National mobile source emission inventory development
Vahid Hosseini, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
M. Reyhanian, E. Banitalebi , F. Esteghamat, S. Mirshi , M. H. Ettehadian, A.Hasani , F. Faraj i
Urban air pollution program
University of California, Irvine, CA September 3, 2013
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Outline
Emission inventories
The case for a measurement campaign
Instruments
Design of experiments
Preliminary results
Work in progress and future works
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
FCE research group at a glance
o Dealing with combustion and combustion generated air pollution
o A single cylinder research engine test cell is under construction for clean combustion studies such as HCCI and PCCI for low NOx and soot combustion, will be commissioned by the end of 2013.
o An air pollution dispersion model for the city of Tehran (WRF/CAMx) is under development and preliminary results are out.
o Feasibility study for Tehran public transit diesel particulate filter (DPF) retrofit
o National mobile emission inventories is under development.
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Outline
Emission inventories
The case for a measurement campaign
Instruments
Design of experiments
Preliminary results
Work in progress and future works
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Emission inventories (1)
The concentration of various pollutants in the air depends on ◦ Meteorological conditions
◦ Physical effects such as deposition, advection, transport
◦ Chemical effects and photochemical reactions
◦ Production
◦ To gain a detailed understanding of behavior of pollutants in the air, having a precise PRODUTION term is essential
◦ The production term is calculated by multiplying emission factors (per unit activity) by the activity
5
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Emission inventories (2)
◦Stationary sources ◦ Houses, commercial buildings, industrial activities, gas stations, transit
terminals, rail road stations and airports
◦Mobile sources ◦ Passenger vehicles, trucks and diesel powered commercial vehicles, off-
road vehicles
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Emission inventories in Iran
◦Available emission factors are used for similar sources.
◦There is no comprehensive national emission factor data available for mobile and stationary sources
◦The larger error expected to come from mobile sources
◦The latest detailed mobile source emission inventory was developed by JICA in 1996 for the city of Tehran.
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Outline
Emission inventories
The case for a measurement campaign
Instruments
Design of experiments
Preliminary results
Work in progress and future works
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
The cases for the measurement campaign
◦ The case of traffic tunnels
◦ The cases of air pollution dispersion models
◦Diverse data for emission factors per unit mass fuel
CO concentration along a traffic tunnel in Tehran Performance of the air pollution dispersion model
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Outline
Emission inventories
The case for a measurement campaign
Methodology, instruments, and error estimation
Design of experiments
Preliminary results
Work in progress and future works
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Methods to measure emission factors for mobile sources
◦ Inspection/maintenance data
◦Remote sensing
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Methods to measure emission factors for mobile sources
◦ Inspection/maintenance data
◦Remote sensing
◦ Chassis dynamometer
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Methods to measure emission factors for mobile sources
◦ Inspection/maintenance data
◦Remote sensing
◦ Chassis dynamometer
◦ Portable Emission Measurement (PEM)
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Sample size and characteristics
◦A sample 30 Iranian-made passenger light duty vehicle, gasoline fueled, privately owned and operated
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Instrumentation
◦ AVL DiCOM 5-gas analyzer to measure real-time HC, CO, CO2, O2, and NOx
◦ Portable hardware/software to acquire real-time ECU data (mainly engine speed, vehicle speed, manifold absolute pressure, air mass flow, and relative air/fuel ratio)
◦ GPS to locate x,y,z of the vehicle
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Error estimation
◦External error analyses based on the accuracy and resolution of the instruments
◦Repeatability tests for random variability
◦Comparison with chassis dynamometer test
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Comparison with Chassis dynamometer
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000
THC
[p
pm
]
Time (sec)
THC VS Time
0.00
2000.00
4000.00
6000.00
8000.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000
CO
[p
pm
]
Time (sec)
CO VS Time
0
200
400
0 200 400 600 800 1000
NO
x [p
pm
]
Time (sec)
NOx VS Time
chassis…AVL Dicom 4000
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Effective parameters
◦Model and type
◦Age
◦Road
◦Driving cycle
◦Driving behavior
◦ Service and maintenance
◦ Slope
◦A/C on/off
◦ …?
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Outline
Emission inventories
The case for a measurement campaign
Methodology, instruments, and error estimation
Design of experiments and effective parameters
Preliminary results
Work in progress and future works
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Design of experiments Two-levels full factorial design for four
parameters
Factor Level low (-1) Level high (+1)
A: A/C OFF ON (maximum)
B: Service and maintenance Before After
C: Traffic (driving cycle) Light Heavy
D: Slope (road) Flat Uphill
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
0
20
40
60
80
1
31
61
91
12
1
15
1
18
1
21
1
24
1
27
1
30
1
33
1
36
1
39
1
42
1
45
1
48
1
51
1
54
1
57
1
60
1
63
1
66
1
69
1
72
1
75
1
Speed (km/h)
Time(s)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 61
11
62
12
63
13
64
14
65
15
66
16
67
17
68
18
69
19
61
01
10
61
11
11
61
21
12
6
Speed (km/h)
Time(s)
Route and traffic (flat)
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
0
10
20
30
40
50
1
32
63
94 1…
1…
1…
2…
2…
2…
3…
3…
3…
4…
4…
4…
4…
5…
5…
5…
6…
6…
6…
7…
7…
7…
8…
8…
8…
9…
9…
Speed (km/h)
Time(s)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 8
15
22
29
36
43
50
57
64
71
78
85
92
99
10
6
11
3
12
0
12
7
13
4
14
1
14
8
15
5
16
2
16
9
17
6
18
3
19
0
19
7
20
4
21
1
Speed (km/h)
Time(s)
Route and traffic (Uphill)
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
BLUE :Flat RED: UPHILL
Road-type effect Cumulative emission plots
CO2 (gr)
NOx (gr)
HC (gr)
CO (gr)
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Uphill,heavy Traffic Flat, Light traffic Uphill.Light traffic Flat, Heavy traffic
Fue
l Co
nsu
mp
tio
n
(lit
/10
0 k
m)
A/C Effect fuel consumption
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Uphill, BeforeService Uphill,After Service
HC
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Uphill, BeforeService Uphill,After Service
NOx
0
5
10
15
20
25
Uphill, BeforeService Uphill,After Service
Fuel Consumption lit/100km
Traffic and service effect
service
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Driving behavior Cycle characterization
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Defining a parameter that describes the driving behavior
Driving aggressiveness factor (DAF)=
standard deviation of all recorded accelerations divided by
(average of all positive accelerations +
absolute value of average of all negative accelerations)
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Effects of DAF on NOx
DAF
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Effects of DAF on CO and HC
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Outline
Emission inventories
The case for a measurement campaign
Methodology, instruments, and error estimation
Design of experiments and effective parameters
Preliminary results
Work in progress and future works
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Results Road and traffic effects of fuel consumption
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Highway Flat Highway Uphill Urban Flat Urban Uphill
Fue
l Co
nsu
mp
tio
n
(Lit
/10
0km
)
Fuel Consumption
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Results average speed effects on emissions
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100CO
Pro
du
ctio
n (
gr/k
g Fu
el)
Speed Range (km/h)
CO
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100NO
x P
rod
uct
ion
(gr
/kg
Fuel
)
Speed Range (km/h)
NOx
0
0.15
0.3
0.45
0.6
0.75
0.9
1.05
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
HC
Pro
du
ctio
n (
gr/k
g Fu
el)
Speed Range (km/h)
HC
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Results vehicle type and millage (all certified Euro II )
0
2
4
6
8
10
CO
Pro
du
ctio
n (
gr/k
g Fu
el)
VEHICLE TYPE
CO
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
HC
Pro
du
ctio
n (
gr/k
g Fu
el)
VEHICLE TYPE
HC
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
NO
x P
rod
uct
ion
(gr
/kg
Fue
l)
VEHICLE TYPE
NOX
SAMAND LX - XU7 40000km
PEUGEOT 206 SD 350000km
TONDAR 115000 km
TONDAR 3200 km
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Results comparison with polynomials developed by TRL
for UK
SAMAND LX
Speed [km/h]
0 20 40 60 80
CO
Em
issi
on F
acto
r [g
/km
]
0
10
20
30
40
50
Highway Flat
Highway Uphill
Urban Downhill
Urban Flat
Urban Uphill
TRL EURO 2
SAMAND LX
Speed [km/h]
0 20 40 60 80
NO
x E
mis
sion F
acto
r [g
/km
]
0
1
2
3
4
Highway Flat
Highway Uphill
Urban Downhill
Urban Flat
Urban Uphill
TRL EURO 2
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Conclusions
o It is crucially important to repeat the experiments for each set of constant conditions
o Road type and traffic have the most effect on emissions
o A/C effects are mostly on fuel consumption
o Vehicle type and millage changes the emission factors considerably even at the same category of the vehicle and the same emissions standard
o National emission factors tend to be much higher than the available data
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Outline
Emission inventories
The case for a measurement campaign
Methodology, instruments, and error estimation
Design of experiments and effective parameters
Preliminary results
Work in progress and future works
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Work in progress…
o Continuation of data collection for the entire sample size (currently at vehicle number 19 with more than 400 experiments)
o Performing more chassis dynamometer tests with various vehicles and cycles to get a sense of bias error due to the instrument
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Future plan (and limitations)
oTo explore ways to estimate evaporative emissions of mobile and stationary sources
oTo develop physical based model using engine test cell data and activity models
oTo measure emission factors of natural gas- and propane-fueled vehicles Taxis Motorcycles Light-duty trucks Diesel vehicles
oTo develop more accurate and relevant activity models
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Acknowledgement
American Association for Advancement of Science (AAAS)
The National Academy of Sciences
National Research Council
World Learning
International Visitor Leadership Program
Sharif University of Technology
Fuel, Combustion, and Emission Research Group
Before getting to the questions…
Are we enjoying the program?
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Questions ?
Thank you for your attention