubmissions
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
21/43Presentation_ID 21 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Why RFCs
Request for Comments (RFC)
HTTP
RFC 2616
DHCP RFC 2131
IPv4RFC 791
IPv6
RFC 2460
RFC 1149 delivery of IPv4 packets by carrier pigeons
RFC 6214
extension of RFC 1149 using IPv6
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
22/43Presentation_ID 22 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Why RFCs
History of RFCs
October 29, 1969 ARPANET sentfirst message (Designed by RFP)
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
23/43Presentation_ID 23 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Why RFCs
Sample RFC
RFC 1918 PrivateAddress Space
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
24/43Presentation_ID 24 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
CU Using Requests for Comments
RFC Processes
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
25/43
Presentation_ID 25 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
RFC Processes
RFC Process
Internet-Draft (ID)
Proposed standard
Internet standard
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
26/43
Presentation_ID 26 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
RFC Processes
RFC Types
Internet Standard
Best Current Practice (BCP)
Informational
Experimental
Historic
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
27/43
Presentation_ID 27 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Moving Data in the Network
Data Encapsulation
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
28/43
Presentation_ID 28 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Data Encapsulation
Elements of Communication
Message Source
Destination or receiver of the message
Channel
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
29/43
Presentation_ID 29 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Data Encapsulation
Communicating the Messages
Segmenting message benefits
Different conversations can be interleaved
Increased reliability of network communications
Segmenting message disadvantageIncreased level of complexity
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
30/43
Presentation_ID 30 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Data Encapsulation
Protocol Data Units (PDUs)
Data
Segment
Packet
Frame Bits
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
31/43
Presentation_ID 31 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Data Encapsulation
Encapsulation
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
32/43
Presentation_ID 32 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Data Encapsulation
De-encapsulation
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
33/43
Presentation_ID 33 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Moving Data in the Network
Accessing Local Resources
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
34/43
Presentation_ID 34 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Accessing Local Resources
Network Addresses & Data Link addresses
Network Address
Source IP address
Destination IP address
Data Link AddressSource data link address
Destination data link address
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
35/43
Presentation_ID 35 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Accessing Local Resources
Communicating with Device / Same Network
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
36/43
Presentation_ID 36 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Accessing Local Resources
MAC and IP Addresses
PC1192.168.1.110AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA
PC2192.168.1.111
BB-BB-BB-BB-BB-BB
FTP Server192.168.1.9
CC-CC-CC-CC-CC-CC
R1192.168.1.1
11-11-11-11-11-11ARP
Request
S1 R1
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
37/43
Presentation_ID 37 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Accessing Remote Resources
Default Gateway
PC 1192.168.1.110
AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA
PC 2192.168.1.111
BB-BB-BB-BB-BB-BB
FTP Server192.168.1.9
CC-CC-CC-CC-CC-CC
R1192.168.1.1
11-11-11-11-11-11
R2172.16.1.99
22-22-22-22-22-22
Web Server172.16.1.99
AB-CD-EF-12-34-56
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
38/43
Presentation_ID 38 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Accessing Remote Resources
Communicating Device / Remote Network
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
39/43
Presentation_ID 39 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Accessing Remote Resources
Using Wireshark to View Network Traffic
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
40/43
Presentation_ID 40 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Network Protocols and Communications
Summary
In this chapter, you learned: Data networks are systems of end devices, intermediary
devices, and the media connecting the devices. Forcommunication to occur, these devices must know how to
communicate. These devices must comply with communication rules and
protocols. TCP/IP is an example of a protocol suite.
Most protocols are created by a standards organization such
as the IETF or IEEE.
The most widely-used networking models are the OSI andTCP/IP models.
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
41/43
Presentation_ID 41 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Network Protocols and Communications
Summary
In this chapter, you learned: Data that passes down the stack of the OSI model is
segmented into pieces and encapsulated with addresses andother labels. The process is reversed as the pieces are de-
encapsulated and passed up the destination protocol stack. The OSI model describes the processes of encoding,
formatting, segmenting, and encapsulating data fortransmission over the network.
The TCP/IP protocol suite is an open standard protocol thathas been endorsed by the networking industry and ratified, orapproved, by a standards organization.
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
42/43
Presentation_ID 42 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Network Protocols and Communications
Summary
In this chapter, you learned: The Internet Protocol Suite is a suite of protocols required for
transmitting and receiving information using the Internet.
Protocol Data Units (PDUs) are named according to the
protocols of the TCP/IP suite: data, segment, packet, frame,and bits.
Applying models allows individuals, companies, and tradeassociations to analyze current networks and plan the
networks of the future.
8/14/2019 NB InstructorPPT Chapter3
43/43