G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G
G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GG
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GG
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GG
GG
GG
GG
GG
GG
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GG
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GG
G
2005 ckESpf
pmayAdrmef pmrlqk
pmya'om
]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}
owif;axmuf - aomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)
2005 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqk2005 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqk2005 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqk2005 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqk2005 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqk
pmya'om 'kwd,qk&
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
a&;ol- owif;axmufaomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)
pDpOfwnf;jzwfol - OD;ñGefU[H (ñGefY[H-MuLawm)
wm0efcHpmwnf;
a':wifwif0if; ('DZifbmrGef;)
pmwnf;
pmayAdrmefxkwf jynfolUvufpGJpmpOf
2007 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& 1500
wefzdk; ( 1200 ) usyf
yHkESdyfa&;ESifhpmtkyfxkwfa0a&;vkyfief;
pmayAdrmef pmwnf;rª;csKyf OD;armifvIdif (armifaqGi,f) u
rSwfyHkwiftrSwf 07492 jzifh ½kdufESdyfírSwfyHkwiftrSwf 03911 jzifh xkwfa0onf/
aus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTm
uRefawmfhtm; auR;arG;jyKpkysdK;axmifay;onhf aus;Zl;&SifrdbESpfyg;ESifh
oifq&m? jrifq&m? Mum;q&mtaygif;wdkYvnf;aumif;? owif;orm;b0\
vufOD;q&mrsm; jzpfMuaom OD;MunfñGefY (cspfMunfa&;)? OD;oef;ñGefY
(jrefrmhtvif;)? OD;vSatmif (taxmufawmf) wdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? vdktyfaom
tBuHÓPfrsm; tNrJrjywfay;cJ h Muaom pma&;q&m OD; jrif hatmif
(zdk;atmifav;) ESifh owif;axmuf-atmif0if; (zsmykH) tbufbufrS tm;ay;
csD;jr§ifh*kPfjyKcJhMuaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;ESifh toif;tzGJUrsm;udkvnf;aumif; txl;
aus;Zl;wif&SdygaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifazmfjytyfygonf/
txl;ojzifh þpmtkyfrsufESmzHk;udk 1976 ckESpf? {NyDv (24? 25? 26)
&ufrsm;wGif awmifBuD;NrdKUü jyKvkyfaom jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m owif;axmuf
rsm; aqG;aEG;yGJ trSwfw& ydkY (pf) uwfESpfckrS yef;csDq&m ay:OD;ouf\ 'DZdkif;jzifh
jyefvnfqef;opfxm;onhftwGuf q&may:OD;ouftm; av;pm;*g&0jyK
aus;Zl;wif&SdaMumif; azmfjytyfygonf/
owif;axmuf-aomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf-aomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf-aomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf-aomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf-aomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)
jynfolYoabmxm;
jynfytm;udk; ykqdef½k d; tqkd;jrif0g'Drsm;tm; qef YusifMu/
EdkifiHawmf wnfNidrfat;csrf;a&;ESifh EkdifiHawmf wkd;wufa&;udk
aESmifh,SufzsufqD;olrsm;tm; qefYusifMu/
EdkifiHawmf\ jynfwGif;a&;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzuf aESmifh,Sufaom
jynfyEdkifiHrsm;tm; qefYusifMu/
jynfwGif; jynfy tzsuform;rsm;tm; bHk&efoltjzpf owfrSwfacsrIef;
Mu/
'dkYwm0efta&;oHk;yg;
jynfaxmifpkrûyduGJa&; 'dkYta&;
wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI rûyduGJa&; 'kdYta&;
tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhcdkifNrJa&; 'dkYta&;
EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf
EkdifiHawmfwnfNidrfa&;? &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;?
trsKd;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;?
cdkifrmonfh zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opf jzpfay:vma&;?
jzpfay:vmonfh zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opfESifhtnD acwfrDzGHUûzd;wdk;wufaom EdkifiHawmfopfwpf&yf wnfaqmufa&;?
pD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf
pdkufysKd;a&;udk tajccHí tjcm;pD;yGm;a&; u@rsm;ukdvnf; bufpHkzGHUûzd;wdk;wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;?
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf yDjyifpGm jzpfay:vma&;?
jynfwGif;jynfyrS twwfynmESifh t&if;tESD;rsm; zdwfac:í pD;yGm;a&;zGHUûzd;wdk;wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;?
EdkifiHawmf pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yfvHk;ukd zefwD;EdkifrI pGrf;tm;onfEdkifiHawmfESifh wdkif;&if;om;jynfolwdkY\vuf0,fwGif&Sda&;?
vlrIa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf
wpfrsKd;om;vHk;\ pdwf"mwfESifh tusifhpm&dwå jrifhrm;a&;?
trsKd;*kPf? Zmwd*kPfjrifhrm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfrsm;?trsKd;om;a&;vu©Pmrsm; raysmufysufatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;?
rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf &Sifoefxufjrufa&;?
wpfrsKd;om;vHk; usef;rmBuYHcdkifa&;ESifh ynm&nfjrifhrm;a&;?
rmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdum
pO fpO fpO fpO fpO f
taMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm
1/ OD;udkudk (udkudk) .... 1
2/ OD;udkudkav; (odk[ef) .... 4
3/ OD;ausmfnGefY (yDrdk;eif;) .... 5
4/ OD;BuD;armif (aiGOa'gif;) .... 9
5/ OD;MunfZif (em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif) .... 15
6/ OD;MunfnGefY (cspfMunfa&;MunfnGefY) .... 17
7/ OD;Munfjr (Munfjr) .... 20
8/ a':cifpD (bm;rm;'dkif*sufpf a':cifpD) .... 22
9/ OD;cifarmif (olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmif) .... 24
10/ OD;cifarmif (owif;axmuf cifarmif-zsmyHk) .... 26
11/ OD;cifarmif&D (pdefcifarmif&D) .... 27
12/ OD;cifarmifvwf (cifarmifvwf) .... 29
13/ OD;cifarmifOD; (taxmufawmftkef;jrifh) .... 30
14/ a':cifjr (cifrsdK;cspf) .... 32
15/ OD;cspfndK (usm;bodef;) .... 35
16/ OD;cspfarmif (*sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmif) .... 37
17/ OD;apmOD; (*kPfa&mif) .... 41
18/ OD;pdk;armif (om*& ipdk;) .... 44
19/ a':pef; (tif'Dyif;'ifh a':pef;) .... 46
20/ OD;pdef (AE¨KvOD;pdef) .... 49
21/ OD;pdef (wdk;wufa&; OD;pdef) .... 51
22/ OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOfpdef0if;) .... 54
23/ OD;pdrff; (jrefrmhtvif;OD;pdrf;) .... 55
24/ OD;qkNrdKif (wuúodkvfqkNrdKif) .... 58
25/ OD;ÓP ('*kefÓP) .... 59
26/ OD;ndKjr (armifokre) .... 65
pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf taMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm
27/ OD;wufwkd; (armifae0if;) .... 70
28/ OD;wif ('*kefa&TrQm;) .... 72
29/ OD;wifaxG; (armifwifaxG;) .... 74
30/ OD;wifxG#f (tkdifpDtufpfOD;wifxG#f) .... 76
31/ OD;wifarmif (wuúodkvfarmifvSol) .... 79
32/ OD;wifjrifh (aeatmif) .... 81
33/ OD;wif[def; (vlxkarmifrJ) .... 82
34/ OD;wifat; (ppfukdif;at;vGif) .... 85
35/ OD;wifatmif (Aef;armfwifatmif) .... 86
36/ OD;wifatmif (wuúodkvfeE´rdwf) .... 89
37/ OD;wifhaqG (*sme,fausmf wifhaqG) .... 91
38/ OD;wifhaqG (a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl) .... 93
39/ OD;xifBuD; (wuúodkvfxifBuD;) .... 95
40/ OD;xGef;wif (ref;wif) .... 98
41/ OD;xGef;az (xGef;aeYpOfOD;xGef;az) .... 100
42/ OD;xGef;&D (a&T"m;) .... 104
43/ OD;xGef;&if (rEÅav;ol&d,OD;xGef;&if) .... 106
44/ OD;xGef;vS (wuúodkvfae0if;) .... 107
45/ OD;xGef;0if; (r@dKifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if;) .... 109
46/ OD;ykuav; (owif;pmq&mOD;yk) .... 111
47/ OD;azodef; (a&TOa'gif;) .... 114
48/ OD;bausmf (*g;'D;,ef; OD;bausmf) .... 117
49/ OD;bcsKd ('D;'kwfOD;bcsKd) .... 119
50/ OD;baqG (r[maqG) .... 125
51/ OD;baz ([Hom0wDOD;baz) .... 127
pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf taMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm
55/ OD;baomif
56/ OD;baomif
57/ OD;bdk;csdef
58/ OD;bdk;csdef
59/ a':rrcif
60/ a':rrav
61/ OD;armifar
62/ OD;armifar
63/ OD;armifvGi
64/ OD;rsKd;ñGefY
65/ OD;jroef;
66/ OD;jrifh
67/ OD;jrifhvIdif
68/ OD;,karmif
69/ OD;a,m
70/ OD;a&T
71/ OD;a&TMuL;
72/ OD;av;arm
73/ OD;vGif
74/ OD;vGef;
75/ OD;vS
76/ OD;vScif
77/ OD;vSxGef;jz
78/ OD;vS'if
79/ OD;vSab
80/ OD;vSaomif
81/ OD;vSatmif
52/ OD;bab (bBuD;bab) .... 128
53/ OD;bkd;oif; (ppfukdif;OD;bdk;oif;) .... 132
54/ OD;boef; (,lyDtkdifOD;boef;) .... 134
55/ OD;baomif; (ocifbaomif;) .... 137
56/ OD;baomif; (armifokw) .... 139
57/ OD;bdk;csdef (trfbdk;csdef) .... 141
58/ OD;bdk;csdef (trfcdkifNrJbdk;csdef) .... 142
59/ a':rrcif (a':rrcif) ..... 144
60/ a':rrav; (*sme,fausmfrrav;) .... 147
61/ OD;armifarmif (a'gufwmarmifarmif) .... 150
62/ OD;armifarmifBuD; ('*kefewf&Sif) .... 152
63/ OD;armifvGif (jrrsKd;vGif) .... 154
64/ OD;rsKd;ñGefY (&efukefrsKd;oefY) .... 156
65/ OD;jroef; (jroef;wifh) .... 158
66/ OD;jrifh ('g½kdufwmq&mjrifh) .... 160
67/ OD;jrifhvIdif (rif;aqG) .... 162
68/ OD;,karmif (&efukefowif;pmOD;,karmif) .... 164
69/ OD;a,m (aZ,s) .... 168
70/ OD;a&T (vif;,kefarmifarmif) .... 171
71/ OD;a&TMuL; (a&TMuL;) .... 173
72/ OD;av;armif (tmvHOD;vmb) .... 176
73/ OD;vGif (bkd;0ZD&) .... 178
74/ OD;vGef; (ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;) .... 184
75/ OD;vS (vlxkOD;vS) .... 191
76/ OD;vScif (qef;ñGefYOD;) .... 195
77/ OD;vSxGef;jzL (trsKd;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL) .... 196
78/ OD;vS'if (trsKd;om;OD;vS'if) .... 199
pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf taMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&m pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm
79/ OD;vSab ('*kefvSab) .... 201
80/ OD;vSaomif; (armifndK) .... 202
81/ OD;vSatmif (taxmufawmfvSatmif) .... 204
82/ OD;0D&dausmf (omyg;) .... 207
83/ OD;0if;armif (rif;&Sif) .... 209
84/ OD;aomfZif (aomr) .... 210
85/ OD;aomif;ñGefY (a&Tydefaomif;) .... 212
86/ OD;oefY (oDv0) .... 214
87/ OD;oef;wifh ("l0H) .... 218
88/ OD;oef;armif (rEÅav;ol&d,oef;armif) .... 223
89/ OD;oef;a&T (oef;aqG) .... 224
90/ OD;odef; (Z0e) .... 227
91/ OD;odef;az (odef;azjrifh) .... 230
92/ ODodrf; (wkd;wufa&;OD;odrf;) .... 234
93/ OD;odrf;armif (oHawmfqifhOD;odrf;armif) .... 235
94/ OD;at;armif (vif;,kefopfvGif) .... 237
95/ OD;atmifaqG (a'gif;EG,faqG) .... 239
96/ OD;atmifjrif (NrdKUrarmif) .... 241
97/ OD;atmifoef; (armifaeOD;) .... 243
98/ OD;atmifodef; (jra'gif;ndK) .... 245
99/ OD;tkef;cif (ArmhacwfOD;tkef;cif) .... 247
100/ OD;tkef;az (wufwkd;) .... 250
101/ xifay:ausmfMum;jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\
uavmiftu©&mpOf .... 254
102/ xifay:ausmfMum;jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\
arG;ouú&mZftñTef; .... 257
103/ udk;um;csuftñTef; .... 261
trSmpmtrSmpmtrSmpmtrSmpmtrSmpm
uRefawmfonf 1966 ckESpfrSpí &efukef? jrefrmhtvif;? Akdvfwaxmif?
aMu;rHk? *g;'D;,ef;owif;pmrsm;ESifh owif;*sme,fwdkYwGif owif;ESifh owif;
aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonfh owif;axmufwpfOD;jzpfygonf/
*sme,facwfwGif BuD;yGm;a&;vrf;ñTef*sme,f? vQyfwpfjyuf? rIcif;owif;
*sme,fwkdYwGif owif;ESifh owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhygonf/
,ckvnf; jrefrmhtvif;? aMu;rHkowif;pmrsm;ESifh *sme,ftcsdKUwGif owif;ESifh
owif;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;qJjzpfonf/
uRefawmf\owif;orm;b0 tESpf (40) eD;yg;twGif; oifq&m? jrifq&m?
Mum;q&mwkdY\ tultnDjzifh edrfhwHk? jrihfwHk? avmu"HtzHkzHkudktcuftcJ? tusyf
twnf;? tauGUtaumuf? txpftaighrsm;pGmwkdYjzifh BuHKqHkjzwfoef;cJh&onf/
þuJhodkY tcuftcJrsm;pGmwkdYudk ausmfjzwf&mwGif ]]cH&Jwm owåd}} [laompdwf
udk t&if;cHxm;NyD; &yfwnfcJhygonf/ xkdodkY jzwfoef;&mwGif atmifjrifrIrsm;&SdouJhodkY
qHk;½HI;rIrsm;vnf;&SdcJh&ygonf/ b0udk&if;í aqmif&GufcJhjcif;aMumifh atmifjrifrI?
qHk;½HI;rItm;vHk;udk *kPf,lonf/ atmifírNyHK;? ½HI;írrJh? &du©mxuf odu©mudk
wefzkd;xm;NyD;? jynfolUtusdK;? &yfusdK;? &GmusdK;rsm;udk udk,fusdK;riJh onfydk;cJhonf/
uRefawmfonf ausmif;om;b0upNyD;? owif;axmufvkyfief;udk pdwf0if
pm;í avhvmcJhonf/ uRefawmf\ rdcifBuD;u owif;axmufvkyfief;onf
tEÅ&m,frsm;aMumif;? 4if;\tpfukd owif;axmufBuD; OD;cifarmif\ pGefYpGefYpm;pm;
owif;rsm;a&;om;cJhrItay: trSefw&m; rvkdvm;olwkdYtrkef;yGm;yHk? 'ku©ay;yHkrsm;udk
&Sif;vif;ajymjyNyD;? owif;axmufrvkyf&ef azsmif;zsygaomfvnf; uRefawmfonf
rdcifBuD;\pum;ukd remcHcJhbJ 0goemt& owif;axmufjzpfvkdaom pdwfuom
jyif;xefaecJhonf/
uRefawmfonf owif;axmufwpfa,mufjzpffEkdif&ef rnfodkYaqmif&Guf&rnf
udk tjrJpl;prf;avhvmcJhonf/ owif;axmufoifykef;BuD; [kqkdvQif rSm;tHhrxifaom
]]b,fol? b,ftcs def ? b,frSm? bmaMumif h ? bmud k ? b,fvk d } }] ]b,fol? b,ftcs def ? b,frSm? bmaMumif h ? bmud k ? b,fvk d } }] ]b,fol? b,ftcs def ? b,frSm? bmaMumif h ? bmud k ? b,fvk d } }] ]b,fol? b,ftcs def ? b,frSm? bmaMumif h ? bmud k ? b,fvk d } }] ]b,fol? b,ftcs def ? b,frSm? bmaMumif h ? bmud k ? b,fvk d } } [lonhf
]]bajcmufvHk;}}]]bajcmufvHk;}}]]bajcmufvHk;}}]]bajcmufvHk;}}]]bajcmufvHk;}} udkpwifavhvmNyD;? owif;pmynmESifh ywfoufonfhpmtkyf
pmwrf;rsm;udk avhvmrSwfom;cJhonf/
xkdokdY avhvmrSwfom;cJh&mrS owif;axmufwpfa,mufwGif&Sdoifhonfh
t&nftcsif;rsm;rSm ]]trSefw&m;ukd &ifqkdifEkdifonfh owdå&SdrI? wuf<urI? zswfvwfrI?]]trSefw&m;ukd &ifqkdifEkdifonfh owdå&SdrI? wuf<urI? zswfvwfrI?]]trSefw&m;ukd &ifqkdifEkdifonfh owdå&SdrI? wuf<urI? zswfvwfrI?]]trSefw&m;ukd &ifqkdifEkdifonfh owdå&SdrI? wuf<urI? zswfvwfrI?]]trSefw&m;ukd &ifqkdifEkdifonfh owdå&SdrI? wuf<urI? zswfvwfrI?
xkd;xGif;BuHqrIrsdK;omru? NyHK;&TifpGm aygif;oif;wwfrI? trsm;jynfol tm;udk;vmxkd;xGif;BuHqrIrsdK;omru? NyHK;&TifpGm aygif;oif;wwfrI? trsm;jynfol tm;udk;vmxkd;xGif;BuHqrIrsdK;omru? NyHK;&TifpGm aygif;oif;wwfrI? trsm;jynfol tm;udk;vmxkd;xGif;BuHqrIrsdK;omru? NyHK;&TifpGm aygif;oif;wwfrI? trsm;jynfol tm;udk;vmxkd;xGif;BuHqrIrsdK;omru? NyHK;&TifpGm aygif;oif;wwfrI? trsm;jynfol tm;udk;vm
atmifjyKrI? aexkdif? a&;om;wwfrI&Sd&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&rnf}}atmifjyKrI? aexkdif? a&;om;wwfrI&Sd&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&rnf}}atmifjyKrI? aexkdif? a&;om;wwfrI&Sd&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&rnf}}atmifjyKrI? aexkdif? a&;om;wwfrI&Sd&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&rnf}}atmifjyKrI? aexkdif? a&;om;wwfrI&Sd&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&rnf}} [k rSwfom;cJh&onf/
owif;rsm;a&;om;&mwGifvnf; ]]wpfOD;wpfa,muftusdK;xuf? jynfol]]wpfOD;wpfa,muftusdK;xuf? jynfol]]wpfOD;wpfa,muftusdK;xuf? jynfol]]wpfOD;wpfa,muftusdK;xuf? jynfol]]wpfOD;wpfa,muftusdK;xuf? jynfol
trsm;tusdK;&S daprnfh ppfrSefaomowif;jzpf&ef? tmCmwpdwf? cspfciftrsm;tusdK;&S daprnfh ppfrSefaomowif;jzpf&ef? tmCmwpdwf? cspfciftrsm;tusdK;&S daprnfh ppfrSefaomowif;jzpf&ef? tmCmwpdwf? cspfciftrsm;tusdK;&S daprnfh ppfrSefaomowif;jzpf&ef? tmCmwpdwf? cspfciftrsm;tusdK;&S daprnfh ppfrSefaomowif;jzpf&ef? tmCmwpdwf? cspfcif
av;pm;aompdwf? oem;Muifemwwfaompdwfrsm; uif;&Sif;pGmjzifh a&;om;av;pm;aompdwf? oem;Muifemwwfaompdwfrsm; uif;&Sif;pGmjzifh a&;om;av;pm;aompdwf? oem;Muifemwwfaompdwfrsm; uif;&Sif;pGmjzifh a&;om;av;pm;aompdwf? oem;Muifemwwfaompdwfrsm; uif;&Sif;pGmjzifh a&;om;av;pm;aompdwf? oem;Muifemwwfaompdwfrsm; uif;&Sif;pGmjzifh a&;om;
í rdr d\pdwfvIy f& Sm;r Itay:tajcrcHbJ ? owif; jzp f&y fr Se ftay:omí rdr d\pdwfvIy f& Sm;r Itay:tajcrcHbJ ? owif; jzp f&y fr Se ftay:omí rdr d\pdwfvIy f& Sm;r Itay:tajcrcHbJ ? owif; jzp f&y fr Se ftay:omí rdr d\pdwfvIy f& Sm;r Itay:tajcrcHbJ ? owif; jzp f&y fr Se ftay:omí rdr d\pdwfvIy f& Sm;r Itay:tajcrcHbJ ? owif; jzp f&y fr Se ftay:om
tajccHa&;om;&ef}}tajccHa&;om;&ef}}tajccHa&;om;&ef}}tajccHa&;om;&ef}}tajccHa&;om;&ef}} [laom tajccHrlrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJhonf/
tESpf (40) eD;yg;jzwfoef;cJh&onfh owif;orm;b0twGuf rdrdudk,frdrd
*kPf,lonf/ uRefawmfonf owif;pm q&mtm;vHk;udk uRefawmf\ oifq&m?
jrifq&m? Mum;q&mtjzpfowfrSwfonf/ owif;pmq&m [lonf owif; axmufESifh
t,f'Dwmrsm;omr[kwf? owif;vkyfief;vkyfudkifol owif;orm;? owif;axmuf?
rD'D,morm;? t,f'Dwm? acgif;BuD;a&;ol? aqmif;yg;&Sif? txl;u@aqmif;yg;&Sif?
wkdufxkdifaqmif;yg;&Sifponfjzifh yg0ifonf/
uRefawmfhtwGuf oifq&m? jrifq&m? Mum;q&mwkdY\ aus;Zl;um; BuD;rm;
vSonf/ aus;Zl;&Sdoludk aus;Zl;qyf&efrSm aus;Zl;tjyKcH&olwkdif;\ wm0efjzpfonf
[kcH,lonf/ uRefawmfhtwGuf aus;Zl;BuD;rm;vSaomowif;q&mrsm;udk b,fyHk?
b,fenf;jzifh aus;Zl;qyf&rnfudk pOf;pm;onf/ enf;rsdK;pHkawG;qonf/
þwGif tawG;wpfckay:vmonf/ xkdtawG;u aus;Zl;&Sifowif;pm
q&mBuD;rsm;\ tw¬KyÜwådukd pkpnf;&efyifjzpfonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf pma&;
q&mBuD;rsm;? pmqkd&SifBuD;rsm;\ tw¬KyÜwådrsm;udk wpfpkwpnf;wnf;pmtkyfrsm;
tjzpfjyKpkxkwfa0cJhMuaomfvnf;? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ tw¬KyÜwådudk wpfpk
wpnf;wnf; pmtkyftjzpfjyKpkxkwfa0cJhonfudk rawGUcJh&bl;yg/
1971 ckESpfu uRefawmf\q&m OD;MunfñGefY (cspfMunfa&; MunfñGefY)
jyKpkcJhaom owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ olwkdYb0? olwkdYtawGUtBuHKpmtkyfudk zwf½IcJh&
onf/ owif;pmq&mBuD; (10) OD;taMumif;yg0ifonf/ 'kwd,wGJ qufvuf
xGufrnf[kaMumfjimonf/ xGufrvm? ,ckawmh uRefawmfhq&m OD;MunfñGefYvnf;
r&Pqkdonfh aojcif;w&m;udk rvGefqefEkdifí uRefawmfwkdYtm; cGJcGmoGm;&SmNyD
jzpfonf/
þwGif uRefawmfonfwpfcsdefu jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif vIyf&Sm;cJhMu
aom owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ tw¬KyÜwådtusOf;udkjyKpkjcif;tm;jzifh owif;pm
q&mBuD;rsm;\aus;Zl;udk qyf&ma&mufrnf[k ,HkMunfí ,ckuJhodkY jyKpk&jcif; jzpfyg
onf/
uRefawmf jrefrmowif;pmavmurS owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; tw¬KyÜwåd
tusOf;udkjyKpk&mwGif tcsdKUudktrnfom od&NyD;? 4if;wkdY\ ukd,fa&;tcsufrsm;udk
&SmazGar;jref;pHkprf;&mwGif rvG,fulbJ? rSwfwrf;rSwf&m&SmazG rawGUjzpfcJh&ygonf/
acwfNydKifvlyk*¾dKvfrsm;xH oGm;a&mufpHkprf;&mwGifvnf; trnfavmufom ajymEkdif
MuNyD;? 4if;wkdY\ ukd,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;rajymEkdifaMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd &ygonf/
uRefawmfhtwGuf tzkd;wef&wemrsm; aysmufqHk;cJh&onf[kcHpm;&ygonf/
uRefawmfpkaqmif;&&Sdaom owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;teuf tcsdKUrSm owif;pm
q&mvnf;jzpf? pma&;q&mvnf;jzpf? uAsmq&mvnf;jzpf? EkdifiHausmf? urÇmausmf
yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm; jzpfcJhMuolrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf/
owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;tm;vHk;onf tenf;qHk;acwfwpfacwfudk ukd,fpm;
jyKcJhMuygonf/ olwkdY\ vIyf&Sm;cJhrIonf aESmif;acwf wpfacwftwGuf orkdif;jzpf&yf
rsm;? tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;jzpfvmayonf/
olwkdY\ tawG;tac:vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf aESmif;acwfvlom;rsm;tzkdY? avhvm
p&m? oifcef;pm,lp&mrsm;jzpfvmonf/ olwkdYtm;vHk; vlom;wkdif; rvGefqefEkdifonfh
r&Pqkdonfh aojcif;w&m;ESifh &ifqkdifoGm;cJhMuNyD jzpfonf/
uRefawmfhtaejzifh ya'o&mZfacwf? udkvkdeDe,fcsJUacwf? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;
acwfrsm;wGif yg0ifcJhaom jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ taMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;
&mwGif pmtkyfwpftkyfxJü tjynfhtpHka&;om;ír&Ekdifyg/ odkYtwGuf uRefawmf&SmazG
pkpnf;a&;om;onfh jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ tw¬KyÜwådrsm;rSm tusOf;rQom
jzpfygonf/
jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif xifay: ausmfMum;cJhaomowif;pmq&mBuD;
rsm; tw¬KyÜwådu ynm&Sifrsm; pkaygif;íaomfvnf;aumif;? pmayqkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;
rsm;rSvnf;aumif; &SmazGjyKpkrnfqkdygu ykdrkdjynfhpHkaom tw¬KyÜwådpmtkyfjzpfay:
vmrnf[k,HkMunfygonf/ uRefawmfhtaejzifh vufvSrf;rDoí pmtkyfpmayrsm;
rSvnf;aumif;? vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk ar;jref;ívnf;aumif; jyKpkxm;jcif;om jzpfygonf/
us,fus,fjyefYjyefYaqmif&Gufrnfqkdygu aemifvmaemifom;rsm;twGuf
tvGefwefzkd;rjzwfEkdifonfh &v'faumif;rsm;jzpfrnf[k ,HkMunfygonf/
uRefawmf\ þ ]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}} pmtkyf
wGif xifay:ausmfMum;cJhaom jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;teufrS uG,fvGef
oGm;&SmNyDjzpfaom owif;pmq&mBuD; (100) \tw¬KyÜwådtusOf;om yg0ifygonf/
þpmtkyfudk jyKpk&mwGif cRwf,Gif;csuf? wdrf;apmif;csufrsm;yg&Sdrnf trSefyif
jzpfygonf/ þodkY cRwf,Gif;csuf? wdrf;apmif;csufrsm;awGU&Sdygu uRefawmf\ avhvm
tm;? &SmazGtm;enf;jcif;aMumifhomjzpf&ygaMumif; ½kd;om;pGm 0efcHygonf/
pmzwfolrsm;taejzifh cGifhvTwfyg&efvnf; ukd,fEIwfESvHk;oHk;yg;vHk;jzifh ½kdao
av;pm;pGm cGifhyeftyfygonf/
þ ]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}} tw¬KyÜwådtusOf;udk
zwf½I&jcif;tm;jzifh zwf½IolwkdYtzkdY okwwpfpHkwpf&m&&SdNyD;? jrefrmpme,fZif;avmu
twGuf orkdif;rSwfwkdifwpfcktjzpf tkyfwpfcsyf? oJwpfyGifhrQ taxmuftuljyKrnf
qkdygvQif 0rf;omauseyfaernf jzpfygonf/
owif;axmuf - aomif;ñGef Y (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf - aomif;ñGef Y (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf - aomif;ñGef Y (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf - aomif;ñGef Y (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf - aomif;ñGef Y (zsmyHk)
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 11111
OD;udkudk (udkudk)OD;udkudk (udkudk)OD;udkudk (udkudk)OD;udkudk (udkudk)OD;udkudk (udkudk)
owif;pmq&m OD;udkudk udk 1922 ckESpf? ar21 &ufwGif
tz c½dkifaxmufyHYa&;t&m&dS OD;xGef;wifESifY trd a':Nidrf;½Sif
wdkYrS ajrmif;jrNrdKUwGif arG;zGm;onf/ trnf&if;rSm OD;udkudkjzpfonf/
0g;c,frNrdKU t*Fvdyfjrefrm tv,fwef;ausmif;wGif 1935 ckESpf? (7)wef;
atmifjrifonftxd ynmoif,lcJYjyD; ajrmif;jrNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;ü
qufvufynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ 1945 ckESpfwGif (10)wef;atmifjrifcJYonf/
1938 ckESpfwGif ajrmif;jrc½kdifausmif;om;or*¾ twGif;a&;rSL;ESifY wdkYArm
tpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmiftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1940 jynfhESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUodkY
a&muf&SdvmNyD; q,foef;owif;pm nt,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef,l xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
paee*g;eD*sme,fü bmomjyefaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 1940-45 ckESpfwGif
jrefrmEdkifiHvHk; qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*¾A[dktvkyftrIaqmif wm0efrsm;,lcJYNyD;
1941-42 ckESpfwGif ajrmif;jrc½dkif ajratmufawmfvSefa&; vkyfief;ü EdkifiHa&;ESifY
ppfa&;axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efwdkYudkyg yl;wJGxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ ,if;umvrSmyif
uGefjrLepfygwD\ yxrqHk;xkwf ta&;awmfyHkpmwrf;rsm;udk vSsdKU0SufjzefYcsdcJYonf/
1944 ckESpfwGif txufArmjynf uGefjrLepfygwD0ifwpfa,muf jzpfvmonf/ 1945
ckESpfwGif rEÅav;c½kdif uGefjrLepfygwD c½dkifaumfrwDwm0efudk ,lcJYjyD;? zufqpf
awmfvSefa&;wGif AdkvfrSL;Axl;wyfü EdkifiHa&;rSL;ESifY 0g'jzefYcsda&;rSL; wm0efrsm;udk
,lcJYonf/ awmfvSefa&;tNyD;wGif rEÅav;c½dkif? uGefjrLepfygwD c½dkifaumfrwD0if
jzpfvmcJYonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif owif;vTm naeowif;pm t,f'Dwmwm0efudk
xrf;aqmifpOf xdef;odrf;cH&onf/
1952-ckESpfwGif vlxkynma&;aumifpDü 0ifa&muftrIxrf;&m 1957 ckESpf
txd vlxkynma&;rSL;? 1957-59 ckESpftxd owif;jzefYcsda&;t&m½dS wm0efrsm;
udk xrf;aqmifcJYonf/ 1964 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm; ½kyf&SifwifoGif;a&;at*sifpDü
½kyf&SifZmwfum; pDpOfa&;rSL;wm0efudk ,lcJY&onf/ 1967 ckESpfwGif MuD;Muyfa&;ESifY
EdkifiHjcm; qufoG,fa&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1969 ckESpfwGif jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;
22222 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
Xme twGif;0efuav;ESifY wJGzufñTefMum;a&;rSL; tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1970 jynfYwGif
½kyf&Sifvkyfief;aumfydka&;&Sif;½Hk;csKyf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1973 ckESpfwGif
½kyf&Sifaumfydka&;&Sif;xkwfvkyfrIESifY Zmwfvrf;pdppfa&; 'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;rSL; tjzpf
vnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/ wJGzufñTefMum;a&;rSL;&mxl;jzifh tNidrf;pm;,lcJY
onf/
jrefrmEdkifiH pma&;q&mor*¾udk OD;pD;wnfaxmifcJYoljzpfonf/ 1941 ckESpf
xkwfa0aom 0w¬KñGefYaygif; pmtkyfyg ]a,mufsm;qdkwm} 0w¬Konf OD;udkudk\ yxrOD;
qHk;vuf&mjzpfonf/ ydawmufawGyGifYjyefaygY vufa&G;pif 0w¬Kwdkrsm; ]vif;vkygjyD}?
]arYoufrsm;}? ]tonf;urÇm0,f}? ]c½ktdrf}wdkYonf OD;udkudk\ xif½Sm;aomvuf&m
tcsdKUjzpfonf/ acgif;avmif;oH (1965)udk bmomjyef xkwfa0cJYonf/ þopfqHk
(armifausmfomESifYyl;wJGa&;) jzifY 1963 ckESpf tEkynmpmayqdkif&m 0w¬K½Snf wwd,
qk&&dScJYonf/ armfuGef;0if (yxrtqifY) udkvnf; &&dScJYonf/ ½kyf&SifZmwfñTef;rsm;pGm
udkvnf; a&;om;cJYonf/
OD;udkudkonf pmayvkyfom;tzJGY jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD0if wpfOD;jzpfcJYonf/
OD;udkudka&;om;cJYaom þopfqHk 0w¬K&Snfonf om,m0wDESifY vufyHwef;tMum;&dS
aus;&Gmav;wpf&Gm? &Gmv,fvrf;rt0ifwGif tvGefMuD;rm;aom opfjrpfqHkMuD;u
ydwfqdkYwm;qD;aejyD;vQif yifpnfrS jzmxGufaeaom tydkif;rSm ajratmufwGifwpf0uf
ajray:wGifwpf0uf uefYvefYjzpfaeí ,if;tay:rS vSnf;rsm;jzwfausmfarmif;ESif
aeMu&\/ xdk&Gm\ ewfuawmf\tqdkt& xdktyifMuD;rSm tpJG&dSonf[kqdk\/
odkYaomf trSeftm;jzifY t,lonf;rIomjzpfonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap? xdk&Gm\ rlvtrnf
jzpfaom anmifyifomtrnfaysmufum opfqHk&Gm[kwGifaeawmYownf;/ ,if;&Gm
wGif vlxkynma&;rSL;tjzpf trIxrf;&aom trsdK;orD;wpfOD;ay;ydkYaom udk,fawGY
jzpf&yfudk rlwnfí a&;om;aom0w¬Kjzpfonf/
acwfwpfacwf\ taMumif;t&mudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; wifjyaom
0w¬Kjzpfonf/ ]]E d ki fi Ha&;acwfwGif v,form; Ouú|onfvnf;aumif;?] ]E d ki fi Ha&;acwfwGif v,form; Ouú|onfvnf;aumif;?] ]E d ki fi Ha&;acwfwGif v,form; Ouú|onfvnf;aumif;?] ]E d ki fi Ha&;acwfwGif v,form; Ouú|onfvnf;aumif;?] ]E d ki fi Ha&;acwfwGif v,form; Ouú|onfvnf;aumif;?
umuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfol olMuD;om;onfvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHa&;orm; aygufpumuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfol olMuD;om;onfvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHa&;orm; aygufpumuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfol olMuD;om;onfvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHa&;orm; aygufpumuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfol olMuD;om;onfvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHa&;orm; aygufpumuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfol olMuD;om;onfvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHa&;orm; aygufp
wdkYonfvnf;aumif;? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif bk&ifi,fwpfqlyrm rif;rlaeMuonf/wdk Yonfvnf;aumif;? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif bk&ifi,fwpfqlyrm rif;rlaeMuonf/wdk Yonfvnf;aumif;? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif bk&ifi,fwpfqlyrm rif;rlaeMuonf/wdk Yonfvnf;aumif;? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif bk&ifi,fwpfqlyrm rif;rlaeMuonf/wdk Yonfvnf;aumif;? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif bk&ifi,fwpfqlyrm rif;rlaeMuonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 33333
olwdkYonf olykefbufrS vmvQifvnf; olykefESifYaygif;\/ tpdk;&bufrS vmvQifvnf;olwdkYonf olykefbufrS vmvQifvnf; olykefESifYaygif;\/ tpdk;&bufrS vmvQifvnf;olwdkYonf olykefbufrS vmvQifvnf; olykefESifYaygif;\/ tpdk;&bufrS vmvQifvnf;olwdkYonf olykefbufrS vmvQifvnf; olykefESifYaygif;\/ tpdk;&bufrS vmvQifvnf;olwdkYonf olykefbufrS vmvQifvnf; olykefESifYaygif;\/ tpdk;&bufrS vmvQifvnf;
tpdk;&\ vlvkyf\/ þodkYjzifY avSeHESpfzufeif; í jzpfcsifovdk jzpfaeMuyHkudktpdk;&\ vlvkyf\/ þodkYjzifY avSeHESpfzufeif; í jzpfcsifovdk jzpfaeMuyHkudktpdk;&\ vlvkyf\/ þodkYjzifY avSeHESpfzufeif; í jzpfcsifovdk jzpfaeMuyHkudktpdk;&\ vlvkyf\/ þodkYjzifY avSeHESpfzufeif; í jzpfcsifovdk jzpfaeMuyHkudktpdk;&\ vlvkyf\/ þodkYjzifY avSeHESpfzufeif; í jzpfcsifovdk jzpfaeMuyHkudk
þopfqHk0w¬K½Snfü &GH&SmzG,ftwd}}þopfqHk0w¬K½Snfü &GH&SmzG,ftwd}}þopfqHk0w¬K½Snfü &GH&SmzG,ftwd}}þopfqHk0w¬K½Snfü &GH&SmzG,ftwd}}þopfqHk0w¬K½Snfü &GH&SmzG,ftwd}} zwf½I &onf/
þopfqHk0w¬Kudk rif;vGif½kyf&SifrS ½kyf&Sif½dkuful;jyocJY\/ OD;udkudkonf 1992
ckESpf? pufwifbmv (18)&ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ukd;um;tñTef; /ukd;um;tñTef; /ukd;um;tñTef; /ukd;um;tñTef; /ukd;um;tñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)/ 77-79rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)/ 77-79rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)/ 77-79rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)/ 77-79rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)/ 77-79
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;(1)/ pm234-247/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;(1)/ pm234-247/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;(1)/ pm234-247/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;(1)/ pm234-247/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;(1)/ pm234-247/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm 122-123/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm 122-123/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm 122-123/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm 122-123/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm 122-123/
&mjynfYOD;pd k;nTef Y/ 20&mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)&mjynfYOD;pd k;nTef Y/ 20&mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)&mjynfYOD;pd k;nTef Y/ 20&mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)&mjynfYOD;pd k;nTef Y/ 20&mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)&mjynfYOD;pd k;nTef Y/ 20&mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)
pm 113-114pm 113-114pm 113-114pm 113-114pm 113-114
44444 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;udkudkav; (odk[ef)OD;udkudkav; (odk[ef)OD;udkudkav; (odk[ef)OD;udkudkav; (odk[ef)OD;udkudkav; (odk[ef)
1956 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU pdef*Ref;trsdK;om; txufwef;ausmif;rS q,fwef;
atmifjrifNyD;? &efukef wuúodkvfwGif qufvufynmoifMum;cJhonf/ 0dZÆm (u)wef;
wGif yxr&aomaMumifh OD;aumif; Memorial Scholarship qk&&SdcJhonf/ 1692
ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfrS 0dZÆmtaxGaxG*kPfxl;wef;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh
atmifjrifNyD; t*Fvdyfpm|meenf;jytjzpfxrf;aqmifonf/ 1967 ckESpfwGif *smref
'Drdku&ufwpfor®wEdkifiHbmvifNrdKU&Sd owif;pmynmoifwef;ü xl;cRefpGm atmifjrif
NyD; tqifhjrifhqk&&SdcJhonf/
OD;udkudkav;onf 1963 ckESpfwGif vkyfom;jynfolYaepOf (t*Fvdyf)owif;pm
xkwfa0&eftwGuf zGJUpnf;cJhonfh t,f'DwmtzGJUwGif tzGJU0ifwpfOD;jzpfcJhonf/
vkyfom;jynfolYaepOf (t*Fvdyf) owif;pmrS The New Light of Myanmar odkY
trnfajymif;vJxkwfa0cJhaom owif;pmwGif pmwnf;rS pmwnf;rSL;csKyftxd
tqifhqifhwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ ,if;odkYxrf;aqmif&if; t*Fvdyfjrefrm owif;pm
rsm;wGif owif;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf/ OD;udkudkav;\ uavmiftrnfrSm
odk[efjzpfonf/
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tzGJY A[dktrIaqmifwm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;|me? yHkESdyfa&;ESifh
pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;vkyfief;? pmayAdrmeftzGJYu xkwfa0vsuf&Sdaom jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;
(ESpfcsKyf) pDpOfa&;tzGJUwGif tzGJU0ifwpfOD;tjzpfyg0ifcJhonf/ jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;XmerS
zGifhvSpfoifMum;vsuf&Sdaom owif;pmynmoifwef;? t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrm
bmomodkY jyefqkdonfh bmomjyefoifwef;ESifh jrefrmbmomrS t*FvdyfbmomodkY
jyefqkdonfh oifwef;rsm;wGif oifwef;q&mwpfOD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
EkdifiHawmfESifhpyfvsOf;onfh bmomjyefvkyfief;rsm;wGif pOfqufrjywf wm0ef
ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifcJhaom OD;ukdukdav;onf 1993 ckESpf? ZGefv 5 &ufaeYwGif
&efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; (ESpfcsKyf)? 1994? pm - 140/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; (ESpfcsKyf)? 1994? pm - 140/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; (ESpfcsKyf)? 1994? pm - 140/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; (ESpfcsKyf)? 1994? pm - 140/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; (ESpfcsKyf)? 1994? pm - 140/
owif;pmq&m OD;udkudkav;udk tz OD;udkudkESifh trd
a':odef;0gwdkUu 1937 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv? 20 &ufwGif
&efukefNrdKUü zGm;jrifcJhonf/
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(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) wpfudk,fawmf0w¬Kvm xkwfa0ol\ ed'gef;/wpfudk,fawmf0w¬Kvm xkwfa0ol\ ed'gef;/wpfudk,fawmf0w¬Kvm xkwfa0ol\ ed'gef;/wpfudk,fawmf0w¬Kvm xkwfa0ol\ ed'gef;/wpfudk,fawmf0w¬Kvm xkwfa0ol\ ed'gef;/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) ½Ir0r*¾Zif;twGJ (5)? trSwf (55) vm ]]q&maZ,s}}½Ir0r*¾Zif;twGJ (5)? trSwf (55) vm ]]q&maZ,s}}½Ir0r*¾Zif;twGJ (5)? trSwf (55) vm ]]q&maZ,s}}½Ir0r*¾Zif;twGJ (5)? trSwf (55) vm ]]q&maZ,s}}½Ir0r*¾Zif;twGJ (5)? trSwf (55) vm ]]q&maZ,s}}
\ ]]q&myDrd k;eif;}} aqmif;yg;/\ ]]q&myDrd k;eif;}} aqmif;yg;/\ ]]q&myDrd k;eif;}} aqmif;yg;/\ ]]q&myDrd k;eif;}} aqmif;yg;/\ ]]q&myDrd k;eif;}} aqmif;yg;/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm 331-334/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm 331-334/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm 331-334/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm 331-334/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm 331-334/
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) udkudkav;? owif;axmufvufpGJ ? pm-40/udkudkav;? owif;axmufvufpGJ ? pm-40/udkudkav;? owif;axmufvufpGJ ? pm-40/udkudkav;? owif;axmufvufpGJ ? pm-40/udkudkav;? owif;axmufvufpGJ ? pm-40/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 99999
OD;BuD;armif (aiGOa'gif;)OD;BuD;armif (aiGOa'gif;)OD;BuD;armif (aiGOa'gif;)OD;BuD;armif (aiGOa'gif;)OD;BuD;armif (aiGOa'gif;)
pma&;q&mBuD; aiGOa'gif;trnfcH owif;pmq&m
OD;BuD;armifudk 1915 ckESpf? ZGefv 23 &ufaeY wGif [oFmwc½dkif?
tazsmuf&Gmü yef;bJq&mBuD; OD;a'ge ESifh a':oufwifwdkYrS
zGm;jrifonf/
OD;BuD;armifonf i,fpOf 7 ESpfom;t&G,fu [oFmwc½dkif? oajyukef;
aus;&Gm q&m OD;xGef;&if avmu"mwfausmif; (tpdk;&todtrSwfjyKrlvwef;
ausmif;) wGif pwifynmoif,lNyD; pwkw¬wef;odkYa&mufaomtcg Oa'gif;ausmif;
(aemiftcg q&modef; avmu"mwfausmif;) odkYajymif;a&TUoif,lonf/ pwkw¬wef;
txdynm oif,lNyD;aemuf? owårwef;udk tvGwfajzqdkonf/ 12 ESpfom;t&G,f
wGif udk&if 0wfcJh&mbGJUtrnfrSm &Sif0dokwjzpfonf/
OD;BuD;armifonf udk&ifb0rSmyif pmayudk0goemygonf/ 1930 jynfhESpfwGif
aumZmopfr*¾Zif;aqmif;yg;NydKifyGJü ]]a0,sH}}uavmiftrnfjzifh ]]aMumufpdwf}}
trnf&Sdaqmif;yg;udk0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&mrStp pmayavmuodkYpwif 0ifa&mufvm
onf/ ]]a0,sH}}uavmiftrnfudk t,f'Dwmu]]qif;&Jom;}}uavmiftrnf jyifcJh&m
rSpí ]]BuD;armif (qif;&Jom;)}}uavmiftrnfjzifh pma&;om;onf/ ol&d, r*¾Zif;
0w¬KNydKifyGJrsm;wGifvnf; 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifcJhonf/
OD;BuD;armifonf 1931 ckESpfwGif ouFef;0wfjzifh &efukefNrdKUodkYa&muf&Sdvm
onf/ xdkESpf{NyDvxkwf AEKv*sme,fwGif rmeESifhumrtrnf&Sd 0w¬Kudk ]]ÓPfjrifh}}
uavmiftrnfjzifha&;om;onf/ 1932 ckESpfwGif ra[mfo"m owif;pmü
t,f'DwmtzGJY0iftjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifNyD; ]]r*Fvm}}uavmiftrnfjzifh aqmif;yg;
rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 1934 ckESpfwGif AEKv*sme,fü 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf/ 1935
ckESpfwGif opfawmbufodkY0ifa&muftrIxrf;NyD;? 1936 ckESpfwGif 'kwd, opf
awmtkyf jzpfvmonf/
OD;BuD;armifonf 1936 ckESpfwGif ]]r*Fvm}}uavmiftrnfjzifh rif;uawmf?
armifoHa0ponfh wpfrl;wef0w¬Krsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 1937 ckESpfwGif qdyfurf;wmvD
1010101010 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
pma&;tjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf/ 1938 ckESpfwGif bm;rm; at*sifpD trnfjzifh
qdkifzGifha&mif;csonf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif jynfNrdKUü&[ef;cHonf/ 1942 ckESpfwGif qdkuúm;
axmifonf/ aps;a&mif;onf/ pmtkyfa&mif;onf/
OD;BuD;armifonf 1947 ckESpfwGif ½Ir0½kyfpHkr*¾Zif;ü t,f'DwmtzGJU0iftjzpf
aqmif&Gufonf/ xdkESpf Mo*kwfvxkwf ½Ir0½kyfpHkr*¾Zif;yg ]]armufomarmuf}}
trnf&Sd aqmif;yg;rSpí ]]aiGOa'gif;}}uavmiftrnfudkcH,lcJhonf/ 1951 ckESpfwGif
pmayAdrmefvufaxmufpmwnf;? 1956 ckESpfwGif z.q.y.v pmapmif t,f'Dwm?
1957 ckESpfwGif aMu;rHkowif;pm t,f'DwmtzGJU0if? 1960 jynfhESpfwGif aiGwm&D
r*¾Zif; t,f'DwmtzGJU0if? 1973 ckESpfwGif [Hom0wDowif;pm t,f'DwmtzGJU0if
ponfjzifh trIxrf;aqmifonf/
OD;BuD;armifonf ]]aiGOa'gif;}}trnfjzifh pm0uFygaqmif;yg;rsm;? r@dKif
owif;pmwGif ]]pm*sydk;}}uavmiftrnfjzifh pmtkyfpifu@? [Hom0wDowif;pmwGif
]]armif0dZÆm}}uavmiftrnfjzifh pmtkyfa0zefa&;wdkYudka&;om;NyD;? aMu;rHkowif;pm
wGif ]]BuD;armif}}trnfjzifh]]pmaMu;rHk}}rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 1965 ckESpfwGif aiGOa'gif;
uavmiftrnfjzifh a&;om;cJhaom ]]oD;jcm;0uFyg}} pmtkyfjzifh trsdK;om;pmayqk
(pmya'om) pwkw¬qk&&SdcJhNyD;? 1966 ckESpfwGif BuD;armifuavmiftrnfjzifh a&;om;
cJhaom ]]Ak'¨pmyef;csD}}pmtkyfjzifh trsdK;om;pmayqk (pmya'om) wwd,qk &&SdcJh
onf/ Ak'¨pmyef;csDpmtkyf (6) wGJtxdxGuf&SdcJhhonf/
armfawmfum;vnf;rayguf? rD;&xm;vnf;ra&mufaom {&m0wDjrpfurf;
ezl;ay:üwnf&Sd onfh [omFwc½dkif? tazsmuf&Gmuav;rS OD;BuD;armifonf 1931
ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUodkY ouFef;0wfjzifh wpfa,mufwnf; pGefYpGefYpm;pm; a&S;½IxGufcGm
vmcJhonf/ xdkpOfu OD;BuD;armif\toufrSm 15 ESpfausmf 16 ESpfom;ywf0ef;usif
wGif &Sdavonf/ OD;av;bkef;BuD;\ ykZGefawmifqm;viff;ausmif;wdkufodkYa&mufumpü
qGrf;cHrnfhudk&ifr&Sdao;í OD;BuD;armifonf ESpfvavmuf udk&if0wfcJh&ao;onf/
xdktcsdefuolYywf0ef;usifwGif pmay? yef;csD? *Dw? obiform;? *Dwynm&Sif
rsm;rSm *syefjyefOD;jynf0dokw? yef;csDq&mOD;bxGef;? 'ó*D&dOD;batmif? ZrÁLrdwfaqG
zdkrifOD;bxGef;? OD;atmifjrif (NrdKUrarmif) wdkYjzpfMuonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 1111111111
AE¨Kv*sme,frSolY0w¬Kwpfyk'fudka&G;cJhNyD;? pmrlctjzpft,f'DwmOD;bkd;rif;u
pma&;&ef puúLwpfxyfBuD;ay;vdkufí odef;xDaygufwmxufyif0rf;omcJh&onf[k
OD;BuD;armifu cspfMunfa&;MunfñGefYudk ajymjycJhonf[k rSwfom;cJh&ygonf/
1932 ckESpfwGif 'dkiftmcDa&G;aumufyGJudk &nfrSef;NyD; qma*satarmifBuD;\
a&TawmifMum;ygwDrS ra[mfo"m owif;pmudkxkwfa0cJh\/ t,f'DwmcsKyfrSm ynmh
tvif;OD;wifjzpfonf/ xdkowif;pmwdkufü zdkrifaumif;wpfOD; vdkaeí OD;wifu
ZrÁLrdwfaqGzdkrifOD;bxGef;tm; ac:,lcefYxm;cJh\/
zdkrifOD;bxGef;u OD;BuD;armiftm; olwdkYudkwdkufwGifvkyfudkif&ef wdkufwGef;NyD;
OD;BuD;armifxHrS aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudk awmif;,loGm;cJh\/ OD;BuD;armif\ aqmif;yg;udk
pma&;oltrnfjzKwfNyD; ra[mfo"mowif;pmacgif;BuD;ydkif;ü OD;OD;zsm;zsm; xnfhoGif;
azmfjycJhNyD;onfhaemuf t,f'DwmcsKyfynmhtvif;OD;wifudk,fwdkif OD;BuD;armifxHodkY
a&mufvmonf/
ra[mfo"mowif;pmwdkuf&Sd&mvomvrf;odkY OD;BuD;armiftm;ac:aqmifoGm;
cJhNyD;? t,f'DwmtzGJU0ifwpfOD;tjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&ef wdkufwGef;ajymqdk\/
OD;BuD;armifuvnf;oabmwlNyD; wpfcgwnf;tvkyfcGifodkYwef;0ifcJh\/ wpfvvQif
vpmaiG 15 usyfom&NyD; OD;wifuvnf;&Hzef&Hcgqdkovdk aps;oHk;zkdYaiGay;cJhao;\/
þum; OD;BuD;armif\ owif;pmb0tpyifjzpfonf/
OD;BuD;armifonf ra[mfo"mowif;pmwGif aqmif;yg;cef;ESpfcef;ü 'dkifcH
a&;om;cJhavonf/ ra[mfo"mowif;pmrSm wpfESpfcefYtMumwGif &yfpJoGm;í
OD;BuD;armifrSm tvkyfvufrJhjzpf&avawmhonf/ OD;BuD;armifonf jynfolYrsufvHk;
*sme,fwdkufwGif tvkyf&cJhjyefonf/ odkYaomfvnf; ,if;*sme,frSm av;vom
xkwfa0EdkifcJhayonf/
xdkumvtwGif; OD;BuD;armiftwGuf xrif;ESifh vufzuf&nftjyif ½kyf&Sifudkyg
'g,umcHcJholESpfOD;rSm OD;xGef;vSESifh OD;armifarmifwif qdkolwdkYjzpfMuonf/
OD;xGef;vSonf avmu"Hpmtkyfudka&;om;cJholjzpfí avmu"HOD;xGef;vS[k
emrnfwGifcJholjzpfonf/ OD;xGef;vSonf aeYbufwGif tvkyfvkyfí? nbufü pmudk
1212121212 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
BuHK;a&;cJholjzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh nbufwGifOD;BuD;armifu 0w¬KZmwf vrf;ZmwfuGuf
rsm;udk Ekwfwdkufajymí OD;xGef;vSuvdkufa&;rSwfom;onf/ NyD;oGm;vQifOD;xGef;vSu
OD;BuD;armiftm; ydkufqHwpfrwfay;onf/ OD;BuD;armifonf npOf0w¬KZmwfvrf;rsm;udk
Ekwfwdkufajymjy&mü tdyf&m0ifyHkajymovdk a&mufwwf&m&m avQmufajymjcif;jzpf
onf/ OD;xGef;vSuvnf;odayonf/
odkY&mwGif tvkyfvufrJhjzpfaeaom OD;BuD;armiftm; OD;xGef;vSu aps;oHk;
ay;&efcufaeí y&d,m,fqifum 0w¬KZmwfvrf;rsm;udk ajymcdkif;NyD;rS ay;jcif;jzpfonf
udk OD;BuD;armifonf &dyfpm;em;vnfcJhayonf/ OD;BuD;armifonf OD;xGef;vSudk
aus;Zl;&SifwpfOD;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKcJhayonf/ olYaus;Zl;udkrarhcJhay/
bdkifusvGef;&Smaom OD;BuD;armifonfwpfaeYwGif q&mBuD;yDrdk;eif;xHodkY
oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ tvkyfwpfckck&&ef tultnDoGm;awmif;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
OD;BuD;armifonfpmaye,fwGif ajccsEdkif&efBudK;yrf;cJh&mrStpjyKí q&mBuD;yDrdk;eif;ESifh
awGUqHkoduRrf;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf/
0ifaiGrSefrSef vcpm;tvkyfuav;wpfckck&&Sd&ef tultnDvmawmif;cHaom
OD;BuD;armiftm; q&mBuD;yDrdk;eif;u t&if;tESD;aiGtjzpf ydkufqHig;rl;ay;vdkufonf/
xdkydkufqHig;rl;udkt&if;tESD;jyKvkyffí vkyfudkif&rnfhvkyfief;udkvnf; q&mBuD;yDrdk;eif;
u ajymjyvdkufonf/
q&mBuD;yDrdk;eif;ajymvdkufaomvkyfief;rSm tjcm;r[kwf? &efukefNrdKU yef;qdk;wef;
&Sd w&m;½Hk;a&SUaeBuD;rsm;\ aMu;qdkif;bkwfuav;rsm;udk aMu;cRwfaq; b&mqdkjzifh
ajymifvufatmifyGwfwdkufoefU&Sif;ay;NyD;onfhaemuf a&SUaeBuD;rsm;xHrS o'gaMu;
aiGudk awmif;cH,l&efjzpfonf/ ,if;vkyfief;rSm &Sufp&m r[kwfaMumif;udkvnf;
q&mBuD;urSmvdkufao;onf/
aemufwpfaeYwGif OD;BuD;armifonf b&mqdkaMu;cRwfaq;bl;ESifh t0wf
pkwfudk,laqmifNyD;? yef;qdk;wef;xJodkY0ifvmcJh\/ yef;qdk;wef;&Jpcef;tvGef qef;½Idkif;
uzD;tay:xyfwGif a&SUaeBuD;rsm;pkaygif;í ½Hk;cef;zGifhxm;Mu&m OD;BuD;armifonf
vufvSrf;rD&m aMu;qdkif;bkwfwpfckudkpí yGwfwdkufoefY&Sif;ay;\/ xdkqdkif;bkwf
&SifrSm ]]tdEd,r[m&|om&bGJUcH 0wfvHkawmf& OD;b&Sif}}jzpfonf/ aemuf qdkif;bkwf
wpfckrSm ]]trfatOD;armifBuD;}}\qdkif;bkwfjzpfonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 1313131313
aMu;cRwfoefY&Sif;a&;vkyfief;NyD;í a&SUaeBuD;rsm;xHoGm;&m tod &[ef;awmf
wpfyg;udk rarQmfvifhbJoGm;awGU&í rsufESmtxm;&cufae\/ xdk&[ef;awmfrSm
*syefjyefOD;jynf0dokwjzpfonf/ &[ef;awmfBuD;u OD;BuD;armiftm; vSrf;EIwfquf
ac:,lNyD; trfatOD;armifBuD;ESifh rdwfqufay;avonf/
OD;BuD;armifonf rajymvQifrNyD;rnfh4if;\vkyfief;udpöudk OD;jynf0dokw
a&SUarSmufüyif trfatOD;armifBuD;tm; ajymjyNyD; o'gaMu;aiGawmif;cH&m trfat
OD;armifBuD;ESifh OD;b&SifwdkYu aiGwpfusyfpDxkwfay;vdkufonf/
xdkaiGESpfusyfudk&NyD;aemuf ,if;vkyfief;udkqufrvkyfawmhbJaevdkufonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;jzpfyGm;vmcJhNyD; *syefacwfwGif OD;BuD;armifonf owif;pm
ta&mif;orm;tvkyfudk vkyfcJhonf/ owif;pm,la&mif;cGifh&&SdEdkifa&;twGuf
Armhacwfowif;pmwdkufrS t,f'DwmOD;xGef;az (0efBuD;a[mif;xGef;aeYpOfOD;xGef;az)
xHodkY oGm;a&mufcJh\/
OD;xGef;azudk OD;BuD;armifuqdkuúm;jzifheif;ydkY&mrS OD;xGef;azu OD;BuD;armifudk
odcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ OD;BuD;armifonf owif;pmra&mif;rD apmapmydkif;u qdkuúm;
axmifpm;cJhao;onf/ vliSm;qkduúm;teif;orm; rvmaomwpfaeYwGif oludk,fwdkif
xGufeif;cJh\/ xdkaeYwGifOD;xGef;azESifh qHkpnf;cJh&NyD; OD;xGef;aztm; &efukefjrLeDpDyg,f
½Hk;BuD;odkY ydkYaqmifay;cJh&avonf/
owif;pmta&mif;orm;vkyfNyD;onfh aemufydkif;wGif a&Twd*Hkbk&m; ta&SUbuf
apmif;wef;wGif pmtkyfqdkifzGifhí pmtkyfa&mif;pm;cJhjyefonf/ pmtkyfa&mif;olb0wGif
pmayavmurSpma&;q&mrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;bufrSyk*d¾Kvfrsm;udkoduRrf;cJh& avonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;pwGif OD;BuD;armifonf &efukefESifh rEÅav;um;py,f,m
tvkyfudkvkyfcJhjyef\/ um;py,f,mvkyf&if; ½Ir0OD;ausmfESifhcifrif&if;ESD;vmcJh&\/
½Ir0r*¾Zif;rsm;udk OD;ausmfu OD;BuD;armif\um;jzifh wifykYdjzefYjzL;cJhonf/ OD;BuD;armif
onf rEÅav;rS q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;ESifhyg tuRrf;0ifcJh&avonf/
þtydkif;? þu@rSmpmaye,fxJodkYajccsEdkif&ef OD;BuD;armif tcGifhtvrf;
yGifhvmjcif;yifjzpfayonf/ tazsmuf&Gmuav;rS &efukefodkYa&mufvmonfh yxrydkif;
umvrSm OD;BuD;armiftzkdY ra&r&maomb0jzpfcJh\/
1414141414 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
um;py,f,mb0rS ½Ir0r*¾Zif;t,f'DwmtzGJUwGif t,f'Dwm? xdkYaemuf
pmayAdrmeft,f'DwmtzGJUwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf OD;BuD;armifonfpmaye,fü
ausmufql;BuD;csEdkifcJhavawmhonf/
pmayAdrmeft,f'Dwmb0wGif xdkpOfu pmayAdrmeftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU Ouú|
jzpfol zqyvtpdk;&0efBuD;csKyfOD;Eku OD;BuD;armifpD;eif;oGm;vmEdkif&eftwGuf
vifh½dkAmum;wpfpD;udkay;cJhavonf/
OD;BuD;armifonf um;xm;&ef*dka'gifr&Sdí tdrfa&SUvrf;ay:üyif um;udkxm;&
ay&m nwGiftdyfraysmfEdkifatmif pdwfylyefaecJh&onf[kqdfkavonf/
xdkYaMumifh þaomuudk MumMumrcHpm;&avatmif vifh½dkAmum;ukd rpD;bJ
jyefay;vkduf\/
aemufwpfzef zqyvtzGJUcsKyfrS xkwfa0aom zqyvpmapmifü t,f'Dwm
tjzpf OD;BuD;armiftm; 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Eku cefYxm;cJhjyef\/
taqmifta,mifESifh pnf;pdrfOpömudk OD;BuD;armifonf rwG,fwm? rrufarm
ouJhodkY Oayu©mjyKrIESifh onf;cHcGifhvTwfEkdifrIwkdYwGifvnf; tHhMozG,f&m&Sdayonf/
OD;BuD;armifonf 1997 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 14 &ufaeYwGif awmifBuD;NrdKUü
uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) cspf Munfa&;MunfñGef Y ? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspf Munfa&;MunfñGef Y ? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspf Munfa&;MunfñGef Y ? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspf Munfa&;MunfñGef Y ? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspf Munfa&;MunfñGef Y ? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\
olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGU tBuHK? pm-59-74/olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGU tBuHK? pm-59-74/olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGU tBuHK? pm-59-74/olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGU tBuHK? pm-59-74/olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGU tBuHK? pm-59-74/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-207-208'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-207-208'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-207-208'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-207-208'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-207-208
ESif h 236-237/ESif h 236-237/ESif h 236-237/ESif h 236-237/ESif h 236-237/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (ESpfcsKyf)? (1998) pm-179-180/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (ESpfcsKyf)? (1998) pm-179-180/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (ESpfcsKyf)? (1998) pm-179-180/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (ESpfcsKyf)? (1998) pm-179-180/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (ESpfcsKyf)? (1998) pm-179-180/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) &mjynfh OD;pk d;ñGef Y? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfh OD;pk d;ñGef Y? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfh OD;pk d;ñGef Y? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfh OD;pk d;ñGef Y? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfh OD;pk d;ñGef Y? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?
pm-80-82/pm-80-82/pm-80-82/pm-80-82/pm-80-82/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 1515151515
OD;MunfZif(em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif)OD;MunfZif(em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif)OD;MunfZif(em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif)OD;MunfZif(em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif)OD;MunfZif(em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif)
pma&;q&m em*awmifwef;armifMunfZiftrnfcH
owif;pmq&mOD;MunfZifudk em*awmifwef;c½dkif? [kr®vif;
NrdKUe,f? armif;cef;&Gmü tz ½Srf;vlrsKd; awmifolBuD;OD;pdk;ydkif? trd
a':apmcifwdkUrS 1931 ckESpfwGif zGm;jrifcJhonf/
OD;MunfZifonf avmukwå&mpmayESifh jrefrmpmaytqDtESpfrsm;udk Zmwd
armif;cef;&Gm? a&Twpfq,fhudk;&Gm *kdPf;csKyfq&mawmf OD;Z,EÅxHwGifvnf;aumif;?
pmaytajccHynmudk q&mOD;bdkaxG;? q&mOD;udkBuD;? q&mOD;bqef; paom vufOD;
q&mrsm;xHwGifvnf;aumif;? 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif; ppfab;tEÅ&m,fudk
ajy;vTm;&if; pmayA[kokwESifh vlUavmuA[kokwrsm;udk rdcifBuD; a':apmcifxH
wGifvnf;aumif; oif,lcJhonf/ ausmif;q&m? jynfolYqufqHa&;t&m&SdESifh xGef;
aeYpOfowif;pmt,f'Dwm tjzpfvkyfudkifcJhonf/
1956 ckESpfrSpí wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktaMumif; a&;om;um pmaye,fxJodkY
0ifcJhonf/ 1957 ckESpfrSpNyD; aMu;rHk*sme,f? [Hom0wDowif;pm? jynfaxmifpk
owif;pm? r@dKifowif;pm? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwdkYwGif em*c½dkifowif;axmuf
tjzpfvkyfudkif&if; 0w¬KwdkESifhaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 1957 ckESpf? arvxkwf
jr0wDr*¾Zif;wGifyg&SdcJhonfh ] ]] ]] ]] ]] ]em*awmifwef;rS xl;qef;aomaMuuGJrIem*awmifwef;rS xl;qef;aomaMuuGJrIem*awmifwef;rS xl;qef;aomaMuuGJrIem*awmifwef;rS xl;qef;aomaMuuGJrIem*awmifwef;rS xl;qef;aomaMuuGJrI} }} }} }} }} }0w¬Kwdkudk
]]em*awmifwef; armifMunfZif}}]]em*awmifwef; armifMunfZif}}]]em*awmifwef; armifMunfZif}}]]em*awmifwef; armifMunfZif}}]]em*awmifwef; armifMunfZif}} uavmiftrnfjzifha&;om;NyD; r*¾Zif;avmuxJodkY
0ifa&mufcJhonf/ ]]awmifay:ajrESihf ajrjyefYyef;}} ]]awmifay:ajrESihf ajrjyefYyef;}} ]]awmifay:ajrESihf ajrjyefYyef;}} ]]awmifay:ajrESihf ajrjyefYyef;}} ]]awmifay:ajrESihf ajrjyefYyef;}} onf yxrqHk;aom0w¬Kjzpfonf/
xdk0w¬Kudk &efuif;½kyf½SifrS½kyf½Sif½dkuful;cJhonf/
OD;MunfZifonf ]]awmifay:ajrESifhajrjyefYyef;}}]]awmifay:ajrESifhajrjyefYyef;}}]]awmifay:ajrESifhajrjyefYyef;}}]]awmifay:ajrESifhajrjyefYyef;}}]]awmifay:ajrESifhajrjyefYyef;}} jzifh 1964 ckESpf trsKd;om;
pmay 0w¬K&SnfyxrqkESifh ]atmifyGJNcdrfhNcdrfh&ifodrfhodrfh}}]atmifyGJNcdrfhNcdrfh&ifodrfhodrfh}}]atmifyGJNcdrfhNcdrfh&ifodrfhodrfh}}]atmifyGJNcdrfhNcdrfh&ifodrfhodrfh}}]atmifyGJNcdrfhNcdrfh&ifodrfhodrfh}} jzifh 1968-ckESpf trsKd;om;
pmay 0w¬K&Snfwwd,qk wdkY&&SdcJhonf/ pmayavmuodkY 0ifvmjcif;rSm wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;nDñGwfa&;ESifh rzGHUNzdK;ao;aoma'orsm;twGuf jyKjyifa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
xkwfazmfvdkaom qE´aMumifhjzpfonf[kqdkonf/
1616161616 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;MunfZifonf awmifay:ajrESifhajrjyefYyef;0w¬Kudk a&;om;&mwGif jynfe,f
a'orsm;\ c&D;vrf;yef; tquftoG,fcufcJrIaMumifh usef;rma&;? pD;yGm;a&;?
ynma&;vkyfief;wdkY zGHUzGHUNzdK;NzdK;r&Sdonfudk jynfrrS acwfynmwwfq&m0ef tkyfcsKyfa&;
orm;ponfwdkYonf jynfe,frsm;odkUoGm;a&muftrIxrf;í zGHNzdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
aqmif&Guf&ef &nf&G,fa&;om;cJhonf/
OD;MunfZif jyKpka&;om;cJhonfh xif&Sm;aompmtkyfrsm;rSm ajyapcsifonhfajyapcsifonhfajyapcsifonhfajyapcsifonhfajyapcsifonhf
onfcspf BudK; (1964)? tu,f'rD ud kvGef;ayG (1965)? aemf (1966)?onfcspf BudK; (1964)? tu,f'rD ud kvGef;ayG (1965)? aemf (1966)?onfcspf BudK; (1964)? tu,f'rD ud kvGef;ayG (1965)? aemf (1966)?onfcspf BudK; (1964)? tu,f'rD ud kvGef;ayG (1965)? aemf (1966)?onfcspf BudK; (1964)? tu,f'rD ud kvGef;ayG (1965)? aemf (1966)?
rcspfaomfvnf; rrkef;yg (1967)? azsmufqdwfyifudkoufaownf (1970)rcspfaomfvnf; rrkef;yg (1967)? azsmufqdwfyifudkoufaownf (1970)rcspfaomfvnf; rrkef;yg (1967)? azsmufqdwfyifudkoufaownf (1970)rcspfaomfvnf; rrkef;yg (1967)? azsmufqdwfyifudkoufaownf (1970)rcspfaomfvnf; rrkef;yg (1967)? azsmufqdwfyifudkoufaownf (1970)
rkef;apcsifbdonf (1971) rkef;apcsifbdonf (1971) rkef;apcsifbdonf (1971) rkef;apcsifbdonf (1971) rkef;apcsifbdonf (1971) wdkYjzpfonf/
OD;MunfZifonf 1978 ckESpf? ZGefv 1 &ufaeYwGifuG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñGef; (4)? pm-194-214/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñGef; (4)? pm-194-214/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñGef; (4)? pm-194-214/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñGef; (4)? pm-194-214/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñGef; (4)? pm-194-214/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef/ (3)? pm-230-231/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef/ (3)? pm-230-231/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef/ (3)? pm-230-231/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef/ (3)? pm-230-231/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef/ (3)? pm-230-231/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-163-165/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-163-165/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-163-165/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-163-165/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-163-165/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? awmifay:ajrESifh ajrjyefYem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? awmifay:ajrESifh ajrjyefYem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? awmifay:ajrESifh ajrjyefYem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? awmifay:ajrESifh ajrjyefYem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? awmifay:ajrESifh ajrjyefY
yef;? (2 Budrf? 1966)/yef;? (2 Budrf? 1966)/yef;? (2 Budrf? 1966)/yef;? (2 Budrf? 1966)/yef;? (2 Budrf? 1966)/
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? em*awmifwef;rSem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? em*awmifwef;rSem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? em*awmifwef;rSem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? em*awmifwef;rSem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? em*awmifwef;rS
xl;qef;aom aMuuGJrI? jr0wD (1957) pm-218-231/xl;qef;aom aMuuGJrI? jr0wD (1957) pm-218-231/xl;qef;aom aMuuGJrI? jr0wD (1957) pm-218-231/xl;qef;aom aMuuGJrI? jr0wD (1957) pm-218-231/xl;qef;aom aMuuGJrI? jr0wD (1957) pm-218-231/
(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) BuHcif;pdk;vGif 1968 ck trsKd;om;pmayqkESif;obif?BuHcif;pdk;vGif 1968 ck trsKd;om;pmayqkESif;obif?BuHcif;pdk;vGif 1968 ck trsKd;om;pmayqkESif;obif?BuHcif;pdk;vGif 1968 ck trsKd;om;pmayqkESif;obif?BuHcif;pdk;vGif 1968 ck trsKd;om;pmayqkESif;obif?
aiGwm&D (Zefe0g&D 1970) pm-18-24 ESifh 179-180/aiGwm&D (Zefe0g&D 1970) pm-18-24 ESifh 179-180/aiGwm&D (Zefe0g&D 1970) pm-18-24 ESifh 179-180/aiGwm&D (Zefe0g&D 1970) pm-18-24 ESifh 179-180/aiGwm&D (Zefe0g&D 1970) pm-18-24 ESifh 179-180/
(7)(7)(7)(7)(7) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm-299/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm-299/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm-299/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm-299/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm-299/
(8)(8)(8)(8)(8) &mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100
pm-165-167pm-165-167pm-165-167pm-165-167pm-165-167
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 1717171717
OD;MunfnGefY (cspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY)OD;MunfnGefY (cspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY)OD;MunfnGefY (cspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY)OD;MunfnGefY (cspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY)OD;MunfnGefY (cspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY)
owif;pmq&m OD;MunfñGef Y ud k tz OD;zd k ;xGm;
(tNidrf;pm;&JrSL;) trd a':cifyk wdkYrS 1933-ckESpf? Zlvdkif 4 &uf
wGif &efukefwdkif;? OuHúNrdKUü arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;MunfñGefYonf yJcl;wdkif;? BudKUyifaumufNrdKU? trsdK;om;
txufwef;ausmif;? {&m0wDwdkif;? [oFmwNrdKUq&m urf;rif;
omoemjyKausmif;? [oFmwtrsdK;om;ausmif;ESifY tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;wdkYwGif
1952 ckESpf q,fwef;txd ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/
1954 ckESpfwGif [oFmwNrdKUrS &efukefNrdKU? &efuif;NrdKUe,fwGif ajymif;a&TU
aexdkifcJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpf ausmif;om;b0rSmyif r@dKifowif;pm\ [oFmwNrdKU
tusdK;aqmif owif;axmufwm0efESifY [oFmwaeYpOfowif;pm t,f'DwmtzJGY
wm0efudk ,lcJY&onf/
1954 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwfdkufü tvkyfoifowif;axmuf
tjzpf 0ifa&muftrIxrf;cJYonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkufü
vcpm;owif;axmuf (Staff Reporter) tjzpf0ifa&muf vkyfudkifcJYonf/
1955-56 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmtoif;ESifY jrefrmEdkifiHbmomjyef
pmaytoif; (pmayAdrmef) wdkYMuD;rSL;zGifYvSpfaom owif;pmynm twwfoif
ausmif;odkYwufa&muf qnf;yl;cJY&m? owif;pmynm'Dyvdkrmudk xl;cGseftqifhjzifh
atmifjrifcJYonf/
OD;MunfñGefYonf taxGaxGowif;axmuf? tm;upm;owif;axmuf? rIcif;
owif;axmuf? w&m;½Hk;owif;axmuf? ½kyf&Sifowif;axmuf? pD;yGm;a&; owif;
axmufESifY EdkifiHa&;owif;axmuftjzpf wm0eftoD;oD; xrf;aqmifcJY&onf/
1962 ckESpfwGif owif;t,f'Dwmwm0efESifY t,f'Dwmtmabmf acgif;BuD;
ydkif;a& ; t,f'Dwmwm0efudk yl;wJGxrf;aqmifcJY&onf/
1980 jynfYESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkufü 'kwd,t,f'DwmcsKyf &mxl;
odkY wdk;jr§ifYcefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1988 ckESpf? EdkifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;
tzJGY tpdk;&vufxufü OD;MunfñGefYtm; jrefrmYtvif; owif;pmwdkufrS vkyfom;
jynfolUaeYpOf owif;pm (jrefrm) odkY ajymif;a&TUwm0ef xrf;aqmifapcJhonf/
1818181818 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
1993 ckESpfwGif vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOf owif;pm (jrefrm)udk jrefrmhtvif;
owif;pmtjzpf ajymif;vJxkwfa0&m OD;MunfñGefYtm; t,f'DwmcsKyf&mxl;odkY wdk;jrSifh
cefYtyfwm0efay;cJhonf/
OD;MunfñGefYonf 2000 jynfhESpfukeftxd t,f'DwmcsKyfwm0efudk xrf;aqmif
cJhNyD;aemuf 2001 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufü t,f'DwmcsKyfwm0efrS tem;,lcJhjyD;?
tMuHay;t&m&dStjzpfESifh a&Tarmif;oH*sme,f t,f'DwmcsKyf wm0efudk 2002 ckESpf
txd xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
OD;MunfñGefYonf 1955 ckESpfrS 1995 ckESpftxd EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifY
vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rIa&;&maqmif;yg;rsm; c&D;oGm;pmayaqmif;yg;rsm;tygt0if?
okw? &oaqmif;yg;yk'fa& wpfaxmifausmfa&;om;cJhjyD; vHk;csif;pmtkyf (15) tkyf
a&;om;yHkEdSyfxkwfa0cJhjyD;jzpfonf/
OD;MunfñGefYonf 1962 ckESpfrS 1966-ckESpftxd jrefrmjynfowif;axmuf
rsm; toif;twGif;a&;rSL; wm0efESifh jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mrsm;toif;wGif
tvkyftrIaqmifaumfrwD0if wm0efwdkYudk xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
1954 ckESpfwGif ]armifoif;BudKif} uavmiftrnfjzifh aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;ü
]emrnfwljyóem} aqmif;yg;udk a&;cJhjyD;? xdkuavmiftrnfjzifh uAsmrsm; a&;om;
cJYonf/ ]bkef;ñGefYaqG} uavmiftrnfjzifYvnf; vlxk*sme,fESifh jynfawmfopf
*sme,fwdkYwGif uAsmrsm;a&;om;cJYonf/
trnf&if;MunfñGefYjzifh 1967 ckESpfrSpí pmtkyfrsm;a&;cJhonf/ MunfñGefY
(jrefrmhtvif; ) [laom trnfjzifYvnf; a&;cJYonf/ ]]OD;Ek? OD;avm½Hk? taygif;tyg
rsm;ESifY e,fcsJU*dkPf;}} (1970) wGif cspfMunfa&; MunfñGefYuavmif trnfpwif
toHk;jyKcJhonf/
OD;MunfñGefY a&;om;xkwfa0jyD;pD;cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;teufrS tcsdKUrSm
]]cspfMunfa&;? cspfMunfa&; vkdYqkdum}} (yxrwJG-1967) 'kwd,wJG (1967) ESifh
aemufqufwJG (1968)? pDtdkifat t½IyfawmfyHkrsm; (1968)? pDtkdifatt½IyfawmfyHk
rsm;ESifh aemufqufwJG (1968)? ocifoef;xGef;\ yJcl;½dk;ray:rS aoG;pGef;aom
aeY&ufrsm; (1969)? OD;Ek OD;avm½Hk taygif;tygrsm;ESifY e,fcsJU*dkPf;? yxrwJG (1970)?
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 1919191919
'kwd,wJG (1970)? ordkif;0if ol&d,jrefrmhtvif;ESifY jrefrmYEdkifiHa&; (y-'k) (1970)/
owif;pmq&mMuD;rsm;\ olwdkYb0 olwdkYtawGUtMuHK (1971)? w½kwf-jrefrm
cspfMunfa&;rSwfwrf; (1973) [lí jzpfonf/
OD;MunfñGefYonf jrefrmEdkifiHpmayESifY pme,fZif;tzJGUA[dkaumfrwDwGif A[dk
trIaqmifaumfrwD0ifwm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJYonf/
OD;MunfñGef Yonf 2004 ckESpf? {jyDv 1 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü
uG,fvGefonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmYtvif;? aMu;rHkema&;aMumfjim/jrefrmYtvif;? aMu;rHkema&;aMumfjim/jrefrmYtvif;? aMu;rHkema&;aMumfjim/jrefrmYtvif;? aMu;rHkema&;aMumfjim/jrefrmYtvif;? aMu;rHkema&;aMumfjim/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) cspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY? ordkif;0if ol&d,jrefrmYcspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY? ordkif;0if ol&d,jrefrmYcspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY? ordkif;0if ol&d,jrefrmYcspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY? ordkif;0if ol&d,jrefrmYcspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY? ordkif;0if ol&d,jrefrmY
tvif;ESif Y jrefrmYEd kifiHa&;/tvif;ESif Y jrefrmYEd kifiHa&;/tvif;ESif Y jrefrmYEd kifiHa&;/tvif;ESif Y jrefrmYEd kifiHa&;/tvif;ESif Y jrefrmYEd kifiHa&;/
2020202020 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;Munfjr (Munfjr)OD;Munfjr (Munfjr)OD;Munfjr (Munfjr)OD;Munfjr (Munfjr)OD;Munfjr (Munfjr)
owif;pmq&m OD;Munfjrudk 1918 ck? Mo*kwfv 23 &uf
aeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü tzOD;pdefBuD;ESifh trda':&if wdkYu arG;zGm;
cJhonf/
OD;Munfjronf atmifeef;&dyfomtv,fwef;ausmif;? aygufNrdKif txufwef;
ausmif;ESifh A[dktrsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;wdkYü ynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ A[dkq&m
jzpfoifausmif;? aemfrefausmif; (wHwm;OD;? tif;0) ü q&mjzpfoifwef;wufcJhonf/
1936 ckESpfü 'dkkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;udkzGifhonf/ Ouú| ocifjrarmif (xD;csKdifh) u
aqmif&Gufí OD;Munfjru twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1300 jynfh
rEÅav;ta&;awmfyHkü ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ ESpfBudrf
xdef;odrf;cH&onf/
1943 ckESpfwGif tif;0aps;csKd&yfüausmif;zGifhNyD; ausmif;q&mvkyfcJhonf/
ausmif;tkyfrSm trfata':tkef; jzpfonf/ 1944 ckESpfwGif &efukefA[ef; oHk;xyf
ausmif;ü *syefuifaywdkiftzrf;cH&onf/ 1944 ckESpfukefcgeD;ü rEÅav; av,mOf
ypftajr§mufwyfü oifwef;wufpOf iSufzsm;a&m*g&&SdcJhonf/ 1946 ckESpfrS
vGwfvyfa&;&onftxd rEÅav;c½dkif A.v.p twGif;a&;rSL;wm0ef,lcJhonf/
xdkaemuf jynfñGefYr*¾Zif;wGif t,f'Dwm? a&mifeD*sme,fESifh rEÅav;*sme,fwdkUwGif
t,f'Dwmtjzpf0ifa&mufvkyfudkifum wpfbufrSvnf; 0w¬Kaqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJh
onf/ jrefrmhvrf;pOfowif;pmt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
1955 ckESpfaemufydkkif;wGif a&Tref;owif;pm (naexkwf)? a&Tref;Armhacwf
owif;pm (aemifref;acwfowif;pm)? &wemyHkowif;pOfpmapmif? rEÅav;Armh
a&SUaqmifowif;pm? yef;wdkif? uav;owif;pm ponfwdkYay:xGufvmygonf/
refae*sm'g½dkufwm OD;pdef0if;? t,f'DwmcsKyfOD;cifarmif? t,f'Dwmrsm;
tjzpf OD;bwkwf? OD;wdk;<u,f? OD;Munfjr? owif;axmufOD;udkudkav;? OD;ñGefYatmifESifh
OD;cifarmifBuD;wdkY pkaygif;vkyfudkifMuonf/
OD;Munfjronf 1952 ckESpfwGif oufxm;vHk;csif;0w¬Kudka&;om;cJhonf/ 1956
ckESpfwGif rEÅav;jrLeDpDyg,f½Hk; a&G;aumufyGJwGif wpfoD;yk*¾vtaejzifh z.q.y.v
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 2121212121
udk,SOfNydKifcJhonf/ 1965 ckESpfrS 1978 ckESpf txd ygwDwm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
1974 ckESpfwGif jynfolYvGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f (rEÅav;ta&SUajrmuf) xdkYaemuf
jynfolYw&m;olBuD;? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD twdkifyifcHOuú| ponfjzifh aqmif&GufcJh
onf/
OD;Munfjronf Munfjruavmiftrnfjzifh jynfolwdkU\pum;jyefpmtkyfwGif
uRefawmfjrwfEdk;aom owif;pmq&mb0 [laomaqmif;yg;a&;om;cJhonf/ ,if;
aqmif;yg;wGif ]]ud k,f hord kif;ud k,fjyefoH k;oyf&vQif uRefawmfb0pk HcJ honf/udk,f hord kif;ud k,fjyefoH k;oyf&vQif uRefawmfb0pk HcJ honf/udk,f hord kif;ud k,fjyefoH k;oyf&vQif uRefawmfb0pk HcJ honf/udk,f hord kif;ud k,fjyefoH k;oyf&vQif uRefawmfb0pk HcJ honf/udk,f hord kif;ud k,fjyefoH k;oyf&vQif uRefawmfb0pk HcJ honf/
EdkifiHa&;orm;? pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m? ausmif;q&m ponfh ponfhEd kifiHa&;orm;? pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m? ausmif;q&m ponfh ponfhEd kifiHa&;orm;? pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m? ausmif;q&m ponfh ponfhEd kifiHa&;orm;? pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m? ausmif;q&m ponfh ponfhEd kifiHa&;orm;? pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m? ausmif;q&m ponfh ponfh
wd k Ywd k Ywd k Ywd k Ywd k Y}} b0 xkdxkdü usifvnfcJhívnf; tcufcJaygif;pHkwdkYudkvnf;&ifqdkif&zl;vSNyD;
atmifEdkifol jzpfcJhzl;ovdk vufajr§muft½IH;ay;cJhzl;olvnf; jzpfcJh&\/ avmuom;
tzkdY þjzpf&yfrsm;um; qef;onfawmhr[kwf/
]]wpfcgu0rf;pma&;aMumif h owif;pmq&mb0udk vufajr§mufcJ hzl;wpfcgu0rf;pma&;aMumif h owif;pmq&mb0udk vufajr§mufcJ hzl;wpfcgu0rf;pma&;aMumif h owif;pmq&mb0udk vufajr§mufcJ hzl;wpfcgu0rf;pma&;aMumif h owif;pmq&mb0udk vufajr§mufcJ hzl;wpfcgu0rf;pma&;aMumif h owif;pmq&mb0udk vufajr§mufcJ hzl;
aomfvnf; pdwfukefcef;oGm;onfr[kwf/ &SdorQtiftm;ESif h usm;ydef wG,faomfvnf; pdwfukefcef;oGm;onfr[kwf/ &SdorQtiftm;ESif h usm;ydef wG,faomfvnf; pdwfukefcef;oGm;onfr[kwf/ &SdorQtiftm;ESif h usm;ydef wG,faomfvnf; pdwfukefcef;oGm;onfr[kwf/ &SdorQtiftm;ESif h usm;ydef wG,faomfvnf; pdwfukefcef;oGm;onfr[kwf/ &SdorQtiftm;ESif h usm;ydef wG,f
wG,fcJ honf/ taMumif;rl vkyfom;jynfolbufu tNrJwrf;&yfwnfcGif hwG,fcJ honf/ taMumif;rl vkyfom;jynfolbufu tNrJwrf;&yfwnfcGif hwG,fcJ honf/ taMumif;rl vkyfom;jynfolbufu tNrJwrf;&yfwnfcGif hwG,fcJ honf/ taMumif;rl vkyfom;jynfolbufu tNrJwrf;&yfwnfcGif hwG,fcJ honf/ taMumif;rl vkyfom;jynfolbufu tNrJwrf;&yfwnfcGif h
&Ed kifaom owif;pmq&mb0udk oHa,mZOfBuD;aomaMumifhyifwnf;&Ed kifaom owif;pmq&mb0udk oHa,mZOfBuD;aomaMumifhyifwnf;&Ed kifaom owif;pmq&mb0udk oHa,mZOfBuD;aomaMumifhyifwnf;&Ed kifaom owif;pmq&mb0udk oHa,mZOfBuD;aomaMumifhyifwnf;&Ed kifaom owif;pmq&mb0udk oHa,mZOfBuD;aomaMumifhyifwnf;}} [k
azmfjyxm;onfrSm owdjyKp&myif jzpfygonf/
OD;Munfjronf 2005 ckESpf? arv 27 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü uG,fvGef
cJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) uefawmhcH oufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwåduefawmhcH oufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwåduefawmhcH oufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwåduefawmhcH oufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwåduefawmhcH oufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwåd
tusOf; (1361) pm- 57-58/ (1362) pm-62-63?tusOf; (1361) pm- 57-58/ (1362) pm-62-63?tusOf; (1361) pm- 57-58/ (1362) pm-62-63?tusOf; (1361) pm- 57-58/ (1362) pm-62-63?tusOf; (1361) pm- 57-58/ (1362) pm-62-63?
(1366) pm-39-40/(1366) pm-39-40/(1366) pm-39-40/(1366) pm-39-40/(1366) pm-39-40/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jynfolwdk Y\pum;jyef? pm 240 -243/jynfolwdk Y\pum;jyef? pm 240 -243/jynfolwdk Y\pum;jyef? pm 240 -243/jynfolwdk Y\pum;jyef? pm 240 -243/jynfolwdk Y\pum;jyef? pm 240 -243/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) 2005 ck? arv (28) &uf? aMu;rHk? jrefrmhtvif;2005 ck? arv (28) &uf? aMu;rHk? jrefrmhtvif;2005 ck? arv (28) &uf? aMu;rHk? jrefrmhtvif;2005 ck? arv (28) &uf? aMu;rHk? jrefrmhtvif;2005 ck? arv (28) &uf? aMu;rHk? jrefrmhtvif;
ema&;aMumfjim/ema&;aMumfjim/ema&;aMumfjim/ema&;aMumfjim/ema&;aMumfjim/
2222222222 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
a':cifpD (bm;rm;'dkif*sufpfa':cifpD)a':cifpD (bm;rm;'dkif*sufpfa':cifpD)a':cifpD (bm;rm;'dkif*sufpfa':cifpD)a':cifpD (bm;rm;'dkif*sufpfa':cifpD)a':cifpD (bm;rm;'dkif*sufpfa':cifpD)
jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif trsKd;orD;t,f'Dwm? owif;
pmq&mr? pma&;q&mr ponfh*kPfyk'ftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh xifay:
ausmfMum;cJhonffh bm;rm;'dkif*sufpfa':cifpDudk jrif;NcHNrdKU? vrf;
0efaxmuf OD;boef;ESifh a':a':jrwdk YrS 1917 ckESpfwGif
zGm;jrifonf/ 1933 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;NrdKU atbDtrf rdef;uav;ausmif;rS q,fwef;
atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1938 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvf rS bDatbGJYudkvnf;aumif;?
1940 jynfhESpfwGif bDtD;'DbGJUudkvnf;aumif; &&SdcJhonf/ *syefacwfwGif udk,fvuf
BuHUcdkifa&;rSL;tjyif tm½Svli,ftpnf;t½Hk;\ tm;upm;rSL;vnf; jzpfcJhonf/
a':cifpDonf [oFmwNrdKU trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;wGif txufwef;
q&mrtjzpftrIxrf;cJhonf/ ppfNyD;p 1946 ckESpfwGif bm;rm;'dkif*sufpfay:vmcJh&m
t,f'DwmrSmOD;ausmfpdk;jzpfí wGJbuft,f'DwmrSm ZeD; a':cifpD jzpfonf/ OD;ausmfpdk;
rSm jyefMum;a&;Xme ñTefMum;a&;0ef jzpfcJhonf/ q&mrBuD;a':cifpDonf &efukefNrdKU
37 vrf;? trSwf (114) wGif ynmAdrmefausmif;wnfaxmifcJhNyD; udk,fwdkif t*Fvdyfpm
ydkYcscJhonf/ tqifhtwef;jrifhí atmifcsufaumif;onf/ ynmAdrmefausmif;udk
1949 ckESpfrS 1958 ckESpftxdzGifhvSpfcJhonf/ *sme,fausmfESifh ,k0wD*sme,fwdkYwGif
aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ ]] a':cifpDrSwfwrf; }} ]] a':cifpDrSwfwrf; }} ]] a':cifpDrSwfwrf; }} ]] a':cifpDrSwfwrf; }} ]] a':cifpDrSwfwrf; }} [laomaqmif;yg;rsm;udk
*sme,fausmfwGifvnf;aumif;? ]] cspforD;jrifhpd k;odk YqHk;rpm }} ]] cspforD;jrifhpd k;odk YqHk;rpm }} ]] cspforD;jrifhpd k;odk YqHk;rpm }} ]] cspforD;jrifhpd k;odk YqHk;rpm }} ]] cspforD;jrifhpd k;odk YqHk;rpm }} [laom aqmif;yg;
udk ,k0wD*sme,füvnf;aumif; MumjrifhpGm a&;om;cJhonf/
a':cifpDonf jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mrsm;toif;\ trIaqmifwpfOD;vnf;
jzpfonfhtjyif 1947 ckESpfü toif;\udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf t*FvefEkdifiHESifh
tar&duefEdkifiHodkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJh&onf/ xdkacwfu bm;rm;'dkif*sufpfrSm
tvGefacwfpm;onf/ 4if;\aqmifyk'frSm ]] jrefrmudk urÇmuodap&efESif h urÇm]] jrefrmudk urÇmuodap&efESif h urÇm]] jrefrmudk urÇmuodap&efESif h urÇm]] jrefrmudk urÇmuodap&efESif h urÇm]] jrefrmudk urÇmuodap&efESif h urÇm
udk jrefrmuodap&ef }} udk jrefrmuodap&ef }} udk jrefrmuodap&ef }} udk jrefrmuodap&ef }} udk jrefrmuodap&ef }} [lí jzpfonf/
bm;rm;'dkif*sufpfpmtkyfi,fonf wpfusyfwefjzpfí wpfvESpfBudrf xkwfa0
cJhonf/ q&mBuD;OD;bMunfESifh q&mOD;[defpGef;wdkY\ umwGef;vuf&mrsm;vnf; awGY&
onf/ bm;rm;'dkif*sufpfwGifuAsm? ya[Vd? umwGef;? [mo/ jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI?
urÇmh owif;rsm;? 'kwd,urÇmppftNyD; jrefrmjynfudkjyefvnfodrf;ydkufaom "mwfyHk
rsm;? a&S;ynm&Sdrsm;\tqdk trdefYrsm;? t,f'DwmxHay;pmrsm;yg0ifonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 2323232323
,Ofaus;rItcef;ü tr&yl&acwf Zmwfobif? vlOD;rif;ESifh zdk;olawmf OD;rif;
wdkYuAsmrsm;? teEÅol&d,\rsufajzvuFm? vIdifxdyfacgifwiftaMumif;? jrefrmh
aus;vufaw;rsm;? Ak'\b0? aus;vufyHkjyifrsm;? rif;wkef;rif;ESifhawGUcef;? 'Gg&0wD
&cdkifaw;rsm;? o"r*aw;xyfbmomjyefrsm;yg0ifonf/ jrefrmpum;yHkrsm;ESifh
&Sif;vif;csufrsm;vnf;ygonf/ ar*smtif'&mZfu *sif;azgtaMumif;a&;í arm&pf
aumvpfu OuúmysH\0gacgifvbGJUudk bmomjyefxm;Muonf/ *lajymufBuD; ausmuf
pm? jrefrm"avhxHk;pHrsm;? rif;uGef;acgif;avmif;? rEÅav;awmif? &wemyHkowif;pm
b0rS jrefrmhtvif;odkY? *syefuAsmbmomjyefrsm;? w*dk;? tdyf*sD0Jvf? avmif;zJvdk;?
bm;e'fa½Sm wdkYtqdktrdefYrsm;? tdkif;pwdkif;u bmtarGay;cJhovJ? a0vrif;om;
eef;pGefYpOfu eef;&if;0efb,folvJ paomtar;rsdK;vnf; ygonf/ vlodrsm;aom
t*FvdyfuAsm rsm;udk jrefrmpum;vHk;xnfhízGJYaom [mowdkYvnf; yg0ifonf/
1948 ckESpfxkwf uavmif&Sifr*¾Zif;ü a':cifpDonf ]]BuHK&qHk& þ'ku©}}
trnfjzifh aqmif;yg;a&;cJhonf/ a':cifpDonf ]]Ed kifiHjcm;rSmawmhpmwpftkyfESif h]]Ed kifiHjcm;rSmawmhpmwpftkyfESif h]]Ed kifiHjcm;rSmawmhpmwpftkyfESif h]]Ed kifiHjcm;rSmawmhpmwpftkyfESif h]]Ed kifiHjcm;rSmawmhpmwpftkyfESif h
ola|;jzpfEd kifw,f/ pma&;q&mu vlxkud k jyKjyifay;vsuf&S dayr,fh 'DrSmola|;jzpfEd kifw,f/ pma&;q&mu vlxkud k jyKjyifay;vsuf&S dayr,fh 'DrSmola|;jzpfEd kifw,f/ pma&;q&mu vlxkud k jyKjyifay;vsuf&S dayr,fh 'DrSmola|;jzpfEd kifw,f/ pma&;q&mu vlxkud k jyKjyifay;vsuf&S dayr,fh 'DrSmola|;jzpfEd kifw,f/ pma&;q&mu vlxkud k jyKjyifay;vsuf&S dayr,fh 'DrSm
awmh vlxktBudKufudkyJ vdkufa&;ae&vdk Y pma&;q&mr[kwf? (q) a&;q&mawmh vlxktBudKufudkyJ vdkufa&;ae&vdk Y pma&;q&mr[kwf? (q) a&;q&mawmh vlxktBudKufudkyJ vdkufa&;ae&vdk Y pma&;q&mr[kwf? (q) a&;q&mawmh vlxktBudKufudkyJ vdkufa&;ae&vdk Y pma&;q&mr[kwf? (q) a&;q&mawmh vlxktBudKufudkyJ vdkufa&;ae&vdk Y pma&;q&mr[kwf? (q) a&;q&m
jzpfaew,f/ vlxktBudKuf (q) NyD;a&;ae&w,f/ vl&G,fawGuvnf;jzpfaew,f/ vlxktBudKuf (q) NyD;a&;ae&w,f/ vl&G,fawGuvnf;jzpfaew,f/ vlxktBudKuf (q) NyD;a&;ae&w,f/ vl&G,fawGuvnf;jzpfaew,f/ vlxktBudKuf (q) NyD;a&;ae&w,f/ vl&G,fawGuvnf;jzpfaew,f/ vlxktBudKuf (q) NyD;a&;ae&w,f/ vl&G,fawGuvnf;
rdbyd kufqHud k jzKef;NyD; enf;ay;vrf;jypmtkyfqd k&ifrzwfcsifMubl;/ rcsrf;rdbyd kufqHud k jzKef;NyD; enf;ay;vrf;jypmtkyfqd k&ifrzwfcsifMubl;/ rcsrf;rdbyd kufqHud k jzKef;NyD; enf;ay;vrf;jypmtkyfqd k&ifrzwfcsifMubl;/ rcsrf;rdbyd kufqHud k jzKef;NyD; enf;ay;vrf;jypmtkyfqd k&ifrzwfcsifMubl;/ rcsrf;rdbyd kufqHud k jzKef;NyD; enf;ay;vrf;jypmtkyfqd k&ifrzwfcsifMubl;/ rcsrf;
omcsifae? wdkif;jynf tusKd;,kwfr,fhpmqdk&if b,fawmhrSra&;bl;/ vli,fomcsifae? wdkif;jynf tusKd;,kwfr,fhpmqdk&if b,fawmhrSra&;bl;/ vli,fomcsifae? wdkif;jynf tusKd;,kwfr,fhpmqdk&if b,fawmhrSra&;bl;/ vli,fomcsifae? wdkif;jynf tusKd;,kwfr,fhpmqdk&if b,fawmhrSra&;bl;/ vli,fomcsifae? wdkif;jynf tusKd;,kwfr,fhpmqdk&if b,fawmhrSra&;bl;/ vli,f
awG[m EkdifiHa&;orm;a,mifa,mifESif h olwdk Yom em;vnfw,fxifaevdk YawG[m EkdifiHa&;orm;a,mifa,mifESif h olwdk Yom em;vnfw,fxifaevdk YawG[m EkdifiHa&;orm;a,mifa,mifESif h olwdk Yom em;vnfw,fxifaevdk YawG[m EkdifiHa&;orm;a,mifa,mifESif h olwdk Yom em;vnfw,fxifaevdk YawG[m EkdifiHa&;orm;a,mifa,mifESif h olwdk Yom em;vnfw,fxifaevdk Y
at;at;yJaewmaumif;w,f/ oydwfvufeufE Si f h ajcmufvd ka jcmuf?at;at;yJaewmaumif;w,f/ oydwfvufeufE Si f h ajcmufvd ka jcmuf?at;at;yJaewmaumif;w,f/ oydwfvufeufE Si f h ajcmufvd ka jcmuf?at;at;yJaewmaumif;w,f/ oydwfvufeufE Si f h ajcmufvd ka jcmuf?at;at;yJaewmaumif;w,f/ oydwfvufeufE Si f h ajcmufvd ka jcmuf?
E d ki fi Ha&;orm;awGajc0ifxd k ;vd k Y olwd k Yynma&;vnf; e dr f husuke fw,f/E d ki fi Ha&;orm;awGajc0ifxd k ;vd k Y olwd k Yynma&;vnf; e dr f husuke fw,f/E d ki fi Ha&;orm;awGajc0ifxd k ;vd k Y olwd k Yynma&;vnf; e dr f husuke fw,f/E d ki fi Ha&;orm;awGajc0ifxd k ;vd k Y olwd k Yynma&;vnf; e dr f husuke fw,f/E d ki fi Ha&;orm;awGajc0ifxd k ;vd k Y olwd k Yynma&;vnf; e dr f husuke fw,f/
Ed ki fi Ha&;orm;a,mifa,mif? ukefonfa,mifa,mifwd k Yuvnf; tifpyd k YE d ki fi Ha&;orm;a,mifa,mif? ukefonfa,mifa,mifwd k Yuvnf; tifpyd k YE d ki fi Ha&;orm;a,mifa,mif? ukefonfa,mifa,mifwd k Yuvnf; tifpyd k YE d ki fi Ha&;orm;a,mifa,mif? ukefonfa,mifa,mifwd k Yuvnf; tifpyd k YE d ki fi Ha&;orm;a,mifa,mif? ukefonfa,mifa,mifwd k Yuvnf; tifpyd k Y
vdkifpifawGawmif;? vlrsK d;jcm;udka&mif;ESif h vlxkaumif;pm;a&; qdkwmawGvdkifpifawGawmif;? vlrsK d;jcm;udka&mif;ESif h vlxkaumif;pm;a&; qdkwmawGvdkifpifawGawmif;? vlrsK d;jcm;udka&mif;ESif h vlxkaumif;pm;a&; qdkwmawGvdkifpifawGawmif;? vlrsK d;jcm;udka&mif;ESif h vlxkaumif;pm;a&; qdkwmawGvdkifpifawGawmif;? vlrsK d;jcm;udka&mif;ESif h vlxkaumif;pm;a&; qdkwmawG
uvnf;rsm;ygbd/ r,fr,f&&ajymp&mawmh bmrQr&Sd}} uvnf;rsm;ygbd/ r,fr,f&&ajymp&mawmh bmrQr&Sd}} uvnf;rsm;ygbd/ r,fr,f&&ajymp&mawmh bmrQr&Sd}} uvnf;rsm;ygbd/ r,fr,f&&ajymp&mawmh bmrQr&Sd}} uvnf;rsm;ygbd/ r,fr,f&&ajymp&mawmh bmrQr&Sd}} ponfh tmabmfrsKd;
udkvnf;a&;om;cJhonf/
a':cifpDonf ausmif;q&mr? owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&mtjzpfEdkifiHudk
tusKd;jyKcJhNyD; &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ ///// apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsKd;orD;? pm 173/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsKd;orD;? pm 173/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsKd;orD;? pm 173/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsKd;orD;? pm 173/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsKd;orD;? pm 173/
2424242424 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;cifarmif (olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmif)OD;cifarmif (olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmif)OD;cifarmif (olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmif)OD;cifarmif (olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmif)OD;cifarmif (olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmif)
jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmif[k
ausmfMum;cJYonfY owif;pm q&m OD;cifarmifudk 1892 ckESpfwGif
BuHcif;NrdKUüzGm;jrifcJYonf/ tbrSm ynmtkyf OD;pdk;az jzpfonf/
OD;cifarmifonf 1916 ckESpfwGif &efukefaumvdyfrS bDat
atmifjrifcJYonf/ bDatatmifNyD;aemuf q&mjzpfvufrSwf&í
oxkHNrdKUwGif ausmif;q&mvkyfchJonf/ OD;cifarmifonfausmif;q&mtvkyfrSxGufNyD;
jrefrmrsm;xkwfa0aom ]]bm;rm; atmY (zf) Zm;Am;}} ac:t*FvdyfbmomjzifY xkwfa0
aom owif;pmwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJY&m xdkowif;pm ydwfvdkufonfY
txdjzpfonf/
OD;cifarmifonf ]]bm;rm;atmY(zf)Zm;Am;}} owif;pmydwfvdkufaomtcg
ol&d,owif;pmwGif bBuD;babwdkYESifYtwlwGJzufí t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Guf
cJYonf/ xdkacwfwGif EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;ü yg0if&m ]]*sD-pD-bD-at}} ac: jrefrm
toif;csKyfESifY ]]bm;rm;&Dazgif;vd}} wkdYüvufaxmuftusdK;aqmif ('k-twGif;a&;rSL;)
tjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ ,if;tjyif ]]0dkif-trf-bD-at}} ac: Ak'bmom uvsmP
,k0toif;BuD;wGifvnf; tusdK;aqmiftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ ol&d,
owif;pmwGif t,f'DwmvkyfcJYpOfu tdEd,Oya'jyK vTwfawmfrif;wkdifyif trwf
tjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/
xdkYaemuf OD;cifarmifonf tpdk;&tvkyfwGif0ifí olBuD;a*Zuf owif;pm
üt,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ NAdwdoQacwfu tpdk;&ydkifolBuD;a*Zuf
owif;pmwGif t,f'DwmtjzpfESpftawmfMumatmif aqmif&GufcJYzl;aomaMumifY
olBuD;a*ZufOD;cifarmif[kqdkvQif vlodrsm;cJYonf/
OD;cifarmifonf ]]awmom;}} [laomuavmiftrnfjzifY t*Fvdyfowif;pm
rsm;wGifa&;avY&Sdonf/ ol\ a&;om;csufrsm;udk jrefrmtrsdK;om;ESifY jrefrmtrsdK;orD;
rsm;omru EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;uyif txl;ESpfoufMuonf/ txl;ojzifY t*Fvdyfpm
a&;&mwGif xl;cRefonf/ t*FvdyfjrefrmESpfbmomwGifESHYpyfaomyk*¾dKvfjzpfonf/
rsdK;cspfpdwfxufoefonf/ pdwfaumif;&Sdonf/ oabmxm;odrfarGYíMuifemwwf
onf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 2525252525
OD;cifarmifonf olBuD;a*Zuft,f'DwmtjzpfrS jyefMum;a&;Xme ñTefMum;
a&;0eftjzpf *syefrsm; jrefrmjynfudk odrf;ydkufonftxdaqmif&GufcJYonf/ ppfNyD;í
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&vufxufwGif jyefMum;a&;Xme? ñTefMum;a&;0eftjzpf
aqmif&GufcJY&jyefonf/ 0PÖausmfxifbGJUudkvnf; csD;jr§ifYjcif;cHcJY&onf/ rusef;rmí
tvkyfrS EkwfxGufcJYonf/ *syefacwf t"dywda'gufwmbarmftpdk;& vufxuf
ynmpG,fpHkusrf;xkwfa0&ef pDpOf&mwGif OD;cifarmifonf wm0efcHwpfOD; jzpfonf/
tbd"mefXmetzGJYi,fwGifvnf;aumif;? twkdifyifcH pmwnf;tzJGUwGifvnf;aumif;
yg0ifcJYonf/
OD;cifarmifonf 1952 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv? 21 &ufwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef
cJYonf/
ukd;um;&eftñTef;/ukd;um;&eftñTef;/ukd;um;&eftñTef;/ukd;um;&eftñTef;/ukd;um;&eftñTef;/ ///// a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;? pm -21/a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;? pm -21/a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;? pm -21/a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;? pm -21/a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;? pm -21/
2626262626 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;cifarmif ( owif;axmufcifarmif-zsmykH)OD;cifarmif ( owif;axmufcifarmif-zsmykH)OD;cifarmif ( owif;axmufcifarmif-zsmykH)OD;cifarmif ( owif;axmufcifarmif-zsmykH)OD;cifarmif ( owif;axmufcifarmif-zsmykH)
owif;pmq&m OD;cifarmifudk tz ajrydkif½Sif [m*sD
OD;tyÜ'ltmZpf? trd a':rJ'gZGefwdkYrS {&m0wDwkdif;? zsmyHkc½kdif?
zsmyHkNrdKU? trSwf - 108? 11 vrf;? 10 &yfuGufwGif 1914
ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 3 &ufü arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;cifarmifonf zsmyHkNrdKU? [dkufpul;ausmif;wGif t*Fvdyfjrefrm 7 wef; txd
ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/ i,fpOfuyif owif;pmynmudk qnf;yl;cJYonf/ OD;cifarmif
onf 1957 ckESpfwGif vif;,kefaeYpOf owif;pm? 1958 ckESpfwGif oHrPdaeYpOf
owif;pm? 1959 ckESpfwGif bGif;bGif; aeYpOfowif;pmwdkYESifh 1961 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv
txd jynfolYtdk;a0 aeYpOfowif;pm\ zsmyHkNrdKUe,fowif;axmuftjzpf aqmif&GufcJY
onf/ owif;a&;om;rIESifY ywfoufjyD;? owif;pmq&m OD;ndKjr\ csD;usL;jcif;udk
cHcJY&onf/
OD;cifarmif\ rSwfpkwpfae&mwGif ]]ukd,fusdK;udk rw&m;&SmazGvkdolrsm;? txd]]ukd,fusdK;udk rw&m;&SmazGvkdolrsm;? txd]]ukd,fusdK;udk rw&m;&SmazGvkdolrsm;? txd]]ukd,fusdK;udk rw&m;&SmazGvkdolrsm;? txd]]ukd,fusdK;udk rw&m;&SmazGvkdolrsm;? txd
emjcif;rSm raxmif;wmvSyg/ odkYaomffvnf; ½kd;om;olrsm;? ukd,fusdK;r&Smwwfolrsm;emjcif;rSm raxmif;wmvSyg/ odkYaomffvnf; ½kd;om;olrsm;? ukd,fusdK;r&Smwwfolrsm;emjcif;rSm raxmif;wmvSyg/ odkYaomffvnf; ½kd;om;olrsm;? ukd,fusdK;r&Smwwfolrsm;emjcif;rSm raxmif;wmvSyg/ odkYaomffvnf; ½kd;om;olrsm;? ukd,fusdK;r&Smwwfolrsm;emjcif;rSm raxmif;wmvSyg/ odkYaomffvnf; ½kd;om;olrsm;? ukd,fusdK;r&Smwwfolrsm;
tvdrfcH&jcif;rSmrl 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;vSonf/ twkta,mif aqmifMuonfhtvdrfcH&jcif;rSmrl 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;vSonf/ twkta,mif aqmifMuonfhtvdrfcH&jcif;rSmrl 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;vSonf/ twkta,mif aqmifMuonfhtvdrfcH&jcif;rSmrl 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;vSonf/ twkta,mif aqmifMuonfhtvdrfcH&jcif;rSmrl 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;vSonf/ twkta,mif aqmifMuonfh
vlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf&SmazGNyD; jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,loifhvlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf&SmazGNyD; jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,loifhvlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf&SmazGNyD; jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,loifhvlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf&SmazGNyD; jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,loifhvlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf&SmazGNyD; jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,loifh
onf/ wm0efodaom owif;axmufrsm;taejzifhvnf; ,if;odkYaom trIrsm;ukdonf/ wm0efodaom owif;axmufrsm;taejzifhvnf; ,if;odkYaom trIrsm;ukdonf/ wm0efodaom owif;axmufrsm;taejzifhvnf; ,if;odkYaom trIrsm;ukdonf/ wm0efodaom owif;axmufrsm;taejzifhvnf; ,if;odkYaom trIrsm;ukdonf/ wm0efodaom owif;axmufrsm;taejzifhvnf; ,if;odkYaom trIrsm;ukd
azmfxkwfjcif;? vdrfolukd&atmif&SmazGNyD;? rsufESmzHk;cGmjyjcif;? tvdrfcH&oluyg r&Sufazmfxkwfjcif;? vdrfolukd&atmif&SmazGNyD;? rsufESmzHk;cGmjyjcif;? tvdrfcH&oluyg r&Sufazmfxkwfjcif;? vdrfolukd&atmif&SmazGNyD;? rsufESmzHk;cGmjyjcif;? tvdrfcH&oluyg r&Sufazmfxkwfjcif;? vdrfolukd&atmif&SmazGNyD;? rsufESmzHk;cGmjyjcif;? tvdrfcH&oluyg r&Sufazmfxkwfjcif;? vdrfolukd&atmif&SmazGNyD;? rsufESmzHk;cGmjyjcif;? tvdrfcH&oluyg r&Suf
raMumufoufqkdif&modkY wkdifwef;jcif;rsm;jzifh xda&mufpGm[efYwm;wkdufxkwfoifhraMumufoufqkdif&modkY wkdifwef;jcif;rsm;jzifh xda&mufpGm[efYwm;wkdufxkwfoifhraMumufoufqkdif&modkY wkdifwef;jcif;rsm;jzifh xda&mufpGm[efYwm;wkdufxkwfoifhraMumufoufqkdif&modkY wkdifwef;jcif;rsm;jzifh xda&mufpGm[efYwm;wkdufxkwfoifhraMumufoufqkdif&modkY wkdifwef;jcif;rsm;jzifh xda&mufpGm[efYwm;wkdufxkwfoifh
onf/ vlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;[lonf wkdif;jynftwGuf qefukefajrav;rsm;omonf/ vlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;[lonf wkdif;jynftwGuf qefukefajrav;rsm;omonf/ vlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;[lonf wkdif;jynftwGuf qefukefajrav;rsm;omonf/ vlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;[lonf wkdif;jynftwGuf qefukefajrav;rsm;omonf/ vlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;[lonf wkdif;jynftwGuf qefukefajrav;rsm;om
jzpfonf}}jzpfonf}}jzpfonf}}jzpfonf}}jzpfonf}} [k rSwfom;xm;onfudk zwf&onf/
OD;cifarmifonf zsmyHkNrdKUe,fowif;axmuftjzpf aqmif&GufaepOf 1962
ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 14 &ufaeYwGif zsmyHkNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) vif;,kefaeYpOfowif;pm 6.4.1958/vif;,kefaeYpOfowif;pm 6.4.1958/vif;,kefaeYpOfowif;pm 6.4.1958/vif;,kefaeYpOfowif;pm 6.4.1958/vif;,kefaeYpOfowif;pm 6.4.1958/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) owif;axmufcef Ypmrsm;/owif;axmufcef Ypmrsm;/owif;axmufcef Ypmrsm;/owif;axmufcef Ypmrsm;/owif;axmufcef Ypmrsm;/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) bGif;bGif;aeYpOf/bGif;bGif;aeYpOf/bGif;bGif;aeYpOf/bGif;bGif;aeYpOf/bGif;bGif;aeYpOf/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) jynfolUtd k;a0aeYpOf/jynfolUtd k;a0aeYpOf/jynfolUtd k;a0aeYpOf/jynfolUtd k;a0aeYpOf/jynfolUtd k;a0aeYpOf/
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) OD;cifarmif\ rSwfpkrsm;/OD;cifarmif\ rSwfpkrsm;/OD;cifarmif\ rSwfpkrsm;/OD;cifarmif\ rSwfpkrsm;/OD;cifarmif\ rSwfpkrsm;/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 2727272727
OD;cifarmif&D (pdefcifarmif&D)OD;cifarmif&D (pdefcifarmif&D)OD;cifarmif&D (pdefcifarmif&D)OD;cifarmif&D (pdefcifarmif&D)OD;cifarmif&D (pdefcifarmif&D)
owif;pmq&m pdefcifarmif&D trnfcH OD;cifarmif&Dudk
uG,fvGefolpma&;q&m ykvdyf t&m&SdwpfOD;trnfcH c½dkif&J0ef
OD;baomf (jypfrIr*¾Zif; pwif xlaxmifol) ESifh a':rrav;wdkYu
1925 ckESpf? rHk&GmNrdKUteD;? tvHk&GmwGif zGm;jrifonf/ uavmif
trnfrSm pdefcifarmif&D jzpfonf/
OD;cifarmif&Donf rkH&GmNrdKU? Ak'bmomtxufwef;ausmif;wGif aepOfuwnf;
u e,fowif;axmuftjzpf owif;pmrsm;wGif owif;ESif h aqmif;yg;rsm;
a&;om;cJhonf/ *syefacwfwGif rHk&Gmc½dkiftm½Svli,ftpnf;t½Hk; ÓPAvrSL;tjzpf
aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;c½dkif ausmif;om;or*¾Ouú|tjzpf
aqmif&GufcJhonf/S 1949 ckESpfwGif &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU0if
ESifh ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIBudK;udkifaumfrwD0ifjzpfcJhonf/ ya'omr*¾Zif;wGif
t,f'DwmjzpfcJhonf/
OD;cifarmif&Donf ]]eef;NrdKif}} ]],Ofndrf;}} ]]eef;NrdKif}} ]],Ofndrf;}} ]]eef;NrdKif}} ]],Ofndrf;}} ]]eef;NrdKif}} ]],Ofndrf;}} ]]eef;NrdKif}} ]],Ofndrf;}} paomuavmiftrnfrsm;jzifh
0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&Snfbmomjyefrsm; a&;om;cJhonf/ 1952 ckESpfrS 1956 ckESpftwGif;
owif;pm avmuodkY0ifa&mufcJhNyD; pD;yGm;a&;? tdk;a0? Arm0g'? ArmhacwfESifh ,leD,H
a*Zufowif;pmrsm;wGif owif;t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ aMu;rHkowif;pm
xkwfa0&ef owif;pmwdkufwnfaxmif&mwGif wnfaxmifolwpfOD;tjzpfvnf;
yg0ifcJhonf/ aMu;rHkowif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf 1963 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvtxd
vkyfudkifcJhonf/
OD;cifarmif&Donf jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif;wGif 1959 ckESpfrS 1965
ckESpftxd twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1962 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH owif;
aumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiH ½kyf½SifqifqmtzGJU0iftjzpf
vnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1957-58 ckESpfwGif wm½Sfuiftm½Stmz&du pma&;
q&m nDvmcHodkYvnf;aumif;? 1963 ckESpfwGif owif;pmudk,fpm;vS,f tzGJU0ifwpfOD;
tjzpf t*FvefEdkifiHodkU oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ 1968 ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif tdk;a0
2828282828 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
*sme,fwm0efcH t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1969 ckESpf? {NyDvrS pí jzL?
eD? ñdk? jym r*¾Zif;udk wm0efcHxkwfa0cJhonf/
OD;cifarmif&Donf jyZmwfrsm;a&;om;cJh&m ajrydkif&SifOD;uHaumif;ESifh orD;rsm;?
Muufuif? 'dkif;añ§mifh? rsufESmzHk;ESifh tjcm;jyZmwfpmayrsm;jzpfonf/ bmomjyef
pmtkyfrsm;tjzpf ,Ofndrf;uavmiftrnfjzifh ]]olcd k;ESif ht½dk;cHrav;}}]]olcd k;ESif ht½dk;cHrav;}}]]olcd k;ESif ht½dk;cHrav;}}]]olcd k;ESif ht½dk;cHrav;}}]]olcd k;ESif ht½dk;cHrav;}} ]]qdkzD,m]]qdkzD,m]]qdkzD,m]]qdkzD,m]]qdkzD,m
avmh&if}} avmh&if}} avmh&if}} avmh&if}} avmh&if}} pmtkyfrsm;a&;om;cJhonf/
]]temw[ef}} ]]temw[ef}} ]]temw[ef}} ]]temw[ef}} ]]temw[ef}} bmomjyefpmtkyfjzifh 1985 ckESpf trsKd;om;pmayqk? bmom
jyefokwqk &&SdcJhonf/ OD;cifarmif&Donf oDcsif;rsm;vnf;a&;om;cJh&m apmif;odef;az
oDqdkaom ]]aiGn§dKUyif}}]]aiGn§dKUyif}}]]aiGn§dKUyif}}]]aiGn§dKUyif}}]]aiGn§dKUyif}} oDcsif;onf OD;cifarmif&D\ xif&Sm;aom vuf&mjzpfonf/
OD;cifarmif&Donf ½kyf½SifZmwfñGef;rsm;udkvnf;a&;cJh&m ]]a&Tvufjzifh ac:vJ]]a&Tvufjzifh ac:vJ]]a&Tvufjzifh ac:vJ]]a&Tvufjzifh ac:vJ]]a&Tvufjzifh ac:vJ
rvm}} ]]trGefuwpfbuf? olwrvm}} ]]trGefuwpfbuf? olwrvm}} ]]trGefuwpfbuf? olwrvm}} ]]trGefuwpfbuf? olwrvm}} ]]trGefuwpfbuf? olwdkYuwpfbuf}}uwpfbuf}}uwpfbuf}}uwpfbuf}}uwpfbuf}} ½kyf&SifZmwfñTef;wdkYudk a&;om;cJh
onf/
pmayESifhpme,fZif;tzGJU0ifwpfOD;jzpfol OD;cifarmif&Donf ruG,fvGefrDtxd
ra[oDr*¾Zif;wGif yifwdkif½kyf½Sif a0zefa&;aqmif;yg;ESifh tjcm;r*¾Zif;pmapmifrsm;
wGif ½kyf½Sif? tEkynmjyZmwfqdkif&maqmif;yg;? bmomjyefrsm;? 0w¬Krsm; trsm;tjym;
a&;om;cJhonf/
OD;cifarmif&Donf 1992 ckESpf? rwfv 7 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef
onf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ ///// jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm-189/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm-189/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm-189/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm-189/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm-189/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 2929292929
OD;cifarmifvwf (cifarmifvwf)OD;cifarmifvwf (cifarmifvwf)OD;cifarmifvwf (cifarmifvwf)OD;cifarmifvwf (cifarmifvwf)OD;cifarmifvwf (cifarmifvwf)
owif;pmq&m OD;cifarmifvwfudk 1915 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv
24 &ufwGif zcifOD;ñGefY ESifY trd a':cifoGJU wdkYu rHk&GmNrdKUü
arG;zGm;onf/ 1920 jynfY ,leDAmpDwD tufOya'udk uefYuGufaom
ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;rS aygufzGm;onhf ]]ae&Sife,fausmif;}} ac:
]]trsdK;om;ausmif;}} rsm;ay:aygufvmaomtcg rHk&GmNrdKU q&mBuD; OD;azBuD;rSL;aom
ae;&Sif;ausmif;wGif 9 wef;txd ynmoif,lcJYonf/ 10 wef;a&mufaomtcg
q&mBuD; OD;cBuD;rSL;aom rHk&GmAk'bmomtxufwef;ausmif;okdY ajymif;a&TUí ynm
oif,lcJYonf/ xdk ausmif;rS 10 wef; atmifjrifcJYonf/
1936 ckESpfwGif bHkabbm;rm;opfukrÜPDwGif tvkyfpwifvkyfudkifcJYonf/
xdkYaemuf pDtdkif'DpHkaxmuf½Hk;wGif jrefrmt*Fvdyfbmomjyeftvkyfudk vkyfudkifcJYonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif; *syefuay;aom jrefrmYvGwfvyfa&;acwfwGif EkdifiHjcm;½Hk;ü
EkdifiHjcm;a&;vufaxmuftwGif;0eftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ ppfBuD;tNyD;wGif
t*FvdyfvlrsdK;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaom (jynfolY&du©maxmufyHYa&;tzGJY) wGif owif;
qufoG,fa&;t&m&Sdtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/
1948 ckESpfwGif oufBuD;wuúodkvfodkYwufí bDat (B.A) pmar;yGJudk ajzqdk
atmifjrifcJYonf/
&efukefwuúodkvfwGif t*Fvdyfpmenf;jyq&mvkyf&if; trfat (M.A) bGJU
&&SdcJYonf/ vufaxmufuxdu tjzpfrS tvkyfxGufí jyifyt*Fvdyfpmoifwef;rsm;
udk zGifYvSpfydkYcscJYonf/
1964 ckESpfrS 1968 ckESpftxd ]]vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOf}} t*Fvdyfowif;pm
''The Working People's Daily'' wGif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpftrIxrf;cJYonf/
OD;cifarmifvwfa&;om;cJYaompmtkyfrsm;rSm (1) Everyday Expression inEnglish? (2) t*Fvdyfpm wwfvdkaomf? (3) Exercises on Everyday Expression inEnglish wdkYjzpfMuonf/
OD;cifarmifvwfonf 1996 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (1) &ufaeUwGif &efukefNrdKUü
uG,fvGefcJYonf/ q&mOD;cifarmifvwf\ZeD;rSm owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&mrBuD;
a':cifrsKd;cspfjzpfonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ ///// jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1997) pm - 174jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1997) pm - 174jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1997) pm - 174jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1997) pm - 174jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1997) pm - 174
3030303030 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;cifarmifOD; (taxmufawmftkef;jrifh)OD;cifarmifOD; (taxmufawmftkef;jrifh)OD;cifarmifOD; (taxmufawmftkef;jrifh)OD;cifarmifOD; (taxmufawmftkef;jrifh)OD;cifarmifOD; (taxmufawmftkef;jrifh)
owif;pmq&m OD;cifarmifOD;udk wGif;pm;½dk; OD;tkef;wif
trd a':cif*srf;wdkYrS 1920 jynfYESpf? 'DZifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif
rif;bl;NrdKUü arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;cifarmifOD;onf 1937 ckESpfwGif a&eHacsmif;NrdKUtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rS
10 wef; atmifjrifcJYonf/ 1942 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfrS 0dZÆm (*kPfxl;) bGJY
&cJhonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH0efxrf; (tBuD;wef;) pmar;yGJajzqdk atmifjrif
um e,fydkif0efaxmuftjzpftrIxrf;cJYonf/
1947 ckESpfwGif 0efxrf;b0rSEkwfxGufNyD; ]]Armhacwf}}owif;pmt,f'Dwm
tjzpfESifY owif;pmavmuodkYpwif 0ifa&mufcJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpfwGif ]]ae;&Sif;}}
t*Fvdyfowif;pmodkY owif;t,f'Dwmtjzpfajymif;a&TUxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ ae;&Sif;
(NATION) owif;pmwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufpOf ''Inside Burma'' acgif;pOf
jzifY jrefrmjynfwGif;jzpfysufaeaompD;yGm;a&;? EkdifiHa&;ESifY aomif;usef;olrsm;ta&;
wdkYudk t*FvdyfbmomjzifYaqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;ay;ydkYcJYonf/ 1957 ckESpfwGif
]]taxmufawmf}} owif;pmudkwnfaxmifumxkwfa0olESifY t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf
1963 ckESpftxd wm0ef,lcJYonf/ taxmufawmftkef;jrifYtjzpf xifay:ausmfMum;
cJYonf/
OD;cifarmifOD;onf jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? pmaypdppfa&;ESifh owif;
axmufvSrf;a&;XmecGJwGifvnf; 'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;0eftjzpf 1965 ckESpfrS 1970
jynfYESpftxd xrf;aqmifcJYonf/ 1955 ckESpf? jrefrmEdkifiH owif;pmq&mtoif;\
pwkw¬r@dKif a&TwHqdyfqk (taumif;qHk;owif;qk) csD;jrSifYjcif;cH&onf/ 1965 ckESpfrS
1975 ckESpftxd ]]*g;'D;,ef;}} (t*Fvdyf) owif;pmwGif ATTOM uavmiftrnfjzifY
yifwdkifaqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJYonf/ owif;pmq&mtjzpf 1948 ckESpfwGif NAdwdef
EdkifiHodkYvnf;aumif;? 1953 ckESpfwGif befaumufNrdKUü usif;yaom av;EdkifiH
uGefz&ifYokdYvnf;aumif;? 1954 ckESpfwGif usL;ausmfolautrfwD w½kwfjzLrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;rS qkwfcGmyGJowif;,l&ef xdkif;EdkifiHokdYvnf;aumif;? 1956 ckESpf
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 3131313131
wGif tpöa&;? NAdwdefESifY Oa&mywdkufEdkifiHrsm;odkY vnf;aumif;? 1961 ckESpfwGif
awmifAD,uferfEdkifiH or®wa&G;yGJ? taemuf*smreD? jyifopf? NAdwdef? tar&duef
jynfaxmifpkESifY *syefEkdifiHokdYvnf;aumif; oGm;a&mufavYvmcJYonf/
OD;cifarmifOD;onf 1955-56 ckESpfwGifjrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mtoif;
tvkyftrIaqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1956 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,Ouú| tjzpfvnf;
aumif;? &efukefwyfuvyfESifY ,leD,HuvyfwdkYwGif tzGJU0ifvlBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
1961 ckESpfrS 1963 ckESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;aumifpD0if tjzpfvnf;aumif;
xrf;aqmifcJYonf/ ,k0wD*sme,ft,f'DwmcsKyf ]],k0wD apmvSjrifY}} ESifY 1946
ckESpfwGif vufxyfonf/ om;wpfa,mufxGef;um;cJYonf/
OD;cifarmifOD;\ xif&Sm;aompmtkyfwpftkyfrSm ]]cufzG,f&,fBuHKygw,f?
vufeufu,fpHktnDeJY}} pmtkyf jzpfonf/
OD;cifarmifOD;onf 1986 ckESpf? ZGefv (21) &ufaeYwGif &efukefü uG,fvGefcJY
onf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ taxmufawmf tkef; jrif Y ? cufzG,f&,fBuHKygw,f?taxmufawmf tkef; jrif Y ? cufzG,f&,fBuHKygw,f?taxmufawmf tkef; jrif Y ? cufzG,f&,fBuHKygw,f?taxmufawmf tkef; jrif Y ? cufzG,f&,fBuHKygw,f?taxmufawmf tkef; jrif Y ? cufzG,f&,fBuHKygw,f?
vufeufu,fpH ktnDeJ Ypmtkyf/vufeufu,fpH ktnDeJ Ypmtkyf/vufeufu,fpH ktnDeJ Ypmtkyf/vufeufu,fpH ktnDeJ Ypmtkyf/vufeufu,fpH ktnDeJ Ypmtkyf/
3232323232 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
a':cifjr (cifrsdK;cspf)a':cifjr (cifrsdK;cspf)a':cifjr (cifrsdK;cspf)a':cifjr (cifrsdK;cspf)a':cifjr (cifrsdK;cspf)
owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&mrBuD; cifrsKd;cspftrnfcH
a':cifjrudk 1915 ck? arv 1 &ufaeYwGif tz &mZ0wf
0efaxmuf OD;awmf? trd a':yef;wif wdkYu ppfudkif;NrdKUü arG;zGm;
cJhonf/ trnf&if;rSm rcifjr jzpfaomfvnf; uavmiftrnf
a':cifrsdK;cspfonfyif trnf&if;uJhodkYwGifonf/ rdcifbufrS tbdk;rSm pwk&*FAvbGJY&
jrefrmynm&Sd ausmufpm½Hkpma&;BuD; OD;azjzpfonf/
a':cifjronf jynfNrdKUtpdk;&ausmif;? o&ufNrdKUtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;?
rdw¬DvmtrsdK;om;ausmif;ESifh &efukefwuúodkvfwdkYwGif ynmoif,lcJhonf/ 1932
ckESpfwGif rdw¬DvmtrsdK;om;ausmif;rS wuúodkvf0ifwef; atmifonf/ 1932 - 33
ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúokdvfü ynmoif,lonf/ yxrESpfoifMum;NyD; ausmif;rS xGuf
onf/ 1932-1933 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfausmif;wdkufr*¾Zif;? 0oEÅpmapmifwGif
qm0gvwmpaumh\ uAsmwpfyk'fudkrSD;í Zmwdrmef? wdkYjynfwdkUajr[laom aw;xyf
ESpfyk'ftjzpf jrefrmrIjyKa&;om;cJhonf/ uavmiftrnf cifrsdK;cspf[k t,f'Dwm
tzGJUu uavmiftrnfwyf azmfjyay;cJhonf/ 1933-1934 ckESpfwGif '*kefr*¾Zif;ü
pwifa&;om;cJhonf/ 1937 ckESpfwGif wdk;wufa&;ESifh bm;rm;*sme,f t,f'Dwm
tzGJU0if yifwdkifaqmif;yg;&SifjzpfcJhonf/
1938ckESpf ausmif;om;oydwfwGif a':cifrsdK;cspfonf a&SUqHk;rStvHudkif
csDwufvmcJh&m twGif;0ef½Hk;teD;wGif ykvdyf½dkufí vJusoGm;cJhonf/ 1939 ckESpf?
Zefe0g&Dv 28 &uf tv,fypö,Htpnf;ta0;ü 91 Xme tkyfcsKyfa&; jzKwfcs&ef
ESifh EdkifiHjcm;ukefonfrsm;oydwfarSmuf&ef toufpGefYí wdkufzsuf&ef ponfjzifh
tqdkwifoGif;cJhonf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOf t*Fvdyfowif;pm
t,f'DwmcsKyf? EdkifiHh*kPf&nf'kwd,qifh OD;cifarmifvwfESifh vufxyfcJhonf/ 1947
ckESpfwGif tdk;a0owif;pmt,f'DwmtzGJU0if? 1948 ckESpfwGif wdkif;&if;ol*sme,f
t,f'DwmtzGJU0if? 1952 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfrS0dZÆmbJGU &&SdcJhonf/ 1949-
1950wGif pmayAdrmefpmjyK? 1956-1958 ckESpfwGif *g;'D;,ef; t*Fvdyfowif;pm
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 3333333333
t,f'DwmtzGJU0if? 1962-67 ckESpfwGif vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOf t*Fvdyfowif;pm
t,f'Dwm? 1971 ckESpfwGif rdom;pktwGufaysmfawmfquf[mopmapmif wm0efcH
t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
1941-1945 *syefacwf bD'Datppf½Hk;ütrIxrf;onf/ 1945 ckESpfwGif
]]*syefacwfoHk;ESpfwm}} Three Years Under the Japs udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh
yxrqHk;vHk;csif;tjzpf xkwfa0cJhonf/ jrefrmbmomjzifh yxrOD;qHk;vHk;csif;rSm 1936
ckESpfwGif ol&d,owif;pmwdkufrSyHkESdyfxkwfa0aom ]]aumvdyfausmif;ol}}jzpfonf/
1947 ckESpfwGif tdEd,EdkifiH? e,l;a'vDNrdKUüusif;yonfh tm&Swdkufqdkif&m ,Ofaus;rI
nDvmcHodkYwufa&mufcJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf &efukefwuúodkvfü ynm
jyefvnfqnf;yl;&m 1952 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbGJY (t*Fvdyfpmt"du) udk &&SdcJhonf/
1956 ckESpf? arvxkwf *g;'D;,ef;r*¾Zif;yg 13 &wDpdefBuD;0w¬Kudk *smref?
tl&'l? ,l*kdqvyf? tDwmvsHbmomtoD;oD;odkY jyefqdkcJhMuonf/ 1970 jynfhESpf
ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;rS pma&;q&mrsm;twGufusif;yaom t*Fvdyfbmom
0w¬KwdkNydKifyGJwGif Her In finite Variety 0w¬Kwdkjzifh yxrqk&&SdcJhonf/
a':cifjronf wuúodkvfrSxGufNyD;aemuf t*Fvdyfbmom&yfudk txl;
avhvmvdkufpm;onff/ t*Fvdyf? jyifopfpma&;q&mBuD;rsm;\ pmayrsm;udk zwf½I
avhvmNyD;? bmomjyefaqmif;yg;rsm;vnf;a&;om;cJhonf/
jrefrmbmomjzifha&;om;cJhaom pmayvuf&mrsm;rSm aumvdyfausmif;ol
(1936)? ppfolvQdKrsm; (1939)? ppfaESmifBudK; (1940)? bkef;r,fhocif (1940)?
vlYrkefwdkif; (1941)? Armjynfrdef;rjyóem (1946)? armifwdkY a,muFsm; (1948)?
&dyfom,m (1951)? owif;pmavmu (1952)? tysif;ajzenf; (1953)? urÇmausmf
pmESifh pum; (1954)? &SdwfpyD;,m;yHkjyifrsm; yxrwGJ? 'kwd,wGJ (1954)? ESpfavmu
wdkufyGJ(1969)? wdkYvluav;rsm; qdkoav;(1970)? rdkufu,ftdef*svdk (1947)?
pGefYcJh&uRefrb0yg&Sif (1976)? Oa&my,Ofaus;rI tEkynmrdwfquf (1976)?
t*FvdyfpmwwfvdkaomfESifh pmtkyfpifaus;Zl; (1979)? avmuZmwfcHk ZmwfcHkavmu
(1996)? udkif;ajymvdkufprf;r,f aomif;ajymif;axGvm (1999)? Oa&mypmay
(1970)? aomrwf[m'D (1951)? 'if;epf0SpfvD (1969) wdkYjzpfMuyg onf/
3434343434 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;cJhaom pmayvuf&mrsm;rSm Three Years Under
The Jpas (1945), Thirteen Carat Diamond and Other Stories (1969), Anawyahta
of Burma (1970), Flowers and Festivals Round the Bumese Years (1980), A
Wonder Land of Burmese Legends (1981), Gift of Laughter (1995) wdkYjzpfMuonf/
1983ckESpf rwfvwGif armfuGef;0ifwwd,tqifh qkwHqdyfcsD;jr§ifhcH&onf/
ppfBudKacwfü a':cifjronf trsdK;orD;rsm;\ tdrfaxmifa&;udk r@dKifxm;í
pme,fZif;tapmifapmifü aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 7.1.1939 aeYxkwf
'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif ]]aemifukdppfyGJwkdif; qifETJyg&ap}} [kvnf;aumif;? 21.9.1974
aeYxkwf ,k0wD*sme,fwGif eykdvD,ef\ tcspfZmwfvrf;ESifh tjcm;acgif;pOfrsm;
jzpfaom ]]rlqkdvkdeD ZeD;[m jrefrmvm;}}? ]]ukd,fhb0ukd,fMunfh}} aqmif;yg;a&;om;
cJhonf/
t*FvdyfjrefrmESpfbmomvHk;wGif ausmfMum;aomowif;pmq&m? rsdK;cspf
acgif;aqmifESifh pma&;q&mrBuD; a':cifjrrSm 1999 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D 2 &ufaeYwGif
&efukefNrdKUvSnf;wef;? jynf&dyfom trSwf (508^5) aetdrfü uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/ pm-159-162/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/ pm-159-162/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/ pm-159-162/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/ pm-159-162/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/ pm-159-162/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 3535353535
OD;cspfñdk (usm;bodef;)OD;cspfñdk (usm;bodef;)OD;cspfñdk (usm;bodef;)OD;cspfñdk (usm;bodef;)OD;cspfñdk (usm;bodef;)
owif;pmq&m OD;cspfñdk udk 1924 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif
tz OD;zdk;rif; (OD;rif;) ESifh trd a':rrBuD; wdkYrS rEÅav;NrdKU?
ppfudkif;wef;&yfü arG;zGm;cJhonf/ usm;bodef; [kvlodrsm;onf/
vufa0SYausmf usm;bndrf;\ nDjzpfonf/ trnf&if;rSm
OD;bodef; jzpfonf/
OD;cspfñdkonf rEÅav;pdef*sKd;Zuf'dkiftdkESifh 0ufpvD,Hausmif;wdkYwGif ynm
oif,lcJhonf/ pmay*DwESifh tEkynm 0goemxHkonf/ q,fwef;txdynmoif,lcJhNyD;
a&'D,dkatmfya&wmoifwef; wufa&mufcJhonf/
1945 ckESpfwGif vlxk*sme,fü wGJzuft,f'Dwmtjzpf bmomjyefqdkif&m
wm0efrsm;udkxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ xkdtcgrSpí bmomjyef0w¬K&Snfrsm; a&;om;cJh
onf/ vlxk*sme,f&yfoGm;aomtcg vlxkowif;pmaeYydkif;qdkif&m owif;t,f'Dwm
tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ EdkifiHjcm;owif;t,f'Dwmtjzpf 1952 ckESpf txd
vkyfudkifcJhonf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif cspfñdkyHkESdyfwdkuf? rEÅav;pmtkyfwdkkufudk wnfaxmifcJh
onf/ ½Ir0? jr0wD? aoG;aomufESifh tjcm;r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif aqmif;yg;? 0w¬K&SnfESifh
0w¬Kwdkrsm;a&;om;cJhonf/
jrefrmusm;upm;avmuwGif xif&Sm;onfh usm;upm;enf;pmtkyfudk jrefrm
jynfwGif yxrqHk;tBudrfxkwfa0cJhonf/
1955 ckESpfavmufrSpí "mwfyHkarmufvkyfief;udk wDxGifvkyfudkifcJhNyD; cspfñdk
yHkESdyfwdkkufESifh "mwfyHkarmufvkyfief;udk OD;pD;NyD;vkyfudkifcJhonf/
OD;cspfndKonf rEÅav;NrdKU jynfBuD;usufoa&&yfuGuf y.x.p jrLvlBuD;
tjzpf 1960-62 ckESpftxd ta½G;cHcJh&onf/
OD;cspfñdkonf vGwfvyfa&;acgif;avmif; (1946)? tar (1950)? udk,fhtrsKd;
cspfolrdkY (ESpfwGJ - 1952)? avol&Jr,f (1954)? cspfwpfaeY aowpfaeY (1958)?
[laombmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/
3636363636 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
xdkYtjyif udk,fa&;0w¬Kwdkrsm;udkpkaygif;í ]]oHk;wvyfESifh0w¬Kwdkrsm;}} ]]oHk;wvyfESifh0w¬Kwdkrsm;}} ]]oHk;wvyfESifh0w¬Kwdkrsm;}} ]]oHk;wvyfESifh0w¬Kwdkrsm;}} ]]oHk;wvyfESifh0w¬Kwdkrsm;}} (1958)
udkvnf; xkwfa0cJhonf/ pepfwus usm;upm;enf;pmtkyfudkvnf; a&;om;jyKpkcJh
onf/
q&mOD;cspfñdk\ aemufqHk;a&;vufppmrlrSm ]]uRefawmfhtpfudkusm;bndrf;}}]]uRefawmfhtpfudkusm;bndrf;}}]]uRefawmfhtpfudkusm;bndrf;}}]]uRefawmfhtpfudkusm;bndrf;}}]]uRefawmfhtpfudkusm;bndrf;}}
pmrlyifjzpfonf/
q&mOD;cspfñdkonf 1987 ckESpf? arv 10 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü uG,fvGefcJh
onf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ ///// (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-220-221/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-220-221/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-220-221/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-220-221/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-220-221/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef?pm-45/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef?pm-45/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef?pm-45/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef?pm-45/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef?pm-45/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) ½Ir0pmwnf;tzGJ Y? 0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;? ½Ir0 (ZGefv?½Ir0pmwnf;tzGJ Y? 0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;? ½Ir0 (ZGefv?½Ir0pmwnf;tzGJ Y? 0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;? ½Ir0 (ZGefv?½Ir0pmwnf;tzGJ Y? 0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;? ½Ir0 (ZGefv?½Ir0pmwnf;tzGJ Y? 0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;? ½Ir0 (ZGefv?
1987) pm-149/1987) pm-149/1987) pm-149/1987) pm-149/1987) pm-149/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) ema&;aMumfjim? aMu;rHk (11.5.87)/ema&;aMumfjim? aMu;rHk (11.5.87)/ema&;aMumfjim? aMu;rHk (11.5.87)/ema&;aMumfjim? aMu;rHk (11.5.87)/ema&;aMumfjim? aMu;rHk (11.5.87)/
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) rdk;a0pmwnf;tzGJU0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;?rdk;a0pmwnf;tzGJU0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;?rdk;a0pmwnf;tzGJU0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;?rdk;a0pmwnf;tzGJU0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;?rdk;a0pmwnf;tzGJU0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;? rdk;a0 (ZGefv?rdk;a0 (ZGefv?rdk;a0 (ZGefv?rdk;a0 (ZGefv?rdk;a0 (ZGefv?
1987) pm-136/1987) pm-136/1987) pm-136/1987) pm-136/1987) pm-136/
(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) rk d;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? (Ek d0ifbm? 1987) pm-rk d;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? (Ek d0ifbm? 1987) pm-rk d;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? (Ek d0ifbm? 1987) pm-rk d;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? (Ek d0ifbm? 1987) pm-rk d;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? (Ek d0ifbm? 1987) pm-
21/21/21/21/21/
(7)(7)(7)(7)(7) &mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m
100? pm- 125-126/100? pm- 125-126/100? pm- 125-126/100? pm- 125-126/100? pm- 125-126/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 3737373737
OD;cspfarmif (*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif)OD;cspfarmif (*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif)OD;cspfarmif (*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif)OD;cspfarmif (*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif)OD;cspfarmif (*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif)
jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif *sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmif
tjzpfxif&Sm;cJhaom owif;pmq&mOD;cspfarmifudk om,m0wD
c½dkif? tkwfzdkNrdKUwGif tbOD;jrESifh trda':apm,k wdkYrS 1913 ck?
Zefe0g&Dv 19 &ufwGifzGm;jrifcJhonf/ a':apm,k\ zcifrSm
t*FvdyfwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHudk odrf;,lpOfu awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&if;
usqHk;cJhaom a&Tusif0efBuD; OD;Muifjzpfonf/
1930 jynfhavmufrSpí OD;cspfarmifonf owif;axmuf? owif;pmq&m?
pma&;q&mESifh rsdK;cspfyk*¾dKvfMuD;wpfOD;tjzpf ay:vGifxif&Sm;vmonf/ *sme,fausmf
owif;pOfudk xkwfa0ojzifhvnf; ]]*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif}} [k jrefrmEdkifiH wpf0ef;
vHk; ydkrdkxif&Sm; vlodrsm;vmcJhonf/
OD;cspfarmifonf i,fpOfuvufyHwef;NrdKUwGif ynmoif,lcJh&onf/ vufyH
wef;NrdKUtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmtdk atmifxGef;u ausmif;
xm;ay;onf/ 10 wef;pmar;yGJudk t*Fvdyf? jrefrm? &mZ0if*kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJh
onf/ ,if;ausmif;üyif acwåausmif;q&mtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf
vufyHwef;NrdKUrS &efukefNrdKUodkY pmtkyf0,f&ef acwåvma&muf&mrSwpfcgwnf; rjyef
awmhbJ? ]]aemf&xmowif;pmwdkuf}} wGif 0ifa&muf tvkyfvkyfudkifawmhonf/
xdkYaemuf ]]aps;EIef;owif;pmwdkuf}} ESifh jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwdkuf}} rsm;wGif
0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonf/ OD;cspfarmifonf ÓPfxufjrufoljzpfí tvkyfudkrem;rae
BudK;pm;vkyfudkifonf/ pmudk tNrJrjywfzwfavh&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif jrefrmhtvif;
owif;pmwdkufwGif nt,f'Dwmb0rSt,f'DwmcsKyf tjzpfodk Ya&mufatmif
tqifhqifh wdk;wufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ t,f'Dwmb0rjzpfcif vef'efrSaeí jrefrmh
tvif;owif;axmuftjzpfjzifh owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk ydkYay;onf/ wdkif;jynfwdkif;
jzpfysufaeaomEdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;udk waphwapmif; avhvmtuJcwfvmcJh
onf/ b0wdk;wufa&;twGufvnf; t*Fvdyfpmudk tcsdef&Sdoí avhvmqnf;yl;
cJhonf/
3838383838 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;cspfarmifonf jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfjzifh wm0ef,l
aqmif&Gufvmaomtcg rsdK;cspfpdwft&if;cH&SdNyD;jzpfonfhtwdkif; EdkifiHawmftwGuf
tusdK;&Sdrnfh ta&;udpörsm;wGif &J&J&ifh&ifha&;om; azmfjyavh&Sdonf/ xdkodkY a&;om;
ojzifh vGwfvyfpGma&;om;cGifhtwGuf wdkuf&SifESifh pdwfoabmcsif; rwdkufqdkifí
1939 ckESpfwGif t,f'DwmtjzpfrSEkwfxGufcJhonf/
OD;cspfarmifonf jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmrSEkwfxGufNyD;aemuf? rdrdudk,fwdkif
OD;pD;í ]]*sme,fausmf}} trnfjzifh 1939 ckESpf? arvrSpí xkwfa0vdkufonf/
,if;*sme,fausmfowif;pOfonf EdkifiHa&;? ppfa&;wdkYudkjywfjywfom;om;? ay:ay:
vGifvGif a0zefa&;om;ojzifh tvGefvlBudKufrsm;vmonf/ NAdwdoQacwfwGif
wdkif;jynfvlxkudk rsKd;cspfpdwfxufoefap&efESifhvGwfvyfa&; qEjyif;xefap&ef txl;
wdkufwGef;a&;om;cJhonf/ qif;&Jom;wdkY\ epfemrIrsm;udkvnf; txl;wvnf wifjy
um e,fcsJUNAdwdoQtpdk;&tm; jyif;xefpGma0zefa&;om;cJhonf/ ,if;odkYaMumifhyif
*sme,fausmfqdkonfhtwdkif; ausmfMum;xif&Sm;vlBudKuftrsm;qHk;jzpfcJhaom *sme,f
wpfapmifjzpfonf/ xdkpOfu bm;rm;*sme,f? pae e*g;eD*sme,fESifh *sme,fausmf[lí
*sme,foHk;apmifxGuf&SdcJhonf/ trsdK;om;a&;udkt"duxm;í jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;
twGuf tcsdefrDxGufvmaom*sme,frsm;jzpfonf/ *sme,fausmfonf ta&;tom;
tjyif;xefqHk;*sme,fjzpfonf/
*sme,f\xdyfqHk;rsufESmzHk;uyif]]r[kwfrcH? jynfhol[pfwdkif*sme,fBuD;}}[k
xifxif&Sm;&Sm;a&;om;azmfjyum twGif;bufüvnf; ]]raMumufrñSm? rsufESmra&G;?
rSefwdkif;a&;vdrfh}}[laombavmuf0dkif;pmvHk;wpfckudk*sme,f\ tmabmftjzpf azmfjy
xm;onf/
xdktcsdefu bm;rm;*sme,f? e*g;eD*sme,fESifh *sme,fausmfoHk;apmifrSm
trsdK;om;rsm;\ cdkifcHhaomcHwyfBuD; oHk;ckuJhodkY pcef;oGm;cJhaMumif;? ,if;*sme,f
oHk;apmifudk ,aeYjyefízwfvQif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGY&rnfjzpfonf/ pme,fZif;rsm;u
ajymaeaom EdkifiHordkif;tppfBuD;yifjzpfonf/
OD;cspfarmifonf ]]a&Tvif;,kef}} uavmiftrnfjzifh]] &Sm&SmazGazG}} ]]urÇmBuD;
ysufpD;vkeD;NyDavm}} paom pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf;a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/ pdwfae
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 3939393939
pdwfxm;jyKjyifa&;twGuf oifcef;pmay;aom]]ol}} trnf&Sd0w¬Kwpfyk'f a&;ojzifh
vlBudKuftvGefrsm;cJhonf/ ]] rdIif;rIefrIef}} EdkifiHawmfopfodkY}} ponfh pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf;
a&;om;cJhonf/
OD;cspfarmifonf *syefacwfwGif bdkuav;NrdKUodkYa½SmifcGmaecJhonf/ ,if;
aemuf &efukefodkYjyefvmum awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vQdKU0SufpGm aqmif&GufcJh
onf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;qHk;íNAdwdoQppfwyfrsm; jyef0ifvmaomtcg cPacwå
zrf;qD;jcif;cHcJh&onf/ ,if;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom z?q?y?v
A[dkOD;pD;tzGJYwGifyg0ifum vGwfvyfa&;twGufta&;qdk&mwGif t"duae&mrS
xda&mufpGmyg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ z?q?y?v tpdk;& zGJYpnf;&eftwGuf bk&ifcHodkY
wifjyawmif;qdkcsufpnf;urf;rsm;udk a&;qGJ&mwGif OD;cspfarmif\ tBuHÓPfrsm;pGm
yg0ifonf/
OD;cspfarmifonf xdkESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiH pma&;q&mtoif;ü Ouú|tjzpf
aqmif&GufvkyfudkifcJhonf/ xdkodkYaqmif&GufaeqJwGif ½kwfw&uf rusef;rrmjzpfum
1946 ckESpf? {NyDv 2 &uf touf 33 ESpft&G,fwGif uG,fvGef&Smonf/ OD;cspfarmif
\tavmif;udk z?q?y?v tzGJYcsKyfBuD;rSyifBuD;rSL;í BuHawmokomefwGifoN*ØK[fcJh
onf/
OD;cspfarmifu ]]uRefawmf½dk;*kPfudkBudKufygw,f/ jrefrmrsm;[m ½dk;*kPfvdkuRefawmf½dk;*kPfudkBudKufygw,f/ jrefrmrsm;[m ½dk;*kPfvdkuRefawmf½dk;*kPfudkBudKufygw,f/ jrefrmrsm;[m ½dk;*kPfvdkuRefawmf½dk;*kPfudkBudKufygw,f/ jrefrmrsm;[m ½dk;*kPfvdkuRefawmf½dk;*kPfudkBudKufygw,f/ jrefrmrsm;[m ½dk;*kPfvdk
aeygw,f/ bmomaumif;ygvsufESifh tusifhysufaeMuygw,f/ avmurSm pdwfaysmfaeygw,f/ bmomaumif;ygvsufESifh tusifhysufaeMuygw,f/ avmurSm pdwfaysmfaeygw,f/ bmomaumif;ygvsufESifh tusifhysufaeMuygw,f/ avmurSm pdwfaysmfaeygw,f/ bmomaumif;ygvsufESifh tusifhysufaeMuygw,f/ avmurSm pdwfaysmfaeygw,f/ bmomaumif;ygvsufESifh tusifhysufaeMuygw,f/ avmurSm pdwfaysmf
arGUzG,f&mtaumif;qkH;[m vl½dk;vlaumif; wpfa,mufjzpfatmif vkyfwm? BudK;pm;arGUzG,f&mtaumif;qkH;[m vl½dk;vlaumif; wpfa,mufjzpfatmif vkyfwm? BudK;pm;arGUzG,f&mtaumif;qkH;[m vl½dk;vlaumif; wpfa,mufjzpfatmif vkyfwm? BudK;pm;arGUzG,f&mtaumif;qkH;[m vl½dk;vlaumif; wpfa,mufjzpfatmif vkyfwm? BudK;pm;arGUzG,f&mtaumif;qkH;[m vl½dk;vlaumif; wpfa,mufjzpfatmif vkyfwm? BudK;pm;
wmjzpfw,fvdkY uRefawmfxifygw,f/ 'Dvdkvl½dk;vlaumif; wpfa,muf jzpfatmifwmjzpfw,fvdkY uRefawmfxifygw,f/ 'Dvdkvl½dk;vlaumif; wpfa,muf jzpfatmifwmjzpfw,fvdkY uRefawmfxifygw,f/ 'Dvdkvl½dk;vlaumif; wpfa,muf jzpfatmifwmjzpfw,fvdkY uRefawmfxifygw,f/ 'Dvdkvl½dk;vlaumif; wpfa,muf jzpfatmifwmjzpfw,fvdkY uRefawmfxifygw,f/ 'Dvdkvl½dk;vlaumif; wpfa,muf jzpfatmif
xdef;odrf;apmifhpnf;&wmrvG,fvSaMumif;udkvnf; uRefawmfodygw,f/ rvG,faomfxdef;odrf;apmifhpnf;&wmrvG,fvSaMumif;udkvnf; uRefawmfodygw,f/ rvG,faomfxdef;odrf;apmifhpnf;&wmrvG,fvSaMumif;udkvnf; uRefawmfodygw,f/ rvG,faomfxdef;odrf;apmifhpnf;&wmrvG,fvSaMumif;udkvnf; uRefawmfodygw,f/ rvG,faomfxdef;odrf;apmifhpnf;&wmrvG,fvSaMumif;udkvnf; uRefawmfodygw,f/ rvG,faomf
vnf; rjzpfEdkifwmr[kwfvdkY BudK;pm;NyD; vl½dk;vlaumif;wpfa,muf jzpfatmif usifhr,fvnf; rjzpfEdkifwmr[kwfvdkY BudK;pm;NyD; vl½dk;vlaumif;wpfa,muf jzpfatmif usifhr,fvnf; rjzpfEdkifwmr[kwfvdkY BudK;pm;NyD; vl½dk;vlaumif;wpfa,muf jzpfatmif usifhr,fvnf; rjzpfEdkifwmr[kwfvdkY BudK;pm;NyD; vl½dk;vlaumif;wpfa,muf jzpfatmif usifhr,fvnf; rjzpfEdkifwmr[kwfvdkY BudK;pm;NyD; vl½dk;vlaumif;wpfa,muf jzpfatmif usifhr,f
vdkY BuHygw,f/ b,favmuf atmifjrifr,f? ysufuGufr,fudkawmh uRefawmfh&JUvdkY BuHygw,f/ b,favmuf atmifjrifr,f? ysufuGufr,fudkawmh uRefawmfh&JUvdkY BuHygw,f/ b,favmuf atmifjrifr,f? ysufuGufr,fudkawmh uRefawmfh&JUvdkY BuHygw,f/ b,favmuf atmifjrifr,f? ysufuGufr,fudkawmh uRefawmfh&JUvdkY BuHygw,f/ b,favmuf atmifjrifr,f? ysufuGufr,fudkawmh uRefawmfh&JU
usef&S dao;whJoufwrf;u oufaocHygvdrfhr,fusef&S dao;whJoufwrf;u oufaocHygvdrfhr,fusef&S dao;whJoufwrf;u oufaocHygvdrfhr,fusef&S dao;whJoufwrf;u oufaocHygvdrfhr,fusef&S dao;whJoufwrf;u oufaocHygvdrfhr,f}}[lívnf;aumif;? owif;pm
vkyfief;ESifhywfoufí ]]owif;pmtvkyf[m todÓPfBuD;½kHwif rNyD;ao;bl;? owådowif;pmtvkyf[m todÓPfBuD;½kHwif rNyD;ao;bl;? owådowif;pmtvkyf[m todÓPfBuD;½kHwif rNyD;ao;bl;? owådowif;pmtvkyf[m todÓPfBuD;½kHwif rNyD;ao;bl;? owådowif;pmtvkyf[m todÓPfBuD;½kHwif rNyD;ao;bl;? owåd
vnf; &Sd&w,f/ owif;pm[m pifppf uavmifeJYtkyfcsKyfaewhJ vnf; &Sd&w,f/ owif;pm[m pifppf uavmifeJYtkyfcsKyfaewhJ vnf; &Sd&w,f/ owif;pm[m pifppf uavmifeJYtkyfcsKyfaewhJ vnf; &Sd&w,f/ owif;pm[m pifppf uavmifeJYtkyfcsKyfaewhJ vnf; &Sd&w,f/ owif;pm[m pifppf uavmifeJYtkyfcsKyfaewhJ (GOVERNMENT)
bJ/ 'DEdkifiHrSm acgif;aqmifjzpfcsifwhJvlawGursm;NyD;? t,f'Dwm vkyfcsifwhJ vlawGubJ/ 'DEdkifiHrSm acgif;aqmifjzpfcsifwhJvlawGursm;NyD;? t,f'Dwm vkyfcsifwhJ vlawGubJ/ 'DEdkifiHrSm acgif;aqmifjzpfcsifwhJvlawGursm;NyD;? t,f'Dwm vkyfcsifwhJ vlawGubJ/ 'DEdkifiHrSm acgif;aqmifjzpfcsifwhJvlawGursm;NyD;? t,f'Dwm vkyfcsifwhJ vlawGubJ/ 'DEdkifiHrSm acgif;aqmifjzpfcsifwhJvlawGursm;NyD;? t,f'Dwm vkyfcsifwhJ vlawGu
4040404040 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
enf;w,f/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfzdkY&m tvG,fuav;&,f t,f'Dwmwpfa,mufenf;w,f/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfzdkY&m tvG,fuav;&,f t,f'Dwmwpfa,mufenf;w,f/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfzdkY&m tvG,fuav;&,f t,f'Dwmwpfa,mufenf;w,f/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfzdkY&m tvG,fuav;&,f t,f'Dwmwpfa,mufenf;w,f/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfzdkY&m tvG,fuav;&,f t,f'Dwmwpfa,muf
atmifatmifjrifjrifjzpfzdkY&mu rvG,fvSbl;/ EdkifiHrSm wu,hf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifatmifatmifjrifjrifjzpfzdkY&mu rvG,fvSbl;/ EdkifiHrSm wu,hf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifatmifatmifjrifjrifjzpfzdkY&mu rvG,fvSbl;/ EdkifiHrSm wu,hf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifatmifatmifjrifjrifjzpfzdkY&mu rvG,fvSbl;/ EdkifiHrSm wu,hf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifatmifatmifjrifjrifjzpfzdkY&mu rvG,fvSbl;/ EdkifiHrSm wu,hf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif
aumif;wpfa,muf &SdzdkYvdkovdk? t,f'Dwmaumif; wpfa,muf &SdzdkYuvJ ta&;BuD;aumif;wpfa,muf &SdzdkYvdkovdk? t,f'Dwmaumif; wpfa,muf &SdzdkYuvJ ta&;BuD;aumif;wpfa,muf &SdzdkYvdkovdk? t,f'Dwmaumif; wpfa,muf &SdzdkYuvJ ta&;BuD;aumif;wpfa,muf &SdzdkYvdkovdk? t,f'Dwmaumif; wpfa,muf &SdzdkYuvJ ta&;BuD;aumif;wpfa,muf &SdzdkYvdkovdk? t,f'Dwmaumif; wpfa,muf &SdzdkYuvJ ta&;BuD;
w,f/ tpdk;&aumif; aumif;vdkcsif&if t,f'Dwmaumif;aumif; &Sd&w,fw,f/ tpdk;&aumif; aumif;vdkcsif&if t,f'Dwmaumif;aumif; &Sd&w,fw,f/ tpdk;&aumif; aumif;vdkcsif&if t,f'Dwmaumif;aumif; &Sd&w,fw,f/ tpdk;&aumif; aumif;vdkcsif&if t,f'Dwmaumif;aumif; &Sd&w,fw,f/ tpdk;&aumif; aumif;vdkcsif&if t,f'Dwmaumif;aumif; &Sd&w,f}}[lí
ajymqdkzl;aMumif; rSwfom;&onf/
OD;cspfarmif\ ZeD;rSmtrsdK;orD;owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&mr*sme,fausmf
rrav;jzpfonf/ OD;cspfarmif\ tw¬KyÜwådudkol\ZeD; *sme,fausmfrrav;u
]]olvdkvl}} [laompmtkyfjzifhrSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; twGJ 2? pm 404-405/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; twGJ 2? pm 404-405/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; twGJ 2? pm 404-405/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; twGJ 2? pm 404-405/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; twGJ 2? pm 404-405/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) *sme,fausmfrrav;? olvdkvl/*sme,fausmfrrav;? olvdkvl/*sme,fausmfrrav;? olvdkvl/*sme,fausmfrrav;? olvdkvl/*sme,fausmfrrav;? olvdkvl/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 342-343/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 342-343/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 342-343/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 342-343/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 342-343/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) ocFg? jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpk? pm 158-161/ocFg? jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpk? pm 158-161/ocFg? jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpk? pm 158-161/ocFg? jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpk? pm 158-161/ocFg? jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpk? pm 158-161/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 4141414141
OD;apmOD; (*kPfa&mif)OD;apmOD; (*kPfa&mif)OD;apmOD; (*kPfa&mif)OD;apmOD; (*kPfa&mif)OD;apmOD; (*kPfa&mif)
owif;pmq&m OD;apmOD;ukd 1919 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbm 18
&ufaeYwGif &Jt&m&Sd OD;armifav; (owif;pmq&m) a':odef;&D
wdkYrS BuHcif;NrdKUe,f? &Gmopf&yfwGifzGm;jrifonf/ ZmwdNrdKU? BuHcif;&Sd
atbDtrf omoemjyKausmif;wGif oli,fwef;rSowårwef;
txd ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf &efukef a&ausmf&Sd rufo'pft*Fvdyfjrefrm
txufwef;ausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TUcJhNyD; q,fwef;atmifonfh 1934 ckESpftxd ynm
oif,lcJhonf/
touf 16 ESpf i,fi,f&G,f&G,fjzifh q,fwef;atmifaomtcg jrefrmh
tvif;owif;pmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; OD;wifudk taMumif;jyKNyD; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm
t,f'DwmcsKyfOD;cspfarmifatmufwGif owif;pmynmqnf;yl;&if; tvkyf0ifvkyf
onf/ xdkpOfupípmaye,fodkY0ifa&mufcJhonf/ jrefrmhtvif;wGif vufaxmuf
t,f'DwmrSwpfqifhwufí nt,f'Dwmtxd 1939 ckESpfwdkif trIxrf;cJhonf/
OD;cspfarmifjrefrmhtvif;rSxGufí *sme,fausmftywfpOfpwif xlaxmifvdkufaom
tcg OD;apmOD;onf *sme,fausmfü wGJzuft,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ *sme,f
ausmf OD;cspfarmif\aus;Zl;aMumifh OD;apmOD;onf EdkifiHa&;pmay? txl;ojzifh vuf0J
pmayrsm; avhvmjcif;? EdkifiHa&;todpdwf0ifvmjcif;? EdkifiHa&;avmurS yk*¾dKvf wdkYESifh
qufoG,f&if;ESD;vmjcif;jzifh tjrifus,fvmonf/ xdktcsdefuEdkifiHa&;rSm olYuRefb0rS
vGwfajrmufa&; (0g) vGwfvyfa&;&&Sda&;yifjzpfonf/ OD;apmOD;onf jrefrmEdkifiH
pma&;q&mtpnf;t½Hk;odkY 0ifonf/ wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;odkY0ifonfomru jynfolY
ta&;awmfyHkygwD0ifwpfOD;vnf;jzpfvmonf/
1942 ckESpfrS 1948 ckESpfvGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonfhtcsdeftxd OD;apmOD;onf
*syefacwfwGifxkwfa0aom Armhacwf owif;pmt,f'DwmtzGJU0iftjzpf 0ifa&muf
vkyfudkifcJhonf/ xdkaemufBuHcif;odkYjyefNyD; tm&Svli,frsm;tpnf;t½Hk; ÓPAvrSL;
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? jynfholYta&;awmfyHkygwDajratmuf pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL;tjzpf
vnf;aumif; xrf;aqmif&if; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;tcsdefusa&mufaomtcg EdkifiH
4242424242 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
a&;wm0efcHjzpfvmcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf BuHcif;NrdKUe,f z.q.y.v twGif;a&;rSL;
tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ awmfvSefa&;NyD;í *sme,fausmftywfpOf jyefvnfxkwfa0
aomtcgESifh aemifwGif jynfolY[pfwdkifowif;pm xkwfa0aomtcg owif;pm
t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfwm0ef,lcJhonf/
1948 ckESpfrS 1962 ckESpftxd pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&mESifh EdkifiHa&;
orm;b0? *sme,fausmf? jynfolY[pfwdkif? *kPfa&mifowif;pOf? &efausmf*sme,f?
r@dKifaeYpOfpaom owif;pm*sme,favmuü t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfusifvnfcJhonf/
qdk&S,fvpfygwD0ifrsm;u z.q.y.v 0efBuD;owif;ESifhywfoufí owif;pm
wdkufoHk;wdkufudk twif;0ifa&mufNyD; pmcHkrsm;? cJpmvHk;rsm;? yHkESdyfpufrsm;udk ½dkufcsKd;
zsufqD;onfhtcg zsufqD;cHcJh&onfh jynfolY[pfwdkifowif;pm\ wm0efcH t,f'Dwm
csKyfrSm OD;apmOD;jzpfonf/ owif;pmwdkuftzsufcH&onfomru z.q.y.v
tpdk;&u OD;apmOD;udk yk'fr-5 jzifh 2 vMumxdef;odrf;xm;cJhzl;onf/
OD;apmOD;onf urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&uftzGJU0if? jyifopfEdkifiH ,leufpudk
nDvmcHjrefrmEdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&acwfwGif 0efBuD;csKyf½kH;txl;t&m&Sd?
jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;|me? jyefMum;a&;t&m&Sdponfjzifh aqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf
umuG,fa&;0efBuD;|meodkYajymif;a½TUa&muf&Sdum topfzJGUpnf;vdkufaomynma&;ESifh
pdwf"mwfppfqifa&; ñTefrSL;½Hk;? pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;t&m&Sd? ,if;|me 'k-ñTefrSL;?
xkwfvkyfa&;wyfrSL;wm0efrsm;xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ tpdk;&apvTwfí zdvpfydkif?
AD,uferf? xdkif;EdkifiHrsm;odkYoGm;a&mufcJhonf/ 1960 jynfhESpf? w½kwfjynf yDuif;NrdKUü
usif;yonfh (11) ESpfajrmuf vGwfvyfa&;aeYESifh w½kwfjrefrme,fedrdwfpmcsKyf
vufrSwfa&;xdk;yGJodkU jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU0ifaygif; oHk;&mausmfoGm;a&mufcJh&m
wGif OD;apmOD;acgif;aqmifaom jrefrmh½kyf&SiftzGJUvnf; yg0ifonf/
1962 ckESpf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfwGif awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&jyefMum;a&;
0efBuD;|meü OD;apmOD;tm; wGJzuftwGif;0efESifh ay:vpDñTefMum;a&;0eftjzpf cefYtyf
wm0efay;cJhonf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\t"dutESpfom&jzpfaom 0g'oabm
w&m;a&;&mpmwrf;rsm; jyKpka&;om;aomtzGJU0ifoHk;OD;ygaumfrwDwGif OD;apmOD;vnf;
yg0ifcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&tmabmfjzpfaom vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOf
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 4343434343
owif;pmjrefrmESifh t*FvdyftywfpOfxkwfa½SUodkYpmapmifrsm; toGifopfjzifh wpfEdkifiH
vHk;odkUpwifxkwfa0jzefYcsd&mwGif t"dujyKpkysKd;axmifay;ol oHk;OD;teuff OD;apmOD;
vnf; wpfOD;tyg0ifjzpfcJhonf/
vrf;pOfygwDwGif OD;apmOD;onf ygwDXmecsKyfynma&;XmeBuD; aumfrwD0if
ESifh t,f'DwmcsKyf? A[dkaumfrwD0if? ygwDpme,fZif;XmerSL;tjzpf nDvmcHoHk;acwf
txdqufwdkuf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ yxrtBudrf jynfolYvTwfawmfü
ppfudkif;wdkif;? 'DyJ,if;NrdKUe,frSta&G;cH&onf/ 1978 ckESpfwGif usef;rma&;t&
EdkifiHa&;rStNidrf;pm;,lvdkufNyD; bmomw&m;bufodkU vHk;0a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf/
1980 jynfhESpfwGif EdkifiH*kPf&nfyxrqifh csD;jr§ifhcHcJh&onf/ pma&;q&m?
owif;pmq&mb0jzifh 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K½Snf? aqmif;yg;? acgif;BuD; ponfhjzifh ajrmufjrm;
pGma&;om;cJhonf/
OD;apmOD;\ ausmfMum;onfhvHk;csif;rsm;rSm Mu,feDcifjzL? apmOD;\pm? ½k½Sm;
pma&;q&ma*:uD\ urÇmausmf0w¬K udkjyefqdkonfh tar (yxrwGJ? 'kwd,wGJ)
rsm;jzpfMuonf/
OD;apmOD;\ wpfrdk;aomufaomf0w¬KrSm rMumcPjyef½kduf&onfomru?
'g½dkufwmarmifarmifaomif;u o½kyfaqmif aumvdyf*sifae0if;? AdkvfAudk? tqdkawmf
rif;aemif? cifoef;EkwdkUyg0ifum ½kyf½Sifum;BuD;tjzpf½kduful;wifjycJhzl;onf/
OD;apmOD;onf 1991 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 6 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGeftedpö
a&mufcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1992) pm - 204/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1992) pm - 204/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1992) pm - 204/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1992) pm - 204/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1992) pm - 204/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) &mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?
pm - 99 - 101/pm - 99 - 101/pm - 99 - 101/pm - 99 - 101/pm - 99 - 101/
4444444444 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;pd k;armif (om*& ipdk;)OD;pd k;armif (om*& ipdk;)OD;pd k;armif (om*& ipdk;)OD;pd k;armif (om*& ipdk;)OD;pd k;armif (om*& ipdk;)
owif;pmq&m om*&ipkd;trnfcH OD;pd k;armifonf
a&S;a[mif;trnftm;jzifY om*&NrdKU[kwGifaom xm;0,fNrdKUwGif
tb OD;vl'ifESifY trd a':tkef;arwdkYrS 1915 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJY
onf/
xm;0,fNrdKU? tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif aepOfuyif 0goemtavsmuf
aqmif;yg;? 0w¬Krsm;a&;&if; owif;axmufvkyfcJYonf/ wuúodkvfodkYa&mufaom
tcgwGif acwfprf;q&mrsm;toiftjyudk cH,l&NyD;aemuf pma&;q&m? owif;
axmuftjzpfESifYyif usifvnfaysmfydkufcJYvsuf ol&d, OD;odef;armif? OD;zdk;usm;? q&m
yDrdk;eif;? q&ma&TrQm;? r[maqGponfY pma&;q&mBuD;rsm;ESifY &if;ESD;cJYonf/ 1936
ckESpf? 1938 ckESpf wuúodkvfoydwfrsm;wGifyg0ifcJYonf/ wuúodkvfwGifaepOf
yif;,ausmif;aqmif r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Gufonfomru wuúodkvf
or*¾? tkd;a0r*¾Zif; 1938 ckESpf jrefrmpmu@pmwnf;tjzpf a&G;aumufjcif;
cH&onf/
odkY&mwGif ,if;tdk;a0r*¾Zif;rSmrxkwfjzpfcJYay? *syefacwf pma&;q&mtoif;
wGif pmMunfYwdkufrSL;vkyfudkif&if; *syefwdkYxkwfa0aom *&dwfwm;at;&Sm;wGif
t,f'Dwm0ifvkyfonf/ xdkYaemuf ArmYumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf? jynfolUqufqHa&;
XmewGif owif;jyefMum;a&;t&m&Sdtjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ ,if;okdkYaqmif&GufcJY
onfYtwGuf acwfoHk;acwfwdkufyGJ0ifwHqdyfrsm;teuf? vGwfvyfa&;pnf;½Hk;rI wHqdyf
ESifY armfuGef;0if wwd,tqifYcsD;jrSifYjcif; cHcJY&onf/
ppfNyD;acwfü Burma Time owif;pm? ArmYacwfowif;pmwdk YwGif
vufaxmuft,f'Dwm? (bmomjyef t,f'Dwm) tjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ ppfrjzpfrD
u pme,fZif;rsm;wGif pmrsdK;pHka&;om;cJYonf/ jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkufwGif
vufaxmuft,f'Dwm? wGJbuft,f'Dwm? 1951 ckESpfwGif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf
aqmif&GufcJYonf/ vkyfom;ydkif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkufwGif taxGaxGtkyfcsKyf
a&;rSL;ESifY t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfqufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ om*& ipkd;
uavmiftrnfjzifh aqmif;yg;ajrmufjrm;pGma&;om;cJhonf/ t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 4545454545
rS 1980 jynfYESpfwGif oufjynfYtNidrf;pm;,lcJYonf/
OD;pdk;armifonf ½k&SEkdifiH? w½kwfEkdifiH? NAdwdefEdkifiH? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk?
*syefEkdifiH? ta&SU*smreDEdkifiH? tEd´,EdkifiH? xdkif;? pifumyl? rav;&Sm;? tif'dkeD;&Sm;?
jyifopf? tmz*efepöwefrsm;odkY owif;pmq&m tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ,Ofaus;rI
tzGJY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif; oGm;a&mufcJYonf/ 1981 ckESpfrS 1986 ckESpftxd ½kyf&Sif
qifqmbkwftzGJY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1970 jynfhESpfrSpí tu,f'rD a&G;cs,fa&;
tzGJY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? ynma&;0efBuD;Xme jrefrmpmtzGJYwGif tzGJY0iftjzpf
uG,fvGefonftxd xrf;aqmifoGm;cJYonf/
xif&Sm;aompmtkyfrsm;rSm edyGef,Ofaus;rIordkif;? wpfjynfolrykvJ? uRef;vS
om,m? 'pövif;\ aysmfp&m tzHkzHkokcbHk? tpdk;&{nfYonf? 0ef;odkapmfbGm;BuD;
OD;atmifjrwf? Ak'¨oydwfawmf? ukodem½Hk pmtkyfwdkYjzpfonf/
OD;pdk;armifu ]]owif;pmq&mb0udk0ifrd NyD; owif;pmq&mjzpfvmowif;pmq&mb0udk0ifrd NyD; owif;pmq&mjzpfvmowif;pmq&mb0udk0ifrd NyD; owif;pmq&mjzpfvmowif;pmq&mb0udk0ifrd NyD; owif;pmq&mjzpfvmowif;pmq&mb0udk0ifrd NyD; owif;pmq&mjzpfvm
onfE Si f Y trSe fw&m;bufr S &y fwnf&aomtaMumif;rsm;E Si f h ae YpO fonfE Si f Y trSe fw&m;bufr S &y fwnf&aomtaMumif;rsm;E Si f h ae YpO fonfE Si f Y trSe fw&m;bufr S &y fwnf&aomtaMumif;rsm;E Si f h ae YpO fonfE Si f Y trSe fw&m;bufr S &y fwnf&aomtaMumif;rsm;E Si f h ae YpO fonfE Si f Y trSe fw&m;bufr S &y fwnf&aomtaMumif;rsm;E Si f h ae YpO f
ae Ywd ki f ; awG Y&ayawmYonf/ trSe fw&m;bufr S&y fwnf&onfud kyi fae Ywd ki f ; awG Y&ayawmYonf/ trSe fw&m;bufr S&y fwnf&onfud kyi fae Ywd ki f ; awG Y&ayawmYonf/ trSe fw&m;bufr S&y fwnf&onfud kyi fae Ywd ki f ; awG Y&ayawmYonf/ trSe fw&m;bufr S&y fwnf&onfud kyi fae Ywd ki f ; awG Y&ayawmYonf/ trSe fw&m;bufr S&y fwnf&onfud kyi f
rnfonfYtEÅ&m,frsdK;ESif h awGU& ygap? owif;pmq&monf 0rf;omauseyfrnfonfYtEÅ&m,frsdK;ESif h awGU& ygap? owif;pmq&monf 0rf;omauseyfrnfonfYtEÅ&m,frsdK;ESif h awGU& ygap? owif;pmq&monf 0rf;omauseyfrnfonfYtEÅ&m,frsdK;ESif h awGU& ygap? owif;pmq&monf 0rf;omauseyfrnfonfYtEÅ&m,frsdK;ESif h awGU& ygap? owif;pmq&monf 0rf;omauseyf
MunfEl;íaerdonf/ aus;Zl;wH k Y jyefvmvQif owif;pmq&monf tm;&MunfEl;íaerdonf/ aus;Zl;wH k Y jyefvmvQif owif;pmq&monf tm;&MunfEl;íaerdonf/ aus;Zl;wH k Y jyefvmvQif owif;pmq&monf tm;&MunfEl;íaerdonf/ aus;Zl;wH k Y jyefvmvQif owif;pmq&monf tm;&MunfEl;íaerdonf/ aus;Zl;wH k Y jyefvmvQif owif;pmq&monf tm;&
&Tifvef;jcif;rsdK;xl;xl;uJuJrjzpf? aus;Zl;wkH Y jyefjcif;r&SdbJ arYavsmYaeonf&Tifvef;jcif;rsdK;xl;xl;uJuJrjzpf? aus;Zl;wkH Y jyefjcif;r&SdbJ arYavsmYaeonf&Tifvef;jcif;rsdK;xl;xl;uJuJrjzpf? aus;Zl;wkH Y jyefjcif;r&SdbJ arYavsmYaeonf&Tifvef;jcif;rsdK;xl;xl;uJuJrjzpf? aus;Zl;wkH Y jyefjcif;r&SdbJ arYavsmYaeonf&Tifvef;jcif;rsdK;xl;xl;uJuJrjzpf? aus;Zl;wkH Y jyefjcif;r&SdbJ arYavsmYaeonf
udkvnf; owif;pmq&monf 0rf;renf;? rdrdwm0efonf tm;i,faomudkvnf; owif;pmq&monf 0rf;renf;? rdrdwm0efonf tm;i,faomudkvnf; owif;pmq&monf 0rf;renf;? rdrdwm0efonf tm;i,faomudkvnf; owif;pmq&monf 0rf;renf;? rdrdwm0efonf tm;i,faomudkvnf; owif;pmq&monf 0rf;renf;? rdrdwm0efonf tm;i,faom
vlwef;pm;bufrS &yfwnf&rnfudk rsm;vSpGmaom owif;pmusif Y0wfrsm;vlwef;pm;bufrS &yfwnf&rnfudk rsm;vSpGmaom owif;pmusif Y0wfrsm;vlwef;pm;bufrS &yfwnf&rnfudk rsm;vSpGmaom owif;pmusif Y0wfrsm;vlwef;pm;bufrS &yfwnf&rnfudk rsm;vSpGmaom owif;pmusif Y0wfrsm;vlwef;pm;bufrS &yfwnf&rnfudk rsm;vSpGmaom owif;pmusif Y0wfrsm;
teuf wpfckjzpfonfudk cH,lxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ owif;pmq&mb0onfteuf wpfckjzpfonfudk cH,lxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ owif;pmq&mb0onfteuf wpfckjzpfonfudk cH,lxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ owif;pmq&mb0onfteuf wpfckjzpfonfudk cH,lxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ owif;pmq&mb0onfteuf wpfckjzpfonfudk cH,lxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ owif;pmq&mb0onf
xd ktodcH,lcsufrsm;ud k wjznf;jznf; &if Yusufapvmonf[kyif uREf ky fxd ktodcH,lcsufrsm;ud k wjznf;jznf; &if Yusufapvmonf[kyif uREf ky fxd ktodcH,lcsufrsm;ud k wjznf;jznf; &if Yusufapvmonf[kyif uREf ky fxd ktodcH,lcsufrsm;ud k wjznf;jznf; &if Yusufapvmonf[kyif uREf ky fxd ktodcH,lcsufrsm;ud k wjznf;jznf; &if Yusufapvmonf[kyif uREf ky f
awGYBuHKcJ Y&aom jzpfpOfrsm;u oufaocHayonfawGYBuHKcJ Y&aom jzpfpOfrsm;u oufaocHayonfawGYBuHKcJ Y&aom jzpfpOfrsm;u oufaocHayonfawGYBuHKcJ Y&aom jzpfpOfrsm;u oufaocHayonfawGYBuHKcJ Y&aom jzpfpOfrsm;u oufaocHayonf}} [kowif;pmq&m cspfMunf
a&; MunfñGefYtm; ajymjycJYonf[k rSwfom;&onf/
OD;pdk;armifonf 1998 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 19 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef
cJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) cspfMunfa&; MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\
olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGUtBuHK pm - 91-117/olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGUtBuHK pm - 91-117/olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGUtBuHK pm - 91-117/olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGUtBuHK pm - 91-117/olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGUtBuHK pm - 91-117/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) &mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?
pm - 82 - 83/pm - 82 - 83/pm - 82 - 83/pm - 82 - 83/pm - 82 - 83/
4646464646 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
a':pef; (tif'Dyif;'ifha':pef;)a':pef; (tif'Dyif;'ifha':pef;)a':pef; (tif'Dyif;'ifha':pef;)a':pef; (tif'Dyif;'ifha':pef;)a':pef; (tif'Dyif;'ifha':pef;)
jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif trsdK;orD;t,f'Dwm?
aqmif;yg;&Sif? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm;wGif yxrqHk;trsdK;orD;
owif;pmq&mr? owif;pmxkwfa0olpaom*kPfyk'f trsdK;rsdK;
jzifYxifay:ausmfMum;cJYaom tif'Dyif;'ifY a':pef;udk ukefonf
BuD; OD;zdef;ESifY trd a':½IwdkYrS rEÅav;NrdKU? a&Tjcnfxdk;&yfwGif
1886 ckESpfu arG;zGm;cJYonf/
i,frnfrSm rpef;,Hkjzpfonf/ jrefrmpmayy&d,wådbufü txl;arGYavsmf
vdkufpm;cJYNyD;? o'goN*ØK[f? &mZ0if? r[m0if? ysdKU? uAsmpmayrsm;wGif 0goemygonf/
i,fpOfu jrefrmpmckepfwef;ESifY tpdk;&ynmawmfoifqkudk&&SdcJYNyD; armfvNrdKif
armfwifvdef;rS q&mjzpfatmifí awmifilaemfrHausmif;wGif q&mrwm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJYonf/ q&mOD;<uufESifYtdrfaxmifjyKcJY&mrS om;orD;oHk;a,muf
xGef;um;cJYonf/ ynmtkyfuawmfb0jzifh rkqdk;rjzpfcJY&onf/ pmayjzifY arGYavsmfcJYol
yDyD ausmif;q&mrb0jzifhyif owif;pmr*¾Zif;rsm;ü aqmif;yg;0w¬Krsm;a&;í
cifpef;Munf[laom uavmiftrnfudk&cJYonf/ ol&d,r*¾Zif; 0w¬KwdkNydKifyGJü yxr
&&SdonfupNyD; xif&Sm;vmchJonf/ a':pef;onf ynmtvif;r*¾Zif;\ rmwvd
0doBuHKtcef;wGif ]]Ak'¨bmomjrefrmr}} ]]ykPÖrD}} uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifY EdkifiHa&;
aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;cJYonf/ owif;pmavmuESifY qufoG,frdaomtcg ynmrif;BuD;
\ csKyfcs,fwm;jrpfjcif;udk cHcJY&onf/ owif;pmavmuESifY &if;ESD;vm&mrS ol&d,
owif;pmt,f'Dwm OD;boef;ESifY vufqufcJYNyD; q&mrtvkyfrS xGufum 1922
ckESpfwGif &efukefokdYajymif;a&TUvmcJYonf/ xdkYaemuftdrfaxmifa&; tqifrajyojzifY
vlcsif;cGJcJY&onf/ 1924 ckESpfwGif rdrdydkifvuf0wf&wemrsm;udk xkcGJa&mif;csí
&efukefNrdKUvrf; (40) ü tif'Dyif;'ifY tywfpOfowif;pmudk pGefYpm;wnfaxmifcJYonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHudk 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfay;aecdkuf ]]tdkif;&pf}} owif;pm\
trnfudk oabmusNyD; jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;ESifY qDavsmfatmif ]]tif'Dyif;'ifY}}
owif;pm[ktrnfay;cJY&jcif;jzpfonf/ trsdK;orD;wpfa,muftaejzifY owif;pmudk
OD;pD;&onfrSm rvG,fulvSay/ acgif;BuD;ydkif;? ra&Taus;'dkif,m&D? OD;uGmpdtar;
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 4747474747
tajzcef;? pmwdkufcef;? rmwvd0doBuHKEdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;cef;rsm;udkvnf;wpfOD;wnf;
'dkifcHa&;om;&onf/ t,f'Dwmtvkyftjyif? owif;vdkuf aMumfjimvdkuf? aMumfjim
awmif;cHjcif;tjyif om;orD;rsm;udkauR;arG;jyKpk&jcif; paomtvkyfwm0efrsm;ukdyg
vlwpfudk,f acgif;q,fvHk;odrf;usKH;ívkyfcJY&onf/ 'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif OD;bcsdKESifY
tjyeftvSefa&;MuyHkudk vlBudKuftrsm;qHk;jzpfonf/
1929-30 ckESpfwGif apmifa&wdk;vmaomowif;pmtwGuf wpfOD;wnf;
rEdkifojzifY nDrrsm;jzpfMuaom a':pef;zHk ESifYa':pef;&SifwdkYu ]]aiGaomfwm}} ]]pE´m
aiG&nf}} ponfYuavmiftrnfrsm;jzifY a&;om;ulnDcJYMuonf/ OD;uGmpdtcef;ESifY
acgif;BuD;ydkif;rS NAdwdoQtpdk;&tkyfcsKyfyHkudk jyif;xefpGm a0zefcJYojzifY rMumcP
owday;ta&;,ljcif;cH&onf/
1939 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 29 &ufaeYwGif tdE´d,jrefrmt"du½kPf;jzpfMuí
tif'Dyif;'ifYowif;pmwdkufzsufqD;jcif; cHcJY&onf/ owif;pmoufwrf; (11)ESpf
MumcJYNyD;umrS owif;pmwdkufudk ydwfNyD; tem;,lcJY&onf/ 'kwd,urÇmppftNyD;wGif
a':'*kefcifcifav;ESifYoGm;a&mufaexdkifNyD; ,k0wD*sme,ft,f'DwmtzGJY0ifwpfOD;
tjzpf a':uGmpdtrnfjzifY aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHtoHvTifYXmerS
vnf; axG&mpdwful;tcef;rSaeí toHvTifYcJY&m y&dowft BudKufawGYcJYonf/
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;üomru urÇmYEkdifiHa&;udkygtjrifus,fus,fjzifY a0zef
a&;om;EdkifcJYonf/ ol\uavmifxufjruf pl;&SojzifY NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ rMumcP
owday;jcif;cHcJY&onf/ trsdK;orD;t,f'DwmwpfOD;taejzifY tkyfcsKyfa&;avmuukd
tqifYtwef;jrifYjrifY a0zefoHk;oyfol wpfOD;tjzpfausmfMum;cJYonf/
bD;qHywfBuD;ESifY a,mvHkcsnf0wf? odk;arG;wbufNcHKwwfaoma':pef;onf
*syfqifaumvdyfjrefrmpmaytoif; a[majymyGJwGif q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;ESifY
<ua&mufa[majymcJYonf/ ol\a[majymrIrsm;rSm NiD;aiGYzG,fryg/ aqmfp&m
uavmfp&mqdkvQifvnf; rn§mrwma0zefa&;oabmjzifY [moaESmNyD; wifjywwf
onf/ trsdK;orD;uav;awG? pD;yGm;a&;orm;awG? tusifYysuf0efxrf;awG? yumoe
tvkyfawG? ocifb0a&mufumrS uRefb0udk vGrf;qGwfaeolawG? pdefa&Trufaom
trsdK;orD;awG? vlaygif;rSm;wwfaom uawmft&m&SdawGponfjzifY em;axmifí
rNiD;atmiftrsm;qHk; qHk;rcJYonf/ &,f'gaygY? jynfBuD;om; xGufaygufydwfenf;?
4848484848 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
taygif;toif;? rZÑdry#dy'g? vmbfay; vmbf,l? tlwdkrsdK;? vGwfvyfwJYt&om?
0ifaygufzGifYenf;? 'gta&;BuD;qHk; paomacgif;pOfrsdK;rsm;jzifY ynmay;cJYonf/ ]]rdef;r
rif;wdkifyifawGvdkNyD}} aqmif;yg;rSmvnf;xif&Sm;cJYonf/
1947 ckESpf? arvwGif ok"r®0wDpmyHkESdyfwdkufrS ]]EkdifiHawmfjyefvnfxlaxmif
a&;twGuf tif'Dyif;'ifY a':pef;\ axG&mpdwful;}} [laompmtkyfudkxkwfa0cJY
onf/
rlvtoHvTifYpOfujyefMum;a&;0efBuD; 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdKu ppf'PfcH&aom
jrefrmEkdifiH jyefvnfxllaxmifa&;twGuf wwfpGrf;orQ ulnD&ef wm0efay;onfY
twGuf bmomjyefryg/ 0w¬Kvnf;r[kwf? rdrdudk,fydkifÓPfjzifYpdwful;&oa&GU
toHvTifYcJYjcif;jzpfonf[krSwfom;&onf/
pma&;q&mrBuD;? owif;pmq&mrBuD;? tif'Dyif;'ifh a':pef;onf 1950
jynfhESpf? Mo*kwfv 3 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) ESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m? 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m? 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m? 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m? 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m? 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyef
pmaytoif;/pmaytoif;/pmaytoif;/pmaytoif;/pmaytoif;/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 4949494949
OD;pdef ( AE¨KvOD;pdef)OD;pdef ( AE¨KvOD;pdef)OD;pdef ( AE¨KvOD;pdef)OD;pdef ( AE¨KvOD;pdef)OD;pdef ( AE¨KvOD;pdef)
owif;pmq&m OD;pdefudk 1900 jynfhESpf? rwfv 13
&ufaeYwGif rEÅav;c½dkif? jrpfi,fütz OD;zdk;Munf? trd
a':ausmf wdkYrSarG;zGm;cJhonf/ i,fpOfuyif pmayESifhywfouf
aom tajccHynm&yfrsm;udk t&G,fESifhrvdkufatmifavhvm
qnf;yl;xm;cJhaom vli,fwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh OD;pdef
onf xl;cRefaom owif;pmq&m wpfOD;jzpfvmcJhonf/
1919 ckESpfwGif jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmü t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf aqmif&Guf
vkyfudkifcJhonf/ 19 ESpfom; t&G,fESifh t,f'DwmcsKyfjzpfvmcJhaom OD;pdefrSm olUwGif
xl;cRefaomt&nftcsif;rsm;&Sdjcif;aMumifhyifjzpfonf/
OD;pdefonf 1920rS 1939ckESpfwGif tywfpOf AE¨Kv*sme,fESifh AE¨KvaeYpOf
owif;pmudk OD;pD;OD;udkifjyKvkyfí xkwfa0cJhonf/ AE¨Kv*sme,fwGifpmwdkufcef;ESifh
wif;ykwftcef;rSm xdkpOfu vlBudKuftawmfrsm;aom tcef;jzpfcJhonf/
]]wif;ykwfBuD;}} [kqdkvQif AEKv*sme,fwGifyg0ifaeaomaqmif;yg;&SifwpfOD;\
trnf[k &Sifvltrsm; odxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ xdkpOfuAE¨Kv*sme,fudk &Sifvltrsm;
tm½HkpdkufMunfh½IcJhMuonf/ ,if;tcsdefrSpí OD;pdefa&SUwGif ]]AEKv}}trnfwpfckwdk;í
]]AE¨KvOD;pdef}}[k ac:wGifvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
AEKvOD;pdefonf owif;pmq&mtjzpfvkyfudkifae&if; EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fxJodkY
wpfpwpfp0ifa&mufvmcJhonf/ rlvu *sD-pD-bD- at ac: jrefrmtoif;csKyfBuD;wGif
omreftoif;om;wpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhaomfvnf; 1930 jynfhESpfwGif
Ouú|tjzpfa&G;cs,fwifajrSmufjcif;cHcJh&onf/ jrefrmEdkifiHudktdEd´,rSwGJa&;cGJa&;
jyóemay:vmaomtcg AEKvOD;pdefonf a'gufwmbarmfOD;pD;aomwGJa&;bufrS
yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/
1930 jynfhESpfwGif AE¨KvOD;pdef *sDpDbDattoif;BuD;\ Ouú|jzpfvmaom
tcg toif;BuD;\ Mo0g'p&d, q&mawmfrsm;rSm rlvuoufyef;q&mawmf?
,if;aemuf ajrpdkq&mawmf? xdkYaemuf r*FvGef;q&mawmf wdkYjzpfMuonf/
5050505050 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
q&mawmf? oHCmawmfrsm;udkOD;xdyfxm;jcif;rSm xdkpOftcguEdkifiHa&;udk
aqmif&GufMuoltcsdKUonf bmoma&;qdkif&moHCmawmfrsm;udk OD;wnfí a&SUwef;
xm;NyD; aqmif&GufcJhonfhtavsmuf q&mawmfoHCmawmfrsm;udk OD;wnfí Mo0g'cH
,lonfh oabmyifjzpfonf/
t&Siftm'dpö0Hoa&;om;aom ]]bdu©KeDomoaemya'omusrf;}}xGufvm
aomtcg uefYuGufMuonfhvl yk*¾dKvfrsm;bufrS q&mvif;? q&m&dyf? ocif
udk,fawmfrIdif;? *VKefOD;apm? 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm OD;pdrf;paom
yk*d¾Kvf (23) OD;wGif AE¨KvOD;pdefonfwpfOD; tygt0ifjzpfcJhonf/
1937 ckESpf a'gufwmbarmfOD;pD;aom ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&jzpfvmaomtcg
AEKvOD;pdefonf 0efBuD;wpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhNyD; ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;wGifvnf;
a&SUwef;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ *syefvufatmuf
Armhacwfopfvufxuf 1943 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&opfzGJUaomtcg AE¨KvOD;pdefonf
jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;? omoema&;0efBuD;
Xme 0efBuD;tjzpf jzifhvnf;aumif;? 0g'jzefYcsda&;? r[mArmESifh Armh0efxrf;Xme
0efBuD;tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif; yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;pdefonf 1956 ckESpfwGif omoema&;0efBuD;Xme? ñTefMum;a&;rSL;? 1957
ckESpfwGif xdkif;EdkifiH? uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiH? vmtdkEdkifiHrsm;odkY tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
Z,EÅdAk'bmom0ifrsm;uGefz&ifhodkY wufa&mufcJhonf/ Ak'omoemhaumifpD *kPfxl;
aqmiftwGif;a&;rSL;? e,fjcm;a'oAk'¨omemjyKtzGJU twGif;a&;rSL;? EdkifiHawmf
omoema&;aumfr&Sif twGif;a&;rSL;? wdyd#ua&G;cs,fa&;tzGJU trIaqmift&m&SdcsKyf
tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;pdefonf 1946 ckESpfwGif The Fleeing Raj ESifh 1947 ckESpfwGif uREfkyfwdkY
a&;&mpmtkyfrsm; a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/
OD;pdefonf 1976 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 320/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 320/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 320/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 320/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 320/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 5151515151
OD;pdef (wdk;wufa&; OD;pdef)OD;pdef (wdk;wufa&; OD;pdef)OD;pdef (wdk;wufa&; OD;pdef)OD;pdef (wdk;wufa&; OD;pdef)OD;pdef (wdk;wufa&; OD;pdef)
jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif pme,fZif;a0g[m&ukd
pwifwDxGifcJYol[k xifay: ausmfMum;cJYaom owif;pmq&m
OD;pdefudk 1897 ckESpf? 'DZifbm 21 &ufaeYwGif ewåvif;NrdKUü
v,form;OD;zdk;qdwfESifY trd a':zGm;pdefwdkYrS arG;zGm;onf/
i,frnfrSm y*sDidk jzpfonf/ um,Av OD;&Sdef\ nDt&if;jzpfonf/
touf&SpfESpft&G,fwGif ewåvif;NrdKU OD;a&Twkwfausmif;ü ynmoif,lcJYonf/
xdkYaemuf OD;zdk;csufausmif;odkY ajymif;aeonf/ xdktcgi,frnf y*sDikdudk armifpdef[k
ajymif;cJYonf/ 1908 ckESpfwGif &efukefa&ausmfrufo'pfü 8 wef;txd ynmoif
,lcJYonf/
OD;pdefonf touf 19 ESpfwGif "edawmbDtdkpDü pma&;tjzpfpwiftrIxrf;
cJYonf/ ESpfESpftMumwGif 0DvD,H*suf ukefwdkufodkY ajymif;a&TUtrIxrf;cJYonf/ xdk
ukefwdkufwGif oHk;av;ESpfvkyfNyD;? ½kyf&SifavmuodkY0ifa&mufcJhonf? ½kyf&Sifum;rsm;
wGif pwefYrif;om;tjzpf o½kyfaqmifonf/ ½kyf&Sif'g½dkufwmvnf;vkyfcJYonf/ ESpfESpf
oHk;ESpftMumwGif ½kyf&SifavmurS xGufonf/ tdrfrSmyifaps;qdkifwnfonf/ xdkYaemuf
ESpfESpftMumwGif bm;rm;aumfydka&;&Sif;½Hk;csKyfü trIxrf;onf/ xdkpOfrSmyif
BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&;trnf&Sdusrf;udk pwifjyKpkcJYonf/ ,if;pmtkyfrS pwifum i,f
emrnf OD;y*sDikdudk ]]OD;y*sDidk}} [laomuavmiftrnfudkpwiftoHk;jyKcJYonf/
ol\arG;csif;rsm;wGif olonf ½kyftqdk;qHk; jzpfonf[kqdkonf/ yef;csDq&myifol\
½kyfyHkESifhwlatmifra&;EdkifbJ idk&rnfYtjzpfa&mufatmif t½kyfqdk;vSaomaMumifY
bdk;bGm;rdb? tdrfoltdrfom;tm;vHk;uvnf;aumif;? olESif hEGm;ausmif;azmf
ausmif;zuf? usnf;om;½dkufazmf-usnf;om;½dkufzufoli,fcsif;rsm;uvnf;aumif;
]]OD;y*sDidk}} [kac:a0:avY&SdMuonf/ 1930 jynfYESpfwGif BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&; pmtkyfudk
xkwfa0cJYonf/ 1933 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmvrSpí wkd;wufa&;r*¾Zif;ukd xkwfa0cJh
onf/ ]]BudK;pm;u bk&m;jzpfEdkifrnf}}]]BudK;pm;u bk&m;jzpfEdkifrnf}}]]BudK;pm;u bk&m;jzpfEdkifrnf}}]]BudK;pm;u bk&m;jzpfEdkifrnf}}]]BudK;pm;u bk&m;jzpfEdkifrnf}} [laomaqmifyk'fudkyifwdk;wufa&;r*¾Zif;\
a<u;aMumfoHtjzpftoHk;jyKcJYonf/ OD;y*sDidk uavmiftrnftjyif wdk;wufa&;
OD;pdef[laom uavmiftrnfjzifY aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ 1936 ckESpf? ZGefv
5252525252 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
6 &ufaeYwGif bm;rm;*sme,fudk xkwfa0cJhonf/ 1938 ck? ar 3 &ufaeYwGif
wkd;wufa&;owif;pmudk xkwfa0cJhonf/
OD;pdefonfwDxGifvdkol? vlxl;vlqef;yifjzpfonf/ orm;½dk;usorm;r[kwfay/
,aeYwdkif rarYEdkifaom pme,fZif; pme,fZif; pme,fZif; pme,fZif; pme,fZif; [laoma0g[m&udk 1935 ckESpfywf0ef;usif
cefYupíwDxGifoHk;pGJolrSm wdk;wufa&; OD;pdefjzpfonf[k rSwfom;cJY&onf/
wdk;wufa&; r*¾Zif;wGif pwifwDxGifoHk;pGJcJYaom ]]zwf-BuH-vkyf}}]]zwf-BuH-vkyf}}]]zwf-BuH-vkyf}}]]zwf-BuH-vkyf}}]]zwf-BuH-vkyf}} [laoma0g[m&
rSm xdkpOfu acwfpm;vlodrsm;cJYonf/ pmayudkzwf½Ií jyKpkvkyfaqmifyg? aemifzwf½I
BuHpnfonfYtwkdif; rqdkif;rwGvkyfaqmifMuyg[lí wdkufwGef;EdI;aqmfcJYol jzpfonf/
acwfa&SUajy;orm;wpfOD;tjzpf olYacwf? olYpm olYtcgu ñTefjyaeygonf/
OD;pdefonf wkd;wufa&;r*¾Zif;udk rxkwfa0rD 1930 jynfYESpfwGif BuD;yGm;
csrf;oma&;pmtkyfudka&;om;xkwfa0cJYonf/ xdkpmtkyfudk OD;pdef 0DvsH*sufukrÜPDwGif
tvkyf0ifpOfu tvkyfudkrxdcdkufapbJtcsdefydkudk vufawGUtusdK;&SdpGm oHk;um 1920
jynfYESpfu pwifa&;om;cJYaompmtkyfjzpfonf/ BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&;pmtkyfudk touf
23 ESpfcefY t&G,fuyifpwifa&;om;cJY&m q,fESpfwdkif ZGJcdkifcdkifjzifh a&;om;cJY&jcif;
jzpfonf/ xkdacwfu ta&mif;&qHk;pmtkyf pm&if;0ifarmfuGef;wifEdkifcJYonf/
tBudrfBudrfjyefvnf½dkufESdyfcJY&NyD; xdkacwftcgu owårwef;ausmif;oHk;jy|mef;cHcJY&
onftxd atmifjrifcJYygonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;cgpwGif &efukefNrdKUü ol&d,owif;pm? jrefrmYtvif;
owif;pm? 'D;'kwf*sme,f? *sme,fausmf ponfwdkYjyefvnfxkwfa0cJY&m OD;pdefonf
vnf; 1946 ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 2 &ufaeYrSpí wkd;wufa&;*sme,fudk jyefvnf
xkwfa0cJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufwGif OD;pdefonf wkd;wufa&;*sme,ftjzpfrS
wkd;wufa&;owif;pmudk wpfjzpfajymif;vJxkwfa0cJh&m 1954 ckESpf txdjzpfonf/
BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&;pmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJYolyDyD jrefrmYpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ydkif;wGif
uRrf;usifESHYpyfoljzpfonf/ yk*¾vduydkifvkyfief;ESifY jrefrmYaiGaMu;jyóemrsm;udk
pdwf0ifpm;onf/ xkdYtjyif tvkyfuHESifh pdwfwefckd;? ArmhbPfESifh aiGaMu;jyóem?
jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; ur®|mef;pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf;a&;om;jyKpkcJYao;onf/ vGwfvyf
a&;acwfwGif OD;pdefonf trsdK;om;bPfvkyfief;rsm; ay:aygufvmap&ef vIHYaqmf
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 5353535353
zefwD;a&;om;cJYonf/ vIHYaqmfa&;om;cJYonfYtwdkif; jynfaxmifpkbPfudk pwif
wnfaxmifpOfutzGJY0ifwpfOD;tjzpfyg0ifcJhonf/
OD;pdefonf 0dyóemw&m;rsm;udk pGJJNrJpGmavhvmvdkufpm;cJhonf/ ol\avhvm
rIonf xufjrufaom0dyóem oifwef;jy"r®uxduwpfOD;tjzpf aqmif&GufEdkifonfh
tqifhtxdyg&rDjrifhrm;cJhonf/ OD;pdefonf 0dyóem tajccHESifh tajzrSefpmtkyf?
*AÇD&0dyóem½IbG,foHk;wGJwdkUudk jyKpka&;om; xkwfa0jzefYcsdcJhonf/
OD;pdefonf yoHk;vHk;0dyóemjyefYyGm;a&;tzGJYudkwnfaxmifNyD;vQif &efukefNrdKU?
a&Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf;? a&Tusif"r®m½HkwGif 0dyóemoifwef;rsm;oifMum;ydkYcscJhonf/
,if;oifwef;twGuf ]]0dyóemusrf;pm ESpfapmifwGJ}} ESifh ]]0dyóemonf 'kv’b}}
[laompmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;jyKpkonf/
OD;pdefonf 1978 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm - 130/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm - 130/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm - 130/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm - 130/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm - 130/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) ESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyef
pmaytoif;? pm - 185/pmaytoif;? pm - 185/pmaytoif;? pm - 185/pmaytoif;? pm - 185/pmaytoif;? pm - 185/
5454545454 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf pdef0if;)OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf pdef0if;)OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf pdef0if;)OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf pdef0if;)OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf pdef0if;)
owif;pmq&m OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf) udk 1912 ckESpf?
azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufaeYwGif tz OD;ñGefYESifh trda':arwdkYu
rEÅav;NrdKUü arG;zGm;cJhonf/
OD;pdef0if;onf rEÅav; OypmaumvdyfESifh &efukefwuúodkvfrsm;wGif ynm
oif,lcJhonf/ 1949 ckESpf? arvwGif rEÅav;NrdKUüxif&Sm;aom jrefrmhvrf;pOf
owif;pmudk tjcm;av;OD;ESifhyl;aygif;NyD; xkwfa0cJhonf/ aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmh
vrf;pOfowif;pmtm; udk,fydkifvTJ,lí t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf 1964 ckESpf? {NyDv
owif;pm tydwfcH&onfhtxd vkyfudkifcJhonf/
owif;pmq&mwpfOD;taejzifh w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiH? jyifopf? *smreD?
NAdwdefEdkifiHrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhonf/
OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf) \ZeD;rSm a':oufwif jzpfí om;orD;
av;a,muf&Sdonf/
OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf) onf 1987 ckESpf? rwfv? 30 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;
NrdKUaetdrfü uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 58/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 58/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 58/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 58/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 58/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 5555555555
OD;pdrf; (jrefrmYtvif;OD;pdrf;)OD;pdrf; (jrefrmYtvif;OD;pdrf;)OD;pdrf; (jrefrmYtvif;OD;pdrf;)OD;pdrf; (jrefrmYtvif;OD;pdrf;)OD;pdrf; (jrefrmYtvif;OD;pdrf;)
jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif jrefrmhtvif;OD;pdrf;tjzpf
xif&Sm;cJYaomowif;pmq&m armifpdrf;udk 1870jynfYESpf (jrefrm
ouú&mZf 1232 ckESpf ewfawmfvjynfYausmf 7 &uf Ak'¨[l;aeY
eHeuf 4 csufwD;) wGif ykodrfNrdKUü zGm;jrifcJYonf/ zcifrSm pma&;BuD;
OD;armifuav; ESifY rdcifrSm a':rr wdkYjzpfMuonf/ armifpdrf;um;
om;MuD;Mo&ó jzpf\/ nDrsm;rSm aemufydkif;ü xif&Sm;vmcJYaom ykodrfOD;b*srf;ESifY
ausmif;oHk;jrefrm&mZ0ifa&;om;cJYaom &mZ0if q&mMuD; OD;boef; wdkYyifjzpfMuonf/
OD;pdrf;onf ynmxufjrufjyD;? tifx&ifYpf pmar;yJGudk ajzqdkatmifjrifcJYonf/
,if;aemuf puúx&Dpmar;yJ Gud kvnf;aumif;? tdEd ´,rufx&pfpmar;yJ Gud k
vnf;aumif; ajzqdkatmifjrifcJYonf/ OD;pdrf;onf ausmif;rSxGufjyD;vQif a&S;OD;pGm
a&TbdkNrdKUwGif puúx&Dtvkyfudk pwif0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJYonf/ ,if;rSwpfzef puúx&D
tvkyfESifY 0efaxmuftvkyfwdkYudk yl;wJGvufcHí ESpfaygif; (20) cefYrQ vkyfudkiff
aqmif&GufcJYonf/
,if;odkY a&TbdkNrdKUwGif OD;pdrf;onf trIxrf;aepOf Ak'¨bmomtoif;BuD;rS
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;xH Ak'bmom pmayusrf;*efrsm;udk avYvmoifMum;rdaomtcg
bmomw&m;ü xl;uJpGm,HkMunfvmum t*Fvdyfpmrsm;udk vHk;0 pGefYvTwfcJYonf[k
qdkMuonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif yd#uwfusrf;pmwdkYESifYwuG jrefrmpmay,Ofaus;rI
tEkynmwdkYudk jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwGif trIxrf;&GufcJYMuaom ynm&dSrsm;xHü
vnf; enf;emedó,cHí avYvmoifMum;cJYao;onf[kqdk\/
,if;aMumifYyif aemufydkif;ü OD;pdrf;onf pum;t&mt*Fgav;wefESifY avsmfpGm
ajymqdkwwfí tajymaumif;jcif;? ta&;tom;aumif;jcif;? pmaepmxm;
rSefuefjcif; ponfwdkYüxif&Sm;ausmfMum;vmcJYaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;wpfOD; jzpfvmcJYonf/
,if;tjyif aw;? bJGY? MudK;? ywfysdK;? ,dk;',m;? paomoDcsif;cHMuD;rsm;rStp &wk?
&uef? tJ? tef? {csif;wdkYtxd enf;pepfusepGm odEdkifqdkEdkifcJYjcif;jzpfonftxd
wwfuGsrf;em;vnfcJYonf/ xdkYtjyif ywåvm;wl&d,mudkvnf; aumif;rGefpGm wD;cwfEdkif
cJYjcif;aMumifhvnf; emrnfausmfobifynmonfBuD; tcsdKUudkyif oifMum;ay;cJY&onf
[kod&onf/
5656565656 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
yxrurÇmppfBuD;tjyD; c&pf 1919 ckESpfwGif ppftwGif;u t*Fvdyftpdk;&udk
xdcdkufaponfY ppfowif;tcsdKUudk azmfjycJYrdjcif;aMumifY ydwfxm;jcif;cHcJY&aom jrefrmY
tvif;owif;pmudk jyefvnfxkwfa0cJYMuonf/ xdktcg OD;pdrf;tm; wdkuftkyftjzpf
ac:,lcefYxm;jcif;cH&onf/ t,f'DwmrSm q&moifjzpfonf/
OD;pdrf;jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmokdY a&mufcsdefwGif toufrSm 55ESpft&G,frQ
&dSjyDjzpfí t&m&mwGif a½SUaemuf qifjcifEdkifpGrf;&dSvsuf wnfNidrf&ifYusufaom
t&G,fyifjzpfí wm0efudkEdkifeif;pGm xrf;aqmifEdkifcJYonf/ OD;pdrf;owif; pmwdkufodkY
a&mufí rMumrDyif t,f'Dwmq&moifrSm y#dyu© yk*¾dKvfa&;tmCmwaMumifY
wpfzufrS vlqdk;irdk; qdkoludkiSm;NyD;owfapcJYí tedpöa&mufcJYonf/ xdktcg OD;pdrf;
onf wdkuftkyfwm0efudkomru t,f'Dwm wm0efudkyg yl;wJGxrf;aqmifcJY&onf/
1921 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif jrefrmEdkifiHodkY yÍörajrmufa*smhbk&ifom;awmf
a0vrif;om;onf wdkif;cef; vSnfYvnfvmonf/ ,if;odkYvmcsdefwGif e,fcsJUtMudKuf
vdkufí rsufESmajymifajymifjzifY NAdwdoQtvdkawmf&dwdkYu aomif;aomif;jzjz
vdIufvdIufvSJvSJtm;yg;w&BudKcJhMuonf/ OD;pdrf;url BudKqdkorIrjyKonfhtjyif
oydwfarSmufMu&ef jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmrSaeí jynfolvlxktm; yefMum;
wdkufwGef;cJhonf/ a0vrif;om;udkvnf; jyif;jyif;xefxef wdkufcdkufa0zef a&;om;cJh
onf/ ,ifodkY OD;pdrf;a&;om;jcif;rSm wpfOD;wpfa,mufwnf;oabmxm;jzifh a&;om;cJh
jcif;um; r[kwfay/ tcgoifhí a&;om;jcif;omjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm xkdtcsdefu
[kr®½l;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;awmif;qdkaecsdef jzpfí EdkifiHa&; t&Sdeft[kef jrifhrm;aecsdef
jzpf&m jrefrmEdkifiHHa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;OD;pD;í wpfEdkifiHvHk;u tylwjyif; tkyfcsKyf
a&; awmif;qdkaeMuonfh tcsdefjzpfojzifh ,if;tcsdef? ,if;tcg? ,if;tajctaeudk
OD;pdrf;utcGifhaumif;,lum rdrdpGrf;Edkifaomuavmifvufeufjzifh tcsufusus
wyfvSefYOD;aqmifvdkufjcif;jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/
xdktjyKtrlaMumifh NAdwdoQt*Fvdyfe,fcsUJtpdk;&u EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD;rsm;
jzpfMuaom OD;cspfvdIif? OD;bOD;? OD;bvdIif? OD;uGef;? OD;bpD? pD-yD OD;cifarmif? ponf
wdkYESifYtwl OD;pdrf;udkvnf; jrefrmjynfatmufydkif;wGif rae&bJ e,fESifonfYtaejzifh
[kr®vif;? rdk;ukwf ponfYNrdKUrsm;odkY ydkYxm;jcif;cHcJY&onf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 5757575757
OD;atmifjrwfxG#fac: t½Siftm'dpö0Hoq&mawmf a&;om;aom ]bdu©LeD omoaem
ya'ousrf;}udk uefYuGufMuaom &[ef;yk*¾dKvf? vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;wGif OD;pdrf;onf t*¾r[m
y@dwOD;vif;? q&mvGef; (ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;)? q&m&dyf? 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK paom
vlyk*¾dKvf (23) OD;wGif wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfcJYonf/ t&Siftm'dpö0Hoq&mawmfonf
jrefrmYtvif;OD;pdrf;wpfOD;wnf;udkyif ]t&D;pdrf;} [k trnfwyfum aqmif;yg;rsm;?
uAsmrsm;jzifY jyefvnfajzMum; a&;om;cJYonf/
aemufydkif;wGif OD;pdrf;onf tajctaet& wdkufxdkift,f'Dwmtjzpf
aqmif&Gufjcif;rjyKawmYbJ aemufydkif;rS tMuHtm; OmPftm;jzifY tpGrf;ukefulnDay;
cJY&m 'kwd,urÇmppfMuD; jzpfvmonftxdyifjzpfonf/ OD;pdrf;onf jrefrmYtvif;
owif;pmwGif EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? bmoma&;? pmayESifY tEkynma&;
ponfwdkYESifY ywfoufaom aqmif;yg;rsm;udk axmifYpHkatmifa&;om;cJYonf/
wdkufcdkufxdk;ESufcJYonf/ xdktcsdefu olYuavmif vufeufrSm tawmfxufjrufcJY
onf/ tm;vHk;utm½HkpdkufcJYonf/
OD;pdrf;onf 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif; &efukefNrdKUudk *syefrsm;ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif
AHk;MuJcsjyD;aemuf jynfwGif;odkYyg csif;eif;0ifa&mufvmaomtcg ordkif;? yJcl;? oeyÜif?
paomae&mrsm;odkY a&TUajymif; aexdkifcJY&&Smonf/ bD? tdkif? at vufxuf jrefrm
tpdk;&rzJGUrD tcsdefuav;wGifrS &efukefNrdKUodkY jyefvnfa&muf&dSvmjyD; prf;acsmif;&yf
uGsef;awmvrf;&dS udk,fydkiftdrfuav;wGif ZeD;a':odef;? om; armifarmifoef;wdkYESifY
twl qif;&JcsKdUwJhpGmjzifY aemufqHk;aexdkifoGm;cJY&Smonf/
OD;pdrf;onf 1942 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 13 &ufwGif aetdrfü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwdå 313-314/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwdå 313-314/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwdå 313-314/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwdå 313-314/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwdå 313-314/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) ocFg- jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpkrsm;/ pm 44-4ocFg- jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpkrsm;/ pm 44-4ocFg- jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpkrsm;/ pm 44-4ocFg- jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpkrsm;/ pm 44-4ocFg- jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpkrsm;/ pm 44-47/7/7/7/7/
5858585858 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;qkNrdKif (wuúodkvf qkNrdKif)OD;qkNrdKif (wuúodkvf qkNrdKif)OD;qkNrdKif (wuúodkvf qkNrdKif)OD;qkNrdKif (wuúodkvf qkNrdKif)OD;qkNrdKif (wuúodkvf qkNrdKif)
owif;pmq&m OD;qkNrdKif udk 1914 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (8)
&ufaeYwGif? rauGwdkkif;? ewfarmufNrdKUü tz txufwef;
a&SUae OD;rif;Zif? trd a':a':cspfwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJhonf/
OD;qkNrdKifonf ewfarmufNrdKU? 'DyuF&mausmif; q&mawmf OD;aombdwxHü
pwifynmoif,lcJhonf/ 1928 ckESpfwGif aysmfbG,fNrdKU trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;
odkUajymif;a&TUumynmoif,lcJhNyD; 1932 ckESpfwGif q,fwef;atmifjrifcJhonf/
&efukefwuúodkvfwGif qufvufynmoif,lcJhNyD; 1938 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbGJUudk&&SdcJhonf/
wuúodkvfwGif ynmoif,laepOf 1936 ckESpfrSpum pmayavmuodkY 0ifa&mufcJh
onf/
OD;qkNrdKifonf ol&d,owif;axmuf? &efukefwuúodkvf ppfudkif;ausmif;
aqmifo[m&tzGJUu xkwfa0aom ppfudkif;*kPf&nfr*¾Zif;t,f'Dwm? wdk;wufa&;?
e*g;eD? tdk;a0? bm;rm;*sme,fwdkYwGif aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;&if; q,foef;owif;pmü
t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&Gufonf/ 1938 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfqkNrdKif\ yxrqkH;
pmtkyfjzpfaom ]]vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ}} ]]vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ}} ]]vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ}} ]]vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ}} ]]vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ}} trnf&Sd pmtkyfudk e*g;eDtoif;rS xkwfa0cJh
onf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif rdw¬DvmNrdKU? trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;ü ausmif;q&m
tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;qkNrdKifonf 1940 jynfhESpfwGif a&mifeD? axmifxGufBuD; awmfpwdGKif;\
0w¬Kudk bmomjyefcJhonf/ xdkYtjyif xl;wJhudk;? enf; 108? enf; 99 ponfhusrf;rsm;
xkwfa0cJhonf/ OD;tmum uavmiftrnfjzifh ]]oifhb0c&D;pOf}}]oifhb0c&D;pOf}}]oifhb0c&D;pOf}}]oifhb0c&D;pOf}}]oifhb0c&D;pOf}} trnf&Sdpmtkyfudk
a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif ewfarmufNrdKUü AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
txdrf;trSwf EdkkifiHawmfwef;jrifhausmif;udkwnfaxmifNyD; 1948 ckESpfrS 1955 ckESpf
txd ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;cJhonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif ewfarmufNrdKU
ta&SUydkif;\ ygvDreftrwftjzpf ta&G;cH&onf/
OD;qkNrdKifonf 1984 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 26 &ufaeYwGif rauG;NrdKUü
uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-198/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-198/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-198/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-198/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-198/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 5959595959
OD;ÓP ('*kefÓP)OD;ÓP ('*kefÓP)OD;ÓP ('*kefÓP)OD;ÓP ('*kefÓP)OD;ÓP ('*kefÓP)
jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif owif;pmq&m? pma&;
q&m? ZmwfñTef;a&;q&m? ½kyf½Sif'g½dkufwm OD;ÓP [kvlodrsm;
aom OD;tkef;armifudk jynfc½dkif? oJukef;NrdKUe,f qifNrD;qJGNrdKUwGif
1902 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 28 &ufaeYwGif tztcGefawmfajrwdkif;
pma&; OD;rdk;at;? trda':pdef wdkYrS arG;zGm;onf/
OD;ÓPudk i,fpOfurdbrsm;u ausmif;xm;ay;aomfvnf; (7) wef;a&muf
onfYESpfwGif ausmif;rSefrSefrwufbJ ausmif;ajy;cJh&mu aemuftdrfajy;b0 a&mufcJY
onf/ OD;ÓPonf i,fi,f&G,f&G,fjzifY qifjrD;qJGNrdKUrS ½Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;
zGifYcgp er®wlabmfwGif;txd xGufajy;cJYonf/ pm;aomufaexdkifa&;twGuf
vufzuf&nfqdkifpm;yJGxdk;? yefuefaq;ponfjzifY tvkyfvkyfum olYb0udk½kef;uef
cJYonf/ aemufqHk; bm;rm;½dkifz,fwyfodkY 0ifa&mufcJY&m aemufydkif; olYtoufrapYrSef;
odoGm;onftwGuf wyfrSxGufcJY&onf/ ol\rdbrsm;onf rwwfomonfYaemufqHk;
OD;ÓP (16) ESpfom;t&G,fwGif rdef;ray;pm;vdkufavawmYonf/
xdkYaemuf rdwD¬vm? acsmuf? er®wlabmfwGif;ESifY jynfNrdKUwdkY½dS tcGefXmersm;wGif
pma&;tjzpftrIxrf;cJYonf/ rMumrD tarqHk;yg;cJY&jyD;? OD;ÓP 17 ESpfom;
t&G,fwGif nDi,fqHk;&jyefonf/ &uf 20 tMumwGif tazxyfrH uG,fvGefjyefonf/
þuJYodkY avmu"Hudk MuHUMuHUcH&if; pmaye,fxJodkY ul;ajymif;0ifa&mufvmygawmY
onf/
1920 jynfYESpfwGif jynfNrdKUü ta&;ydkif½Hk; pma&;BuD;vkyf&onf/ OD;ÓPonf
jynfNrdKUü pyfaygif;jyD; xkwfa0aom ]]Munfawmfrl*sme,f}}wGif pmpwifa&;om;cJYonf/
yxrqHk;tMudrf 0w¬Kwpfyk'foGm;a&mufydkYcJY&m t,f'DwmtzJGY0ifrsm;u BudKufESpfouf
í csufcsif;a&G;cs,fazmfjyay;cJYNyD; pmrlcwpfq,fusyfudkvnf; csD;jr§ifhjcif;cHcJY&onf/
xdkr*¾Zif;wdkufodkY aemuf0w¬KESpfyk'foGm;ydkYjyef&m a&G;cs,fazmfjyjcif;cH&jyD; pmrlc
wpfq,fYig;usyftxd wdk;jr§ifhcsD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&onf/ OD;ÓP\ 0w¬Krsm;rSm Zmwfvrf;
½dk;aomfvnf; aysmf&Tifjcif;? vGrf;qGwfjcif;? aMuuJGjcif;? pGefYvTwfjcif;ponfY tawG;ac:
6060606060 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
rsm;jzifY jynfYESufvsuf ½dSaomaMumifY pmzwfoludk qJGaqmifEdkifpGrf;½dSavonf/
OD;ÓPonf q&maZ,s jynfNrdKUwGif (10) wef;ausmif;om; b0½dSpOf uwnf;u
&if;ESD;cGifY&cJYonf/
OD;ÓPonf ZeD;jzpfol a':jrESifYtwl &efukefNrdKUodkY wufvmjyD; pma&;jcif;
jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;b0udk pavawmYonf/ &efukefodkkYa&mufaomtcg
ql;avbk&m; pmtkyfqdkifusOf;usOf; usyfusyfuav;wGif vifr,m; ESpfa,muf
jzpfovdk aexdkifcJhMuavonf/ pm;0wfaea&;twGuf wpfzufwpfvrf;rS aMumfjim
urf;pmtkyfa&mif; aomif;ajymif;axGvmjzifY b0trsdK;rsdK;udk usifvnfcJY&m aemufqHk;
wGif '*kefr*¾Zif;ü0w¬Krsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;um '*kefOD;ÓP jzpfvmcJYonf/
'*kefr*¾Zif;wGif a&;om;aeMuaom '*kefa&TrQm;? '*kefaZ,s wkdYxuf OD;ÓPu
i,fonf/ wpfrl;wef0w¬Kacwfü 0w¬KoHk;q,fausmf a&;om;cJYonf/ 1920 jynfh
0ef;usifü xif½Sm;aom 0w¬Ka&;q&mrsm;rSm yDrdk;eif;? v,fwDy@dwOD;armifMuD;?
a&TOa'gif;? ÓP? armifopöm? a&ToZif wdkYjzpfMuonf/
1920 jynfESpfwGif jrefrmjynf½kyf½Sifvkyfief; pwifay:aygufvmcJY&m? ½kyf½Sif
Zmwfxkyfrsm;udk 'g½dkufwm vkyfoludk,fwdkif ZmwfñTef;a&;½dkuful;cJYonfY tpOftvm
udk OD;ÓPupwifí ZmwfñTef;rsm;udk wDxGifa&;om;cJYonf/
1930 jynfESpf q&mpHv,form; ta&;awmfyHkacwfwGif 0w¬Krsm; a&;om;
vmcJY&mrS aqmif;yg;u@? ½kyf½Sifu@udk wpfzufwpfvrf;u BudK;yrf;vdkufpm;
cJYavonf/
1934ckESpf touf30t&G,f OD;ÓPonf ZmwfñTef;rsm;udk pwifwDxGif
a&;om;um NAdwdoQbm;rm;½kyf½Sif ukrÜPD (ñGefYjrefrm) okdYurf;vSrf;wifjycJY&m tkyfcsKyf
ol OD;ñTefYrSmvnf; ½kyf½Sifvkyfief;wGif txl;uRrf;usif tuGufjrifol jzpfí OD;ÓP
ZmwfñTef;udkvufcH½HkrQruawmhbJ ]]ZmwfñTef;a&;q&m}} tjzpf vcpm;ac:,l
cefYxm;avonf/ xdkYaMumifY OD;ÓPonf jrefrm½kyf½SifavmuwGif oD;jcm; ZmwfñTef;
a&;q&m[lí OD;pGmuifyGef;wyfcH&oljzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf oDcsif;a&;q&m? 'g½dkufwm
tjzpfvkyfudkifcJYonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 6161616161
OD;ÓP\ bDatr? bDatarmif? xm0&? ArmYaoG;Zmwfum;rsm;rSm
vnf;av;eufaom tawG;tac:rsm;jzifY wifjyxm;onfY Zmwfum;rsm;jzpfonf/
acwfqefol Zmwfum;wGif rdef;rrsm; wdkif;jynfwm0efudk a,musfm;rsm;ESifY wef;wl
xrf;aqmifoifYaMumif; wifjyxm;onf/ ]]ArmESifYurÇm}} Zmwfum;ü rif;om; bwifY
tm; bDatatmifNyD;rS uGrf;,ma&mif;yHkudk ½dkufjyum jrefrmrsm; pD;yGm;a&; rsufpdyGifY
vmatmif vrf;ñTefcJYonf/ cspfeYHrjy,f? cspf&eYHMudKif? Zmwfum;jzifY udkvdkeDacwf
jrefrmvli,frsm;tm; ppfaoG;? ppfrmefwuf<uvmap&ef vIHUaqmfay;cJYonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif yxrqHk;aompma&;q&m? 'g½dkufwm? ZmwfñTef;a&;q&m
oDcsif;a&;q&mjzpfonf/
bDatr? rif;tmPm? cspf&eYHBudKifponfwdkYonf OD;nmP\ xif½Sm;aom
toHwdwfacwf ½kyf½Sifum;rsm;jzpfNyD; olZm? olcspf? rm,mMumjcnfwdkYonf toHxGuf
acwfü xif½Sm;aom ½kyf½SifZmwfum;rsm;jzpfonf/ uG,fvGefonfYtcsdeftxd Zmwf
vrf;aygif;ESpf&mausmfudk ZmwfñTef;a&;oltjzpfvnf;aumif;? 'g½dkufwmtjzpf
vnf;aumif;? a&;om;½dkuful;cJYonf/
pdefygwDqdkcJYaom apmrGefvS? cifarmif&DoDqdkcJYaom atmifjcif;½Spfyg;? rat;rd
oDqdkcJYaom pmqdkawmf? acwfa[mif;"mwfjym;avmuü xif½Sm;cJYonfY oDcsif;rsm;rSm
OD;ÓP\ xif½Sm;aom oDcsif;rsm;jzpfonf/
xdktcsdefu OD;ÓPonf uav;wpfjyHKMuD;ESifY &efukefNrdKU? prf;acsmif;? y'kr®m
vrf;wGif aexdkifav&m ZeD;jzpfola':jrrSm OD;ÓP\ tEGHtwmudkcH&if; OD;ÓP
\pma&;rIudkyg yg&rDjznfYqnf;ay;cJYavonf/
OD;ÓPonf pmawGYorm;r[kwf? vufawGUorm;jzpf&m avmuudk oHk;oyf
MunfY½IjyD;vQif? b0tjzpfrSefwdkYudk wifjywwfonf/ txl;ojzifY b0\½kef;uef
vIyf½Sm;rIudk o½kyfay:vmatmif azmfwwfonf/ b0tawGUtMuHK pHkvifoljzpfí
xdktawGYtMuHKwdkYudk pmjzifYcs,fvS,f pDuHk;a&;om;&mwGif wdkwdkESifYvdk&if;a&mufatmif
xdxdrdrd a&;om;Edkifonfudk awGY&onf/
txl;ojzifY OD;ÓPonf olYb0c&D;pOfwGif yifyef;qif;&JcJY&ojzifY qif;&J
EGrf;yg;aom awmifolv,form; tvkyform;wdkYtay:wGif txl;u½kPmoufcJY
6262626262 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
onf/ xdkolwdkYbufrStjrJ OD;pm;ay;a&;om;ay;cJYonf/ qif;&Jom;wdkYtwGuf
jyKjyifa&;vrf;prsm;udkvnf; qif;&Jom;rsm;em;vnfaom pmaywdkYjzifY EId;aqmfcJhonf/
1305 ckESpfu OD;ÓPa&;om;cJhaom ]]vl&GmESifY vlU&Gm}} 0w¬KpmtkyfrSm txl; rSwfom;
zG,faumif;aom vlxkjyKjyifa&;0w¬Kjzpfonf/
OD;ÓPonf ½kyf½SifudkomñTefMum;jyocJYaom 'g½dkufwmr[kwfay/ *syef
acwfwpfavQmufvHk;rS tpjyKí ½kyf½SifjyZmwfñTefMum;a&;0ef b0txd jyZmwf
rsm;udkvnf; ñTefMum;jyocJYaom 'g½dkufwmvnf;jzpfonf/
OD;ÓPonf *syefacwfwGif ]]Armopf}} jyZmwfudk tptqHk; udk,fwdkif
a&;jyD;? udk,fwdkifñTefMum;jyoum pifwifwifqufcJY&m vlMudKufrsm;cJYonf/ zufqpf
awmfvSefa&;twGuf vufeufjzpfcJYaom jyZmwfrsm;wGif OD;ÓP\ ]]Armopf}}
jyZmwfonf xdyfwef;rS yg0ifcJYonf/ ArmopfjyZmwf½Hkwifjy&mwGif jrefrmhawmfvSef
a&;pdwf"mwfudk o½kyfazmfyHkrSm ay:vGifojzifY *syefzufqpf0g' jzefYcsda&;orm;wdkYu
wpfaeYaeYwGif jrefrmwdkYu olwdkYudk cHcsvdrfYrnf[k zGifYajymcJYaMumif; od&onf/
OD;ÓPu]]Armopf}} jyZmwfjzpfay:vmyHkESifY ywfoufí ]]igopfrS Arm]]igopfrS Arm]]igopfrS Arm]]igopfrS Arm]]igopfrS Arm
opfrnf? igaygif;16oef;opfrS ArmEd kifiHvH k;opfrnf}}opfrnf? igaygif;16oef;opfrS ArmEd kifiHvH k;opfrnf}}opfrnf? igaygif;16oef;opfrS ArmEd kifiHvH k;opfrnf}}opfrnf? igaygif;16oef;opfrS ArmEd kifiHvH k;opfrnf}}opfrnf? igaygif;16oef;opfrS ArmEd kifiHvH k;opfrnf}} ArmopfjzpfEdkifrnf
udk oabmaygufapvdkonf/ þonfudk &nf&G,fí (1) Arma[mif;vQif rnfrQ(1) Arma[mif;vQif rnfrQ(1) Arma[mif;vQif rnfrQ(1) Arma[mif;vQif rnfrQ(1) Arma[mif;vQif rnfrQ
tapmfum;cH&onfudk uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrifatmifjyEdkifonf/ (2) Armtapmfum;cH&onfudk uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrifatmifjyEdkifonf/ (2) Armtapmfum;cH&onfudk uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrifatmifjyEdkifonf/ (2) Armtapmfum;cH&onfudk uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrifatmifjyEdkifonf/ (2) Armtapmfum;cH&onfudk uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrifatmifjyEdkifonf/ (2) Arm
opfjzpf&ef toufaoG;cJESif hvJí MudK;pm;olwdk Yay:aygufaomfvnf;? Armopfjzpf&ef toufaoG;cJESif hvJí MudK;pm;olwdk Yay:aygufaomfvnf;? Armopfjzpf&ef toufaoG;cJESif hvJí MudK;pm;olwdk Yay:aygufaomfvnf;? Armopfjzpf&ef toufaoG;cJESif hvJí MudK;pm;olwdk Yay:aygufaomfvnf;? Armopfjzpf&ef toufaoG;cJESif hvJí MudK;pm;olwdk Yay:aygufaomfvnf;? Arm
wdkif;Armopfjzpfa&;udk rdrdrsufESmrS rsufacs;ESif Y acs;udk z,f½Sm;&ef eHeufwdkif;Armopfjzpfa&;udk rdrdrsufESmrS rsufacs;ESif Y acs;udk z,f½Sm;&ef eHeufwdkif;Armopfjzpfa&;udk rdrdrsufESmrS rsufacs;ESif Y acs;udk z,f½Sm;&ef eHeufwdkif;Armopfjzpfa&;udk rdrdrsufESmrS rsufacs;ESif Y acs;udk z,f½Sm;&ef eHeufwdkif;Armopfjzpfa&;udk rdrdrsufESmrS rsufacs;ESif Y acs;udk z,f½Sm;&ef eHeuf
wdkif; rsufESmopfa&avmuf *½krxm;Muojzifh qHk;½H I;&onfudkvnf; jrifwdkif; rsufESmopfa&avmuf *½krxm;Muojzifh qHk;½H I;&onfudkvnf; jrifwdkif; rsufESmopfa&avmuf *½krxm;Muojzifh qHk;½H I;&onfudkvnf; jrifwdkif; rsufESmopfa&avmuf *½krxm;Muojzifh qHk;½H I;&onfudkvnf; jrifwdkif; rsufESmopfa&avmuf *½krxm;Muojzifh qHk;½H I;&onfudkvnf; jrif
atmifjycsifonf/ (3) Arma[mif;onf ,cktcg avQmfwkef; zGyfwkef;atmifjycsifonf/ (3) Arma[mif;onf ,cktcg avQmfwkef; zGyfwkef;atmifjycsifonf/ (3) Arma[mif;onf ,cktcg avQmfwkef; zGyfwkef;atmifjycsifonf/ (3) Arma[mif;onf ,cktcg avQmfwkef; zGyfwkef;atmifjycsifonf/ (3) Arma[mif;onf ,cktcg avQmfwkef; zGyfwkef;
umvMuD;jzpfaeojzif Y ArmopfzefwD;a&;udk vkH YvjyKaeMuonf/ a½SUwGifumvMuD;jzpfaeojzif Y ArmopfzefwD;a&;udk vkH YvjyKaeMuonf/ a½SUwGifumvMuD;jzpfaeojzif Y ArmopfzefwD;a&;udk vkH YvjyKaeMuonf/ a½SUwGifumvMuD;jzpfaeojzif Y ArmopfzefwD;a&;udk vkH YvjyKaeMuonf/ a½SUwGifumvMuD;jzpfaeojzif Y ArmopfzefwD;a&;udk vkH YvjyKaeMuonf/ a½SUwGif
vnf; opf&rnf? tpGef;tjidtxif;tuGuf b,fbufrS r0if&ef Armvnf; opf&rnf? tpGef;tjidtxif;tuGuf b,fbufrS r0if&ef Armvnf; opf&rnf? tpGef;tjidtxif;tuGuf b,fbufrS r0if&ef Armvnf; opf&rnf? tpGef;tjidtxif;tuGuf b,fbufrS r0if&ef Armvnf; opf&rnf? tpGef;tjidtxif;tuGuf b,fbufrS r0if&ef Arm
wd ki f; owdjyK&rnf/ *½kp d kuf&rnf/ Bud K;pm;rnf[laom pdwf"mwfrsm;wd ki f; owdjyK&rnf/ *½kp d kuf&rnf/ Bud K;pm;rnf[laom pdwf"mwfrsm;wd ki f; owdjyK&rnf/ *½kp d kuf&rnf/ Bud K;pm;rnf[laom pdwf"mwfrsm;wd ki f; owdjyK&rnf/ *½kp d kuf&rnf/ Bud K;pm;rnf[laom pdwf"mwfrsm;wd ki f; owdjyK&rnf/ *½kp d kuf&rnf/ Bud K;pm;rnf[laom pdwf"mwfrsm;
wzGm;z Gm; ude f ;atmif;wnf jr J aeapcsi fonfwzGm;z Gm; ude f ;atmif;wnf jr J aeapcsi fonfwzGm;z Gm; ude f ;atmif;wnf jr J aeapcsi fonfwzGm;z Gm; ude f ;atmif;wnf jr J aeapcsi fonfwzGm;z Gm; ude f ;atmif;wnf jr J aeapcsi fonf paomtcsufwdk YaMumifY
]]Armopf}} jyZmwfjzpfay:vm&jcif; jzpfaMumif;½Sif;jyxm;onf/
]]Armopf}} jyZmwfwGif bMuD;awmfbk&m;vufxuf t*Fvdyfjrefrm yxrppfyJG
pwifjzpfyGm;onfYtcg jrefrmEdkifiHudk wdkif;wpfyg;om;wdkY\ apmfum;jcif;udk EdkifiHvlxk
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 6363636363
u rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfum ppfwdkuf&efrmef<uvmyHk? t*FvdyfwdkYu oDaygbk&ifudk y&d,m,f
jzifY tomwMunf zrf;,loGm;Mu&m? jrefrmEdkifiH tvTmtoD;oD;rS jynfolwdkYu
t*FvdyfwdkYudk wdkufcdkuf&ef vdkvm;jyifqifMuyHk? e,fcsJUESifY,SOfNydKif&mwGif tiftm;rrQ
jzpfcJYaomfvnf; ordkif;wpfavQmufvHk;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHjynfolwdkY\ awmfvSefa&;
pdwf"mwfrSm t½dSefrao? wpfaiGYaiGYawmufavmifyHk ponfhjyuGufrsm; yg&dSonf[k
rSwfom;&onf/
OD;ÓPonf vGwfvyfa&;&&dSjyD;onfY aemufydkiff;tcsdefrsm;wGifvnf; ol\
rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfu pJGaqmifojzifY EdkifiHa&;ynmudk avYvmvdkufpm;cJYonf/ xdktcsdef
u jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwGif EdkifiHtwGufjyKjyifa&; toGifajymif;vJrIaqmif;yg;
rsm;udk a&;om;cJYonf/ ol\*sdKumtrnfjzifY a&;om;cJYaom EdkifiHa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk
jrefrmvlxku txl;yifpJGvrf;pGm tm½HkjyKcJYMu&onf/ owif;pmorm;rsm;uyif ol\
OmPftjrifudk txifMuD;cJYMuonf/ *sdKumtrnfjzifY yif ]]EdkifiHa&;uMuD;cacG;}}
trnf&dS pmtkyfwpftkyfudk xkwfa0cJYonf/ xdkYtjyif ]]tif;,m;ndKndK}} uavmif
trnfjzifYvnf; vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJG0if pmayrsm;udk a&;om;cJYonf/
1946ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom (z.q.y.v) tpdk;&
(Mum;jzwftpdk;&) wufvmaomtcg ol\0g'jzefYpGrf;&nfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;?
OD;Ek? OD;bcsdK polwdkYu ,HkMunfaeojzifY jyefMum;a&;Xme ñTefMum;a&;0ef tjzpf
cefYtyfcJYonf/ aemuf ½kyf½SifESifY jyZmwfXmecJGudk wnfaxmifaomtcg ½kyf½SifESifY
jyZmwfXme yxrqHk;ñTefMum;a&;0eftjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&avonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfMuD;ESifY ppfjyD;vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf½Sm;rIwdkYonf OD;ÓPtm;
ajymif;vJvdkufavonf/ olonfEdkifiHa&;udk rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;vmonf/ jrefrm
trsdK;om;rsm; zGYHNzdK;wdk;wuff&ef? acwfrD&ef? trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;udk t&,l&
rnf[k a[majyma&;om;cJYonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom (z.q.
y.v) udk axmufcHtm;ay;vmonf/ ola&;aompmrsm;rSmvnf; EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;
aqmif;yg;rsm; rsm;vmavonf/ a½SUaqmifowif;pm? jrefrmYtvif; owif;pm?
ponfwdkYwGif rSefrSefa&;aom owif;pmq&m jzpfvmcJYayonf/ xdkYtjyif owif;pm
rsm;wGif acgif;MuD;vnf; a&;om;cJYonf/
6464646464 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;ÓPtm; jyefMum;a&;Xme? ñTefMum;a&;0ef cefYvdkuf&m wpfESpfausmfausmf
omvkyfjyD;? raysmfojzifY xGufvdkufavonf/ olonf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vIyf&Sm;
oGm;vmjyD;? vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a&;om;ajymqdkaevdkoljzpf&um; ½kyf½SifESifY jyZmwf
ñTefMum;a&;0ef tjzpfjzifY (5) ESpfausmfausmfrQom xrf;&GufjyD;? EkwfxGufvkdufav
onf/ NAdwdoQbm;rm;OD;ñTefYu olYtm;ZmwfñTef;Xmeudk BuD;Muyf&ef wpfvvQif
usyfwpfaxmifay;NyD; cefYxm;jyefonf/ odkYaomf xdkae&mrSvnf; xGufcJYjyefonf/
OD;ÓPonf 1956 ckESpfwGif tdEd´,jynf? e,l;a'vDNrdKUü usif;yaom
tm&Spma&;q&mnDvmcHodkY jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&m udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfvnf;aumif;?
1956 ckESpfrSmyif w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHodkY jrefrm½kyf½Sif udk,fpm;vS,ftzJGY
acgif;aqmif tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1958 ckESpfwGif tD*spfjynf? udkif½dkNrdKUüusif;yaom
tm&Stmz&du Nidrf;csrf;a&;uGefz&ifhodkY tzJGY0ifwpfOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; wufa&muf
cJYonf/
OD;ÓPonf jrefrmEdkifiHpmayvkyfom; jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD tjzpf
vnf;aumif;? ½Ia'gifY*sme,f OD;pD;em,utjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;ÓPonf 1969 ckESpf? ZGefv 1 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJY
onf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) ÓPed'gef;/ÓPed'gef;/ÓPed'gef;/ÓPed'gef;/ÓPed'gef;/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwd å? pm 349-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwd å? pm 349-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwd å? pm 349-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwd å? pm 349-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwd å? pm 349-
351/351/351/351/351/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) E Sp fig ;q,f,Ofaus;r Ia&;&m? bmomjye fpmayE Sp fig ;q,f,Ofaus;r Ia&;&m? bmomjye fpmayE Sp fig ;q,f,Ofaus;r Ia&;&m? bmomjye fpmayE Sp fig ;q,f,Ofaus;r Ia&;&m? bmomjye fpmayE Sp fig ;q,f,Ofaus;r Ia&;&m? bmomjye fpmay
toif;? 'kwd,wJG? pm-154/toif;? 'kwd,wJG? pm-154/toif;? 'kwd,wJG? pm-154/toif;? 'kwd,wJG? pm-154/toif;? 'kwd,wJG? pm-154/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 6565656565
OD;ndKjr (armifokre)OD;ndKjr (armifokre)OD;ndKjr (armifokre)OD;ndKjr (armifokre)OD;ndKjr (armifokre)
pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m OD;ndKjrudk rHk&Gmc½dkif?
acsmif;OD;NrdKUe,f? tjrifYNrdKU aomwyef&Gmü 1914 ckESpf? {NyDv
10 &ufaeYwGif tz rif;wdkifyiftrwf wDyDtufpfbGJY&a&SUae
OD;omZH? trd a':a&TtHY wdkYu arG;zGm;onf/ trnf&if;
OD;odef;wifjzpfaomfvnf; uavmifftrnf ndKjronfyif trnf
&if;uJYokdYwGifonf/
OD;ndKjronf a&Tul&Gmq&mvdIif\ rlvwef;ausmif;ESifY MuufoGefaps;&Gm
q&mawmf OD;nmPausmif;wdkYwGif pwifynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1921 ckESpfwGif rHk&GmNrdKU
Ak'¨bmomtxufwef;ausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TUynmoif,lonf/ 1923 ckESpfwGif
rEÅav;u,fvDausmif;okdY ajymif;a&TUynmoif,lonf/ 1932 ckESpfwGif rHk&Gm
Ak'¨bmomtxufwef;ausmif;rS (10) wef;atmifcJhonf/ 1933 ckESpfwGif &efukef
wuúodkvfüqufvufynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1934 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾okd Y0ifa&mufonf/ 1936 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúokdvf
ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾trIaqmifjzpfvmNyD; 0g'jzefYcsda&;Xme? twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudk
,lcJYonf/ xdkESpfrSmyif wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ r*¾Zif;udk 1936 ckESpf?
azazmf0g&Dv oydwfarSmuftxl;xkwfr*¾Zif;tjzpfxkwfa0onf/ xdkr*¾Zif;\
pmwnf;tjzpf armifndKjr[kazmfjyjcif;cH&onf/ OD;ndKjronf wuúodkvfausmif;om;
rsm;or*¾\ r*¾Zif;udk tdk;a0r*¾Zif;[k pwiftrnfay;oHk;pGJcJYjcif;jzpfonf/
OD;ndKjronf 1933 ckESpf? &efukefwuúodkvfokdYa&mufonfYtcsdefrSpí ndKjr
uavmiftrnfudkcHí wuúodkvf ausmif;wdkufr*¾Zif;? wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾\r*¾Zif;? *E¦avmur*¾Zif;? tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wdkYwGif t*Fvdyf jrefrmESpfbmomjzifY
0w¬K? uAsm? aqmif;yg;? tufaq;rsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ 1935- 36 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif
udkatmifqef; (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;) ut,f'Dwmwm0ef,lum tdk;a0 trnfjzifY
pwifajymif;vJxkwfa0onfY wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾\r*¾Zif;ü ]]i&JacG;BuD;]]i&JacG;BuD;]]i&JacG;BuD;]]i&JacG;BuD;]]i&JacG;BuD;
vGwfaeonf}}vGwfaeonf}}vGwfaeonf}}vGwfaeonf}}vGwfaeonf}} (Hell Hound At Large) [kteuf&onfY t*Fvdyfvdkaqmif;yg;
wpfapmifudk a&;om;í xdkumv wuúodkvftmPmydkifwdkYudk qefYusifwdkufcdkuf&mrS
6666666666 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
tpwuúodkvf ausmif;om;oydwfay:aygufvmcJYonf/ xdkaqmif;yg;rSm ndKjr\
tajymifajrmufqHk;ordkif;0if oa&mfpmwpfyk'ftjzpfxif&Sm;onf/
OD;ndKjronf 1938 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆm (t*Fvdyfpm*kPfxl;wef;) bGJY&onf/
1939 ckESpfwGif vef'efNrdKU uif;aumvdyfü ajcmufvcefYynmoif,lNyD;? tar&duef
jynfaxmifpkcsDum*dkNrdKU&Sd aemYof0ufpwif;wuúodkvfü pme,fZif;ynm qufvuf
oif,lcJY&m (Master of Journalism) owif;pmynmwGif r[m0dZÆmbGJY &&SdcJYonf/
OD;ndKjronf 1943 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk a,;wuúodkvf
ta&SUydkif;Xmeü jrefrmpmuxdu? 1944 ckESpfwGif 0g&SifwefNrdKU? jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m
twdkifyifcHt&m&SdponfjzifYtrIxrf;cJYonf/ 1945 ckESpfü tmoHjynf&Sd jrefrmEdkifiH
qkdif&mpdwf"mwfppfqifa&;XmewGif wpfESpfMumtrIxrf;cJYNyD; trIxrf; avmurS
EIwfxGufcJYonf/
OD;ndKjronf 1946 ckESpfwGif tdk;a0owif;pmudk xlaxmifcJYonf/ armif
okre uavmiftrnfcHí owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;cJYonf/ 1968 ckESpf
wGif tdk;a0*sme,fudk xkwfa0cJYonf/
OD;ndKjronf 1950 jynfYESpfwGif 'Drdkua&pDjyefYyGm;a&;toif;trIaqmif?
1957 ckESpfwGif owif;pmq&mtoif;Ouú| ? 1958ckESpfwGif oefY&Sif;zqyv
tzGJYcsKyfjyefMum;a&;rSL;ponfjzifYwm0ef,laqmif&GufcJYNyD;? 1960 jynfYESpfwGif oefY&Sif;
zqyvtzGJY\ rHk&GmNrdKUe,f ygvDrefvTwfawmftrwftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrSmuf
cHcJY&onf/
OD;ndKjronf owif;pmq&mtjzpf 1953 ckESpfwGif t*Fvef? *smrPD? jyifopf?
*&d? qGpfZmvef? ,l*dkpvm;bD;,m;EdkifiHrsm;odkYvnf;aumif;? 1954 ckESpfwGif
tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifY pifumylEkdifiHrsm;odkYoGm;a&mufcJYNyD;? 1955 ckESpfwGif rmvm,k?
uarÇm'D;,m;? vmtkd? AD,uferf? zdvpfykdif? *syef? tEd,? ygupöwef? xdkif;EdkifiHrsm;odkY
oGm;a&mufcJYonf/ 1961 ckESpfwGif ajrmufudk&D;,m;EdkifiHodkYoGm;a&mufcJYonf/ EdkifiHh
*kPf&nf 'kwd,tqifYudk 1980 jynfYESpfwGif&&SdcJYonf/
]]rxHkwufaw;ESif Y pd kpdpdvkyfaeoludk}}]]rxHkwufaw;ESif Y pd kpdpdvkyfaeoludk}}]]rxHkwufaw;ESif Y pd kpdpdvkyfaeoludk}}]]rxHkwufaw;ESif Y pd kpdpdvkyfaeoludk}}]]rxHkwufaw;ESif Y pd kpdpdvkyfaeoludk}} ndKjrvkyfaeonf/ ndKjrtdkufwif
zrf;aeonf [líajymqdkoHrsm;udk Mum;zl;olrsm;vnf;&SdMuayvdrfYrnf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 6767676767
tdk;a0OD;ndKjr ac: OD;odef;wifonfvnf; ynwfoGm;&m "mwfoufygatmif
pkdpdpdaewwfol? pum;ajymqdk&mwGif oGufoGufvufvuf r&SdbJ? tmav;? vQmav;
ajymqdkwwfoljzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh '*kefwm&muol\ ½kyfyHkvTmpmtkyfwGif ndKjr
(odkYr[kwf) rwkefrvIyfausmuf½kyf[ka&;om;cJhonf/
odkY&mwGif ola&;aompmrsm;u pdkpdpdraebJ xdvSrdvS? uavmifxufola&;aompmrsm;u pdkpdpdraebJ xdvSrdvS? uavmifxufola&;aompmrsm;u pdkpdpdraebJ xdvSrdvS? uavmifxufola&;aompmrsm;u pdkpdpdraebJ xdvSrdvS? uavmifxufola&;aompmrsm;u pdkpdpdraebJ xdvSrdvS? uavmifxuf
vSayonf/vSayonf/vSayonf/vSayonf/vSayonf/ xdkodkYuavmif xufjrufaom OD;ndKjraMumifYyif 'kwd,tMudrf
wuúodkvf ausmif;om;oydwfMuD;onf 1936 ckESpfwGif ay:aygufvmcJY&ayonf/
1970 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv (1) &ufaeYxkwf ESpfig;q,f trsdK;om;aeY a&T&wk
obiftxdrf;trSwf tdk;a0*sme,fxJwGif aqmif;yg;&Sif armifokretrnfcH
OD;ndKjru atmufygtwdkif; azmfxkwfa&;om;xm;avonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfrSm
r*¾Zif;ESpfapmif&SdcJhw,f? aumvdyfr*¾Zif;ESifh or*¾r*¾Zif;ygyJ? aumvdyfr*¾Zif;u
aiGtm;ydkaumif;w,f? wpfausmif;vHk;eJYqdkifvdkYapmifa&oHk;axmifavmuf xkwf&
w,f/ &efyHkaiGuvJ oHk;axmif&Sdw,f/ t,f'Dwmudk ausmif;tkyfBuD;ua&G;cs,fcefY
w,f? 'gaMumifh tvdkawmf&d r*¾Zif;aygh/ or*¾r*¾Zif;uawmh toif;0if&Sdoavmuf
yJ xkwfa0w,f? or*¾tzGJYxJudk wpfausmif;vHk;0ifavhr&Sdbl;/ 'gaMumifh toif;0if
ig;&m&Sdw,fqdk&if r*¾Zif;&efyHkaiG ig;&musyfyJ&Sdw,f/ t,f'Dwmudk or*¾trIaqmif
tzGJYucefYw,f/
or*¾toif;qdkwm vlawGpk½Hk;&mt&yfrdkY? olwdkYr*¾Zif;uawmh twdkuftcH
tmabmfayhg? Oyrmqdk&if aumvdyfr*¾Zif;u ynma&;0efBuD;tw¬KyÜwådudk OD;pm;ay;
NyD;xnfhr,f/ udkatmifqef;ESifhuRefawmfwdkYyl;wGJvkyfwJhESpfrSmawmh wuúodkvf e,fajr
wGifav;pm;xdkufaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;qdkwJh acgif;pOfeJY (1) jruf&dwfwJh rmvDukvm;BuD;
yHk? or*¾'&0rf OD;uHodef;yHkwkdY&JUawGudk or*¾pmapmifu OD;xdyfxm;w,f/
'gawGaMumifhvJ or*¾r*¾Zif;[m tpdk;&u tmrcHaiGawmif;wJh? twdkuftcH
aiGawmif;wJhpme,fZif;pm&if;rSm tNrJyg0ifw,f/ udkatmifqef;u or*¾r*¾Zif;udk
emrnfajymif;csifw,f/ rsufESmzHk;rSm tNrJoHk;cJhwJhtrnfu &efukefwuúodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif;r*¾Zif;vdkYqdkawmh/ tJ'gudk olutifrwef &Snfvsm;
vGef;w,fxifw,f/
6868686868 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
'gaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk emrnfopfay;zdkY zdwfac:vdkufw,f? a&mifeDwdkY
a&mifjzLwdkY? a&mifjcnfopfwdkYponfjzifh trsdK;rsdK;tBuHay;Muwmudk oluwpfckrS
rBudKufbl;? 'gaMumifh aemufqHk;rSm uRefawmfu tonf;xJrSmvQdKU0Sufodrf;qnf;
xm;wJh emrnfwpfckudk olxHzGifhjycJhw,f/
] 'DrSmudkatmifqef;? uRefawmf rEÅav;rSm ausmif;aewkef;u (a'gif;,mOfysH)
qdkwJh Zmwfrif;orD;av;wpfa,mufudk oabmuszl;w,f? olu uRefawmfwdkYESifh
&G,fwlavmufygyJ? avbmwDrjr&ifvdk tpfrBuD;t&G,fr[kwfygbl;/
]qdkprf;ygtHk; ...cifAsmupGHcJh&Jhvm;}}
]] 'DvdkvJr[kwfygbl;...tJh'Da'gif;,mOfysHu oDcsif;qdkw,f (tdk;a0...
tdk;a0) wJh tJ'D tdk;a0udkyJ? ckepfoH ajymif;vJ qkdjywmem;axmifvdkY rNiD;bl;/
]]'DawmhbmjzpfvJ}}
]]'DawmhaemiftcgrSm uRefawmf&JU0goemtwdkif; pme,fZif;avmuudk
a&muf&if (tdk;a0) qdkwJh emrnfeJY xkwfa0r,fvdkY pdwful;rd,Ofw,f/
]][J ...[J aumif;om;yJAs? tJh'Dtwkdif; uRefawmfwkdY or*¾r*¾Zif;udk (tkd;a0)
vkdY emrnfrSnfhvkduf½Hkaygh? oabmw&m;csif;twlwlygyJ/
]]tvdk ... bk&m;...bk&m; ? 'DvdkqdkawmhvJ uRefawmhrSm (t&if;qHk;NyD;
qm;vif;ukefa&muf) ovdkjzpfaeNyD? uRefawmf ausmif;uxGufNyD; owif;pmaxmif
awmh bmemrnfoHk;&rvJ/
]]tdk;a0vdkYyJac:ayghAsm owif;pmuaeYpOfxkwfyJ? uRefawmfwdkY or*¾toif;
u wpfESpfrSwpfBudrfxkwfqdkawmh pD;yGm;a&;uwjcm;pDyJ}}/
uRefawmfay;wJhemrnfudk uRefawmfubJ cdk;csovdkjzpfraeygvm;}}/
]]'gawmh rylygeJY taMumif;&Sd&if uRefawmfuoufaovdkufrSmaygh/
]]udkatmifqef;utJonfvdkajymNyD; or*¾r*¾Zif;udkvJ? tJh'DESpfupNyD; (tdk;a0)
vdkYajymif;vJtrnfwGifapcJhygw,f/ ('Demrnfudk udkodef;wifac: ndKjruay;cJhwmygvdkY
vJ t*Fvdyfpmu@rSm olua&;om;rSwfwrf;wifcJhygw,f}} [lí tdk;a0*sme,fxJwGif
armifokre (OD;ndKjr) ua&;om;xm;avonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 6969696969
OD;ndKjr\xif&Sm;aompmayvuf&mtcsdKUrSm eef;MumndK? ndKjrpmpk? w½kwfESifh
½k&Sm;tuGJawmfyHk? wpfudk,fawmf (bmomjyef)? bdef;#Dum (oHk;apmifwGJ)? a&Tvrf;?
aiGvrf; jrefrmtar&duefqufqHrIrSwfwrf;? ukef;abmif&SmyHkawmf? þrdk;? þajrwdkY
jzpfonf/
OD;ndKjronf 1985 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 29 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü
uG,fvGefonf/
ud k;um;&eftnTef;/ud k;um;&eftnTef;/ud k;um;&eftnTef;/ud k;um;&eftnTef;/ud k;um;&eftnTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm176-177/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm176-177/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm176-177/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm176-177/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm176-177/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) cspf Munfa&;MunfnGef Y ? owif;q&mBuD;rsm;\cspf Munfa&;MunfnGef Y ? owif;q&mBuD;rsm;\cspf Munfa&;MunfnGef Y ? owif;q&mBuD;rsm;\cspf Munfa&;MunfnGef Y ? owif;q&mBuD;rsm;\cspf Munfa&;MunfnGef Y ? owif;q&mBuD;rsm;\
olwdk Y b0 olwdk YtawGYtBuHK pm171-183/olwdk Y b0 olwdk YtawGYtBuHK pm171-183/olwdk Y b0 olwdk YtawGYtBuHK pm171-183/olwdk Y b0 olwdk YtawGYtBuHK pm171-183/olwdk Y b0 olwdk YtawGYtBuHK pm171-183/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? (2) pm227-228/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? (2) pm227-228/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? (2) pm227-228/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? (2) pm227-228/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? (2) pm227-228/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) '*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955) pm189-201/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955) pm189-201/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955) pm189-201/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955) pm189-201/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955) pm189-201/
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) '*kefwm&m? zswfceJawGY&aom ½kyfyH kvTmum;csyf'*kefwm&m? zswfceJawGY&aom ½kyfyH kvTmum;csyf'*kefwm&m? zswfceJawGY&aom ½kyfyH kvTmum;csyf'*kefwm&m? zswfceJawGY&aom ½kyfyH kvTmum;csyf'*kefwm&m? zswfceJawGY&aom ½kyfyH kvTmum;csyf
rsm; (1997) pm149-157/rsm; (1997) pm149-157/rsm; (1997) pm149-157/rsm; (1997) pm149-157/rsm; (1997) pm149-157/
(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) vlxka':trm? vGr f;ol Ypm (2003) pm175-vlxka':trm? vGr f;ol Ypm (2003) pm175-vlxka':trm? vGr f;ol Ypm (2003) pm175-vlxka':trm? vGr f;ol Ypm (2003) pm175-vlxka':trm? vGr f;ol Ypm (2003) pm175-
1999/1999/1999/1999/1999/
(7)(7)(7)(7)(7) pma&;q&mrsm;? taemufoGm;ndK jr EIwfqufpma&;q&mrsm;? taemufoGm;ndK jr EIwfqufpma&;q&mrsm;? taemufoGm;ndK jr EIwfqufpma&;q&mrsm;? taemufoGm;ndK jr EIwfqufpma&;q&mrsm;? taemufoGm;ndK jr EIwfquf
pmwrf; (1939)? (8) udk ynmtr&yl&) OD;ndKjr\pmwrf; (1939)? (8) udk ynmtr&yl&) OD;ndKjr\pmwrf; (1939)? (8) udk ynmtr&yl&) OD;ndKjr\pmwrf; (1939)? (8) udk ynmtr&yl&) OD;ndKjr\pmwrf; (1939)? (8) udk ynmtr&yl&) OD;ndKjr\
awmiforefaemufqH k;c&D;? py,fjzL ('DZifbmawmiforefaemufqH k;c&D;? py,fjzL ('DZifbmawmiforefaemufqH k;c&D;? py,fjzL ('DZifbmawmiforefaemufqH k;c&D;? py,fjzL ('DZifbmawmiforefaemufqH k;c&D;? py,fjzL ('DZifbm
1985) pm 157-159/1985) pm 157-159/1985) pm 157-159/1985) pm 157-159/1985) pm 157-159/
7070707070 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;wufwdk; (armifae0if;)OD;wufwdk; (armifae0if;)OD;wufwdk; (armifae0if;)OD;wufwdk; (armifae0if;)OD;wufwdk; (armifae0if;)
owif;pmq&m OD;wufwdk;udk {&m0wDwdkif;? rtlyifNrdKUü
tz ukefonf OD;pdef&? trd a':½I,OfwdkYu 1930 jynfYESpf?
arv (14) &ufaeYwGif arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;wufwdk;onf 1936 ckESpfwGif rtlyif OD;vlvStrsdK;om;ausmif;ü pwif
ynmoif,lcJYonf/ xdkausmif;rS pwkw¬wef;atmifjrifNyD;aemuf rtlyiftpdk;&
txufwef;ausmif;wGif qufvufynmoif ,lcJYonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif edyGefbmom
pmoifausmif;odkY wufa&mufcJYonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif atmufArmjynf ausmif;om;
wyfOD;ppfwuúodkvfwGif vufa&G;pif Adkvfoifwef; wufa&mufatmifjrifcJYonf/
1950 jynfYESpfwGif &efukefodkYajymif;a&TUum wuúodkvf0ifwef;qufwufcJYonf/
1951 ckESpfwGif tdrfaxmifjyKcJYonf/
OD;wufwdk;onf *syefacwftm½Svli,f tpnf;t½Hk;odkU0ifa&mufcJYonf/ 1946
ckESpfwGif rtlyifc½dkif ausmif;om;or*¾pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1948
ckESpfwGif rtlyifc½dkif ausmif;om;or*¾Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1951 ckESpfwGif
usef;rma&;ñTefMum;a&;0ef½Hk;wGif trIxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ pma&;or*¾u xkwfa0
aom trIxrf;*sme,fwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1954-56 ckESpf
rEÅav;vlxkowif;pm bmomjyef t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufpOf yk'fr (5) jzifY 2
ESpfcJG tusOf;uscHcJY&onf/ 1957 rS 1964 ckESpftxd qdkAD,ufwmpfYaMu;eef;
owif;Xme? jrefrmydkif;owif;pOf t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1958 rS 1964
ckESpftxd pma&;q&mpmayuvyfESifY jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mor*¾wdkYwGif
trIaqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1964 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mtoif;
wJGzuf twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1967 ckESpfwGif twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf
vnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;wufwdk;onf 1970 jynfYESpfrS 1983 ckESpftxd udk&D;,m; A[dkowif;Xme
owif;axmuftjzpfvnf;aumif;? *syefowif;pm tqm[d&SifbGef;\ jrefrmEdkifiH
qdkif&m owif;axmuftjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 7171717171
1950 jynfYESpfwGif pmayavmuodkY uAsmrsm;a&;om;í 0ifa&mufcJYonf/
]]awmf0ifr*¾Zif;}} wGifygonfY ]]tESif;}}onf yxrqHk;aom 0w¬Kwdkjzpfonf/
armifae0if; uavmiftrnfjzifY a&;om;cJYaom vuf&mrsm;teuf tcsdKUrSm rdk;ajr
odrfYodrfY? rdk;ajrqHk;wdkif? jrifvSnfYygYr,fhocif? ajruGsefYom;? OD;vnfrokef? rkefwdkif;eDeD
rdk;eDeD? a&½dkif;? ajr½dkif; ponfyif udk,fa&;0w¬K&Snfrsm;? wif;rmaeaom ESvHk;om;
rsm;? avmuESpfq,fvlESpfq,f? raiG&DESifY ESvHk;csufMuD; 0w¬Kwdkrsm;ponfY 0w¬Kwdk
aygif;csKyfrsm;? vlwdkYMur®m? arSmifxJurSwfwrf;? aoG;jzifYa&;aomrSwfwrf;? oHzaemifY?
udk,fawGUtusOf;axmifrSwfwrf; ponfwdkY jzpfonf/
OD;wufwdk;onf 1991 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 17 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1992)? pm -221/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1992)? pm -221/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1992)? pm -221/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1992)? pm -221/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1992)? pm -221/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) rvdc ? jrefrm0w¬K tñTef; (4)? pm 180 - 193/rvdc ? jrefrm0w¬K tñTef; (4)? pm 180 - 193/rvdc ? jrefrm0w¬K tñTef; (4)? pm 180 - 193/rvdc ? jrefrm0w¬K tñTef; (4)? pm 180 - 193/rvdc ? jrefrm0w¬K tñTef; (4)? pm 180 - 193/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) &mjynfY OD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfY OD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfY OD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfY OD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfY OD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/
pm- 162-163/pm- 162-163/pm- 162-163/pm- 162-163/pm- 162-163/
7272727272 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;wif ('*kefa&TrQm;)OD;wif ('*kefa&TrQm;)OD;wif ('*kefa&TrQm;)OD;wif ('*kefa&TrQm;)OD;wif ('*kefa&TrQm;)
pma&;q&m '*kefa&TrQm;trnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;wif
udk 1895ckESpf? ZGefv 2 &uf we*FaEGaeYwGif jynfNrdKYü tz
OD;cspfxGef;? trd a':apmuav; wdkYrS arG;zGm;cJhonf/ rdbrsm;
onf i,fpOfuausmif;odkYrydkYbJ tdrfwGif t*Fvdyf-jrefrm q&m
rsm;udk ac:um ynmoifay;cJhonf/ r*Fvokwf? tjyifatmifjcif;? twGif;atmifjcif;?
eruúm&? y&dwfBuD;? avmueDwd? o'´g? oN*ØK[fwdkYudk 12 ESpfom;t&G,fuyif
wwfajrmufcJhonf/
OD;wifonf 1916 - 1917 ckESpfwGif jynfNrdKUtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif
q,fwef;ü ynmoif,l aepOfrSmyif pmayrsm;udkpwifa&;om;cJhonf/ ol&d,r*¾Zif;
trSwf (3) üygonfh ]]csif;Adkvfarmifwufwl}} onf yxrqHk;a&;om;cJhaom0w¬K
jzpfcJhonf/
OD;wifonf 1917 ckESpfwGif umvuwåm;wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yJGudk atmifjrif
cJhNyD;? &efukefwuúodkvfodkY wufa&mufcJhonf/ OD;wifonf rdwfaqGwpfOD; toHk;jyKae
aom ]]a&Tjr§m;}} [laom uavmiftrnfudk rdwfaqG\ oabmwlnDcsufjzifh ]]a&TrQm;}}
[kajymif;vJNyD; ukd,fykdifuavmiftrnftjzpf cH,lcJhonf/ ]]jynfarmifwif}}?
]]tif'gqif}} [laomuavmiftrnfrsm;udkvnf; toHk;jyKcJhonf/ 1923 ckESpfwGif
'*kefr*¾Zif;udktpGJjyKum '*kefa&TrQm; trnfudkcH,lcJhonf/ 1926-1930 jynfhESpfwGif
ukefonfvkyf&if;ol&d,owif;pmESifh wdk;wufa&;owif;pmwdkYwGif owif;axmuf
tjzpf vkyfudkifcJhonf/ 1927 ckESpfwGif a&SUaepmar;yGJatmifjrifNyD; a&SUaevkyf
onf/ 1928 ckESpfwGif Munfhawmfrlr*¾Zif;ü t,f'Dwm? ausmif;q&m? yGJpm;? pma&;
q&mtjzpfvkyfudkifcJhonf/
OD;wifonf 1943 ckESpfwGif0g'jzefYcsda&;ESifh jynfolUqufqHa&;AsL½dkwGif wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ Armhacwfowif;pm? a&SUaqmifowif;pm? owif;pHk*sme,f
wdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1948ckESpf wGif jrefrmEdkifiH bmomjyef
pmaytoif;ü pmjyK? jynfyqufoG,fa&;t&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhNyD;? 1959ckESpf
wGif tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonff/ jrefrmEkdifiHpma&;q&mtoif; 'kwd,Ouú|? Ouú|? ½kyf&Sif
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 7373737373
qifqmtzGJU0if? jrefrmEkdifiHpmay jyefYyGm;a&;toif;Ouú| ponfhwm0efrsm;
xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
OD;wifonf a&mfbifqifu½l;qdk; pmtkyfudk bmomjyefxkwfa0cJh&m 1959
ckESpf pmayAdrmefbmomjyef pmayqk&&SdcJhNyD;? 1963 ckESpfwGif NrdKU0efrif;\b0c&D;
pmtkyfjzifh trsdK;om;pmayqk? bmomjyefpmay 'kwd,qk &&SdcJhonf/
1964 ckESpfwGif pmayAdrmefpmaytwdkifyifcHtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1973
ckESpfwGif bmomjyefpmayqk 'kwd,qkudk rGef;rwnfhrD 2 rdepftvdk pmrljzifh &&SdcJhonf/
OD;wifonf bmomjyef0w¬K&Snf (40) cefY? 0w¬Kwkd&Snf (1000) cefY? aqmif;yg;
(600) cefYa&;om;cJhonf/ bmomjyef0w¬Krsm;wGif ]]qm½kduf'g[uf*wf}} \ yef;jrwf
rmvm? vljzLbk&ifr? jrLckd;a0a0? &SDAmbk&ifr ponfh 0w¬K (20) yg0ifonf/ a&mAwf
vl0DpwDAifqif \ ]]x&uf&Smtkdif;vif;}} udk 1941 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjyefaom &wem'Dy
0w¬Kudk ausmif;pmMunfhwkdufrsm;wGifxm;&ef ynma&;Xmeu jy|mef;cJhonf/
1965 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEkdifiHrS xkwfa0aom ]]ta&SUwkdif;0w¬Kwkd (50)}}
pmtkyfwGif q&mBuD;\ ]]axmifrif;om; OD;bkd;axmf}} 0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfonfh ]]za,mif;
½kyf}} 0w¬Kudk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhvnf;aumif;? 1968 ckESpfwGif ta&SU*smreDrS
xkwfa0aom ]]yk*Haps;}} trnf&Sd jrefrm0w¬Kwkdaygif;csKyfpmtkyfwGif ]]twdwf\
yJhwifoH}} 0w¬Kwkdudk *smrefbmomjzifhvnf;aumif; jyefqkdazmfjycH&onf/
OD;wif\ pHkaxmufOD;xifausmf? axmifrif;om;OD;zdk;axmf? tifrfMum½dk;ESifh
oHacgif;pGyfrif;om;0w¬K? vljzLbk&ifr? yef;jrwfrmvm? jrLcdk;a0a0? ½dkAmbk&ifrwdkYonf
xif&Sm;onf/ 1972 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm; pmtkyfESifh 1975 ckESpfwGif
]]b0tawGUtBuHK}} trnfjzifh ukd,fwkdifa&; tw¬KyÜwådudka&;om;cJhonf/
OD;wifonf 1982 ckESpf? arv 28 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm; ? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm- 79-80/'*kefa&TrQm; ? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm- 79-80/'*kefa&TrQm; ? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm- 79-80/'*kefa&TrQm; ? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm- 79-80/'*kefa&TrQm; ? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm- 79-80/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) armifokw ? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d ? pm-367-armifokw ? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d ? pm-367-armifokw ? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d ? pm-367-armifokw ? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d ? pm-367-armifokw ? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d ? pm-367-
369/369/369/369/369/
7474747474 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;wifaxG; (armifwifaxG;)OD;wifaxG; (armifwifaxG;)OD;wifaxG; (armifwifaxG;)OD;wifaxG; (armifwifaxG;)OD;wifaxG; (armifwifaxG;)
owif;pmq&m OD;wifaxG;udk zcifpm&if;ppf OD;vS&SdefESifY
rdcif a':zGm;rSD wdkYu 1933 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 14 &ufaeYwGif
jyifOD;vGifNrdKU (arNrdKU) üarG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;wifaxG;onf >yefwefqmNrdKUtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;? &efukefe,fvqif
tvGwfynmoifausmif;ESifY &efukefNrdKU NrdKUrtrsdK;om;? trsdK;orD;txufwef;ausmif;
wdkYwGif ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif &efukefwdkif; cspftvGwfynmoif
ausmif;rS q,fwef;atmifjrifcJYonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfü ynmqufvufqnf;yl;
cJYNyD; 1957 ckESpfwGif Oypmtxufwef;rS xGufcJYonf/
wuúodkvfrSxGufNyD; &efukefNrdKUaiGpm&if;rif;BuD;½Hk;wGif acwå0ifa&mufvkyfudkif
cJYonf/ 1957 ckESpfwGif aMu;rHkowif;pmwdkufü t,f'DwmtzGJY0if wpfOD;tjzpf
aqmif&GufcJYonf/ rEÅav;NrdKUü xkwfa0aom ref;acwfowif;pmwdkufwGifvnf;
t,f'Dwmtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ 1959 ckESpfwGif aomMumpmapmifü
t,f'DwmtzGJU0if? aMu;rHkowif;pmwdkufü t,f'Dwmtjzpf qufvufvkyfudkifcJY
onf/
1972 ckESpfwGif aMu;rHkowif;pmwdkufrS jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwkdufokdY
ajymif;a&TUcJhNyD; 'kwd,t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ 1974 ckESpfwGif
jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkufrS rEÅav;NrdKU [Hom0wDowif;pmwdkufodkY ajymif;a&TU
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/
OD;wifaxG;onf 1978 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEkdifiHokdYoGm;a&mufí tif'D
,m;em;wuúodkvfü owif;pmynmudk oif,lcJYonf/ 1980 jynfYESpfwGif owif;ESifY
pme,fZif;aumfydka&;&Sif; (,ckowif;ESifYpme,fZif;vkyfief;) ü 'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;rSL;
(pDrH) rS ñTefMum;a&;rSL; (pDrH) tqifYtxdwm0efxrf;aqmifcJY&m uG,fvGefonfYtcsdef
txdjzpfonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 7575757575
OD;wifaxG;onf owif;pmq&mwpfOD;tjzpf 1964 ckESpfwGif tdE´d,EkdifiH?
1973 ckESpfwGif udk&D;,m;or®wEkdifiH? 1978 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiH? 1988
ckESpfwGif qDG'ifEdkifiH? 1990 jynfYESpfwGif w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHrsm;odkY avYvma&;
c&D;rsm;oGm;a&mufcJYonf/
pma&;q&mwpfOD;tjzpf csdKaw;oHr*¾Zif;wGif ]]armifwifaxG;}} trnfjzifY
pwifa&;om;cJYonf/ ykHESdyfxkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm;rSm (1) arvrSm ckepf&uf
(jrefrmjyef)? (2) aoG;at;at; (jrefrmjyef)? (3) tar&duefudk½kyfqdk; (jrefrmjyef)?
(4) rDvH 18 (jrefrmjyef)? (5) tdrfeHygwf 79 (jrefrmjyef)? (6) rdk;ESifYavESifYrkefwdkif;ESifY
(jrefrmjyef)? (7) tnHYrcHppf? (8) rNydKonfYrdk;? (9) a&Tyifv,fqD;NyDav? (10) pdwfcs
(jrefrmjyef) ponfYpmtkyfrsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ xdkpmtkyfrsm;teuf ]]rdk;jrifYjrifYxGm;}}
pmtkyfrSm yxrOD;qHk;yifudka&;0w¬KpmtkyfjzpfNyD; aemufqHk; ]]uRefawmfESifYaMu;rHk}}
[laom0w¬K[ef tw¬KyÜwådpmtkyfudka&;om;jyKpkaepOf 1993 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 26
&ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm 196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm 196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm 196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm 196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm 196/
7676767676 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;wifxG#f (tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxG#f)OD;wifxG#f (tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxG#f)OD;wifxG#f (tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxG#f)OD;wifxG#f (tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxG#f)OD;wifxG#f (tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxG#f)
owif;pmq&m OD;wifxG#fudk 1895 ckESpf? azazmf0g&D
1&ufaeY wGifjrif;NcHNrdKUü tzta&;ydkif OD;zdef; (autufpftrf?
atwDtrf) trda':rdrdwdkYu zGm;jrifonf/ arG;csif; ckepfa,muf
wGif tBuD;qHk;jzpfonf/ nDtpfudkav;OD;vHk; t*FvefrS bm;tuf
avm 0wfvHkbGJYrsm;&í xl;cRefxufjruf xif&Sm;onf/
OD;wifxG#fonf &efukefpdefaygvftxufwef;ausmif;? tpdk;txufwef;
ausmif;? yJcl;tpdk;t&xufwef;ausmif;ESifh &efukefaumvdyfwdkYwGifynmoif,lcJh
onf/ &efukefaumvdyfwGif vydkif;rQaeí 1911 ckESpfwGif t*Fvef*sL;0pfaumvdyf
wGifvnf;aumif;? 1914 ckESpfwGif udef;b&pf wuúodkvfuGif;efaumvdyfwGif vnf;
aumif;? tdkif,mvef 'AÁvifx&DewDaumvdyfwkdYwGifvnf;aumif;aecJhNyD;? 1915
ckESpfwGif rufpfopfx&pfydk pmar;yGJESifh 1917 ckESpfwGif tDaumaemrpfx&pfydk pmar;yGJ
rsm;atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1916 ckESpfwGif t*FvdyfpmpDpmuHk;NydKifyGJü [l;pfy½dkuf qk&onf/
1917 ckESpfwGif udef;b&pfwuúodkvfrS bDatbGJUudk ocsFm? abm*aA' *kPfxl;
&&SdcJhonf/ 1920 jynfhESpfwGif 'AÁvifx&DewDaumvdyfrS bDat (wD? pD? 'D) ESifh
trfatbGJUrsm;&cJhonf/ 1921 ckESpfwGif rpf',fwefy,fvf Oya'ausmif;rS bm&pf
pwm 0wfvHkbGJY&&SdcJhonf/
OD;wifxG#fonf t*FvefwGifynmoif,laepOf tm;upm;üxl;cRef xif&Sm;
cJhonf/ *sL0pfaumvdyf&yfbD tm;upm;vufa&G;pif? ywfwvpfpul;vufa0SYcsefyD,H?
udef;b&pfwuúodkvf &yfbDtoif;acgif;aqmif? avSavSmftoif;Ouú|tjzpf
ta&G;cH&onf/ 1917 ckESpfwGif jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;xJrS tdEd,ppfwyfaumfr&Sif
t&m&Sdav;OD;wGif wpfOD;tjzpfcefYtyfcH&onf/ 1919 ckESpfwGif jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;
rsm;xJrS yxrqHk;tdkifpDtufpf 0efxrf;tjzpfa&G;cs,fcH&um 1919 ckESpfrS 1921
ckESpftxd atmufpzdk'fwuúodkvfü tvkyfoifynmoif,lcJh&onf/
OD;wifxG#fonf 1921 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfokdY jyefa&mufcJhonf/ 1922
ckESpfwGif yJcl;wdkif;urmpJrS OD;bdk;rif;\orD; roef;wifESifh vufxyfonf/ 1922
ckESpfwGif yJcl;0efaxmuf? 1924 ckESpfwGif opfawm|me twGif;0efaxmuf? opfawm
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 7777777777
aumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1925 ckESpfwGif b@ma&;|me
twGif;0efaxmuf? 1926 ckESpf tcGefawmfESifh oóar" pHkprf;a&;aumfrwD
twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1927 ckESpfwGif or0g,r wGJzuf &D*spöMwm
0efaxmuftjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;wifxG#fonf 1928 ckESpf? {NyD 10 &ufrS 1933 ckESpf? {NyD 17 &uftxd
a'vDNrdKUESifh qif;rvm;NrdKUwdkYwGif tdEd´,tpdk;&pufrIESifh tvkyform;XmetwGif;
0efaxmuf? 'kwd,twGif;0ef? wGJzuftwGif;0efponfjzifh trIxrf;cJhonf/ 1933
ckESpfwGif jynfta&;ydkiftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1935 ckESpfwGiftwGif;0ef½Hk;b@ma&;
Xme 'kwd,twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1941ckESpfwGif 0efBuD;csKyftwGif;0eftjzpf
wm0efrsm;xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1939 ckESpfrS 1942 ckESpftxd &efukefwuúodkvf
t"dywdtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/
1941 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvwGif eef;&if;0efOD;apmESifh t*FvefodkUvdkufygí
tBuHay;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1942 ckESpfwGif qif;rvm;&Sdjrefrmjynfppfajy;
a':refprpftpdk;&\ tBuHay;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1945 ckESpf uef'DaqG;aEG;yGJ
tzGJY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif; yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/
1946ckESpfwGif tdkifpDtufpf0efxrf;b0rSEkwfxGufí bm;rif;&DAsL;*sme,f
ESifh e,l;wdkif;rf;atmhzfbm;rm;owif;pmrsm;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhxkwfa0cJhonf/
vef'efwdkif;rfowif;pm\ txl;owif;axmuftjzpfaqmif&Gufí jrefrmjynfESifh
ywfoufaomowif;ESifh aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/
1946 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 28 &ufwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom
Mum;jzwftpdk;&tzGJYü bk&ifcHcefY 0efBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D
vwGif atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfqdka&;twGuf jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJY0if
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvyifvHkpmcsKyfcsKyfqkda&; jrefrmudk,fpm;
vS,ftjzpfvnf;aumif; yg0ifcJhonf/ e,fjcm;a'o pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDtzGYJ0if
tjzpfvnf;aumif; ? 1947 ckESpf? {NyDvwGif wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf ([oFmwc½dkif)
trwftjzpfvnf;aumif;? tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDtzGJY0iftjzpfvnf;
aumif;? 1947 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 7 &ufaeYwGif vef'ef jrefrmjynfqkdif&maumfr&Sif
7878787878 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
rif;BuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmvwGif ocifEkOD;aqmifaom
Mum;jzwftpdk;& b@ma&;0efBuD; tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;wifxG#fonf 1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYwGif jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&\ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efMuD; tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1948 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv
16 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmht&efwyfrawmfwyfrif;BuD;wm0efudk ,lcJhonf/ xdkYodkY wm0ef
,laepOf 1948 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 17 &ufaeY naeydkif;wGif twGif;0ef½Hk;
taemufbuf Akdvfatmifausmfvrf;&Sd e,l;wdkif;rfatmhzfbm;rm;owif;pmwdkufrS
tjyef um;ay:twuf AHk;cGJvkyBfuHcH&onf/
OD;wifxG#frSm AHk;'Pf&mjzifh 1948 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 18 &ufaeYwGif
&efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100 (yxrwGJ) pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100 (yxrwGJ) pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100 (yxrwGJ) pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100 (yxrwGJ) pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100 (yxrwGJ) pm- 6060606060 ----- 64/64/64/64/64/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 7979797979
OD;wifarmif (wuúodkvfarmifvSol)OD;wifarmif (wuúodkvfarmifvSol)OD;wifarmif (wuúodkvfarmifvSol)OD;wifarmif (wuúodkvfarmifvSol)OD;wifarmif (wuúodkvfarmifvSol)
owif;pmq&m OD;wifarmif (wuúokdvfarmifvSol) udk
1933 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 23 &ufwGif tzOD;cspfxGef;? trd
a':cifaxG; wdkYrS &efukefNrdKUü arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;wifarmifonf 1941-42 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU pdefar&Dausmif;wGif
vnf;aumif;? 1946-1947 ckESpfwGif &efukefa&Tawmifwef;rufo'pfausmif;wGif
vnf;aumif;? 1947-49 ckESpfrsm;wGif &efukeftpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif vnf;
aumif; ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif ausmif;xGufvufrSwf&pmar;yGJudk
atmifjrifcJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU jrifYarwåmtxufwef;ausmif;rS
q,fwef;atmifjrifcJhNyD; &efukefwuúodkvfü Oypmtydkif; (c) wef;atmifxd
ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/
OD;wifarmifonf &efukefwuúodkvfeH&Huyfpmapmif? urÇmYtvif;r*¾Zif;?
wdkif;&if;ar? aoG;aomufwdkYrSpwifí pmayavmuodkY0ifa&mufcJYNyD;? 'Drdkua&pD
*sme,f? bm;rm;*sme,f? trsdK;om;aeYpOfowif;pmwdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef
,lcJYonf/ 1951-52 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wGJzufjrefrmpmwnf;
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1954 ckESpf uavmifopftzGJYtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
1955 ckESpfwGif taysmfwrf;*DwtzGJYcsKyf wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;
aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;wifarmifonf 1954 ckESpfrSpí wuúodkvfarmifvSol trnfudkcH,lonf/
1960 jynfYESpfwGif ½kyf&Sifavmu odkYul;ajymif;cJYonf/ yxrOD;qHk; 'g½dkufwmtjzpf
]]iyvD}} Zmwfvrf;udkpwif½dkuful;cJYonf/ zdk;ygBuD;½kyf&Sif ]]usm;om; rdk;BudK;}} rSpwif
íZmwfñTef;a&;om;cJY&m uG,fvGefonftxdZmwfñTef;aygif;ajcmufq,fausmf
a&;om;cJYonf/
OD;wifarmif\ atmifjrifaom Zmwfum;ajrmufjrm;pGmrSm ]]cspf&ifrsuf&nf
ruseJY}}? ]]ysOf;rikwfwdk}}? ]]av½l;okefokef}}? ]]om;}}? ]]yef;urÇmxJuapmifYaer,f}}?
]]csdKBuD;csdKav;}}? ]]*sufr}}? ]]&Spfpyfu*sif*sifvnf}}? ]]ESpfq,f&mpk okb'g}} wkdYjzpfonf/
8080808080 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
]]£wåd,ac:rdef;rwdkYonf}} ESifh ]]arwåmtaoacFs}} Zmwfum;rsm;rSm
tu,f'rD &cJhonf/
OD;wifarmifonf ]]½d k;om;BudK;pm;? pma&;&if;aornf}}]]½d k;om;BudK;pm;? pma&;&if;aornf}}]]½d k;om;BudK;pm;? pma&;&if;aornf}}]]½d k;om;BudK;pm;? pma&;&if;aornf}}]]½d k;om;BudK;pm;? pma&;&if;aornf}} [kqdkcJhonf[k
rSwfom;cJh&onf/
OD;wifarmifonf 1987 ckESpf? arv 10 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJh
onf/
udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/ rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? 1987 ck? Ekd0ifbmv? pm - 20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? 1987 ck? Ekd0ifbmv? pm - 20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? 1987 ck? Ekd0ifbmv? pm - 20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? 1987 ck? Ekd0ifbmv? pm - 20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? 1987 ck? Ekd0ifbmv? pm - 20/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 8181818181
OD;wifjrifh (aeatmif)OD;wifjrifh (aeatmif)OD;wifjrifh (aeatmif)OD;wifjrifh (aeatmif)OD;wifjrifh (aeatmif)
owif;pmq&m OD;wifjrifhudk 1918 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif
ZD;ukef; NrdKUe,f? opfezm;&Gmü tz OD;ñTefY? trd ausmif;tkyf
q&mrBuD; a':pdefqifhwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJhonf/
OD;wifjrifhonf 10wef;atmifjrifonftxd ynmoif,lcJhonf/ 1942-45
ckESpfwGif Armhwyfrawmf? ppfwuúodkvf (r*Fvm'Hk) wwd,ywfAdkvfoifwef;odkY wuf
a&mufcJhonf/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGif tvkyfoifAdkvftjzpf puf2 wyf&if;½Hk;?
wdkif;ppf|mecsKyf? ewåvif;wGif ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmf zsufodrf;onftxd
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ bDtdkifatoifwef;wufcJhojzifh Adkkvfwifjrifh trnfwGifcJh
onf/
1945 ck? ZlvdkifvwGif NAdwdoQppftkyfcsKyfa&; (pDattufpfbD) u zufqpf
awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; vlowfrIusL;vGefcJhojzifh ao'PfBudK;rdefYcsrSwfjcif; cHcJh&
onf/ qdk½S,fvpfygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;u vlxktHk<urIjzifh ta&;qdkaomaMumifh
ao'PfrSvGwfum wpfoufwpfuRef;odkY ajymif;a&TUtrdefYcsrSwfjcif;cHcJh&onf/
o&ufaxmifwGiftusOf;uscHae&pOf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tusOf;axmif ppfaq;&mü
awGUqHkcGifh&&dScJhonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif tjypf'PfrS vGwfajrmufcJhonf/
OD;wifjrifhonf rEÅav;[Hom0wDowif;pm? ol&d,owif;pmrsm;wGif
t,f'DwmvkyfcJhonf/ aqmufvkyfa&;aumfydka&;&Sif;½Hk;csKyfwGif pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
OD;wifjrifhonf aeatmif uavmiftrnfjzifh pmtkyfpmayrsm;a&;om;cJhonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHpmayvkyfom;tzGJY? '*HkNrdKUe,fESifh oCFef;uRef;NrdKUe,fwdkUwGif tzGJU0iftjzpf
yg0ifcJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if 'kwd,tqifh &&SdNyD;? EdkifiHh*kPf&nf 'kwd,
tqifhukd 1984 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYwGifcsD;jrSifhjcif;cHcJh&onf/
OD;wifjrifh\ xif&Sm;aom pmayvuf&mtcsdKUrSm ]] e,fcsJU\ tusOf;om;}}
(yxrwGJ? 'kwd,wGJ) ESifh]]ao&nf}} pmtkyfwdkYjzpfonf/
OD;wifjrifhonf 1995 ckESpf? ZGefv 16 &ufaeYwGif ok0PÖNrdKUaetdrfü
uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;? pm - 80/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;? pm - 80/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;? pm - 80/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;? pm - 80/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;? pm - 80/
8282828282 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;wif[def; (vlxkarmifrJ)OD;wif[def; (vlxkarmifrJ)OD;wif[def; (vlxkarmifrJ)OD;wif[def; (vlxkarmifrJ)OD;wif[def; (vlxkarmifrJ)
owif;pmq&m vlxkarmifrJtrnfcH OD;wif[def;udk
1915 ckESpf? 'DZifbm 9 &ufwGif? rtlyifc½dkif? yef;waemfNrdKUü
tz OD;cspfaqG? trd a':aiGcspfwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;wif[def;onf 1300 jynfYESpfwGif yef;waemfNrdKU ae&Sife,f (trsdK;om;)
ausmif;rS tv,fwef;atmifjrifcJYonf/ 1936 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUrausmif;rS
(10) wef; atmifjrifcJhonf/ wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;0ifNyD; ocifwif[def;tjzpfcH,lum
armfvNrdKifNrdKUwGif wm0ef,lcJYonf/
'kwd,urÇmppftNyD; 1946 ckESpf? {NyDv 19&ufaeYrSpwifxkwfa0cJYaom
rEÅav;NrdKUvlxkowif;pmESifY vlxk *sme,fwkdYwGif owif;ESifY owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;?
c&D;oGm;aqmif;yg;rsm;? ,Ofaus;rI"avYaqmif;yg;rsm;udk 1967 ckESpf? Zlvdkif 7
&ufaeYaemufqHk;xkwfvlxkowif;pmtxd (aumfvHpm;) tvGwfowif;axmuf
tjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ q&mBuD; vlxkOD;vSonf vlxkowif;pmwGif OD;wif[def;
a&;cJhaom 1954 ckESpfrS 1959ckESpf txd aqmif;yg;rsm;twGif;rS vufa&G;pif
aqmif;yg; 36 yk'fudk a&G;EkwfNyD; ]]armifrJc&D;oGm;aqmif;yg;}} trnfjzifY 1970
jynfYESpfwGif vlxkpmtkyfwkdufrS xkwfa0cJYonf/
OD;wif[def;onf 1975 ckESpf Edk0ifbm 22 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav; [Hom0wD
owif;pmwdkuf? bkd;0ZD&cef;rBuD;xJrS tywfpOfusif;yonfY pmay0kdif;ü ok0PÖblrd
pmwrf;i,fudk wifoGif;zwfMum;cJYonf/ rEÅav;NrdKUwGif 1969 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv
1 &ufaeYrS pwifxkwfa0cJYaom [Hom0wDaeYpOfowif;pmü 1978 ckESpf? aemufqHk;
umvtxd armifrJ ]]uavmiftcef;}} udk aeYpOfxkwfESifY we*FaEG tcsyfydk rsm;wGif
BudKMum;BudKMum; a&;om;cJYonf/
½Ir0½kyfpHkr*¾Zif;rSm rarhEdkifwJhEdkifu@udk armifrJ\ pmjzifY pwifzGifYvSpf
azmfjycJYonf/ 1981 ckESpfwGif udk,fhxrif; udk,fpm;NyD;? udk,hfp&dwfjzifhoGm;cJhaom
rdkif;qwfc&D;rSae ]]rdkif;qwfa&TBwd*HajrodkYwpfacguf}} pmtkyfudk owif;pmorm;
wpfa,muftjrifopfjzifh xl;jcm;pGmOD;OD;zsm;zsm; a&;om;cJhonf/ xdkpmtkyfudk pmay
avmupmtkyfwdkufrS xkwfa0cJhonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 8383838383
OD;wif[def;onf &wemrGefr*¾Zif;ESifY "r®&or*¾Zif;wdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf
aqmif&Guf&if; bmoma&;? ,Ofaus;rIESifY jrefrmY"avYaqmif;yg;aumif;rsm; a&;om;
cJYonf/ OD;wif[def; trnf&if;jzifY ]]a,m*D½IzG,fusrf;}} qdkonfY 0dyóem½Ienf;
pmtkyfwpftkyfudkvnf; a&;om;xkwfa0cJYonf/ t,f'Dwmtjzpf 1989 ckESpftxd
aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;wif[def;onf jrefrmYvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJtwGuf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifY
awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJrsm;wGif wuf<uxufoefpGmjzifY ocifwif[def;b0jzifY vIyf&Sm;
aqmif&GufcJYonfYtwGuf armfuGef;0if 'kwd,qifY&&SdcJYonf/
OD;wif[def;onf ,cif &Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoausmif;? ,ck armfvNrdKifNrdKU
trSwf (9) t.x.u ESpfwpf&mjynfY txdrf;trSwftwGuf &Sifr[mAk'aCmo\
ax½kyÜwådpmtkyfudk a&;om;jyKpkcJYonf/
OD;wif[def;onf wifyqHk½dk;usdK;oGm;í tdyf&mxJvJaeonfYwkdifatmif
tawG;tjrifpmapmiftwGuf aemufqHk;uG,fvGefonfYvtxd aqmif;yg;rsm;
a&;oGm;cJYonf/ vHk;0xkwfa0jcif;rjyK&ao;onfY ]]ausmufpdrf;wGif;qD odkYwpfacguf}}
pmrlESifY aqmif;yg;aygif;rsm;pGmusef&Sdao;onf/
OD;wif[def;u owif;pmq&mb0udk wifjyoGm;cJYyHkrSm ]]owif;pmorm;
wpfOD;onf aeYpOfESifhtrQ a&;p&maumfvHwpfck&SdcJYvQif rdrdMum;odjrif oa&GUwdkYudk
pmtkyfwpftkyfjzpfonftxd 0efxkyfBuD;ozG,f vG,fydk; odrf;ydkufxm;avYr&Sdyg/ aeYpOf
Mum;odjrifae&orQxJrS trsm;jynfoltwGuf tusdK;&Sdwefaom owif;pum;
trsdK;rsdK;udk owif;pmxJwGif rD&mrSoGefcs a&;om;NyD;NrJjzpfonf}} [líjzpfonf/
OD;wif[def;onf olYb0wpfavQmufvHk;ausmfMum;rIudk vHk;0rrufarm?
aiGaMu;rsufESmudk vHk;0riJhbJ? ,HkMunf&mvrf;udk tnMwwpfa,mufyrm jzwfoef;
oGm;cJYonfYtwGuf tifrweftwk,lp&maumif;vSygonf/ b0wpfavQmufwGif
[dwf[efr&Sd? udef;BuD;cef;BuD;rEdkif? t½dk;om;qHk;ESifh b0udk &J0HhpGmjzwfoef;cJhygonf/
OD;wif[def;onf aeYpOfESifhtrQ owif;pmpmrsufESmawGxJrSm? tywfpOfESifh
trQ *sme,frsm;xJrSm uavmifudk vufurcs? vl;vmwkHYjyefNyD;tem;raecJYonfh
OD;wif[def;\ owif;uavmifrSm wzswfzswfESifYawmufyaeqJyif? vlom;rsm;
aumif;usdK;twGuf apwema&SUxm;onfh owif;pmq&myDyD jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
]]taraeYvH k;0ray:aygufrusif;yrDuwnf;u}}]]taraeYvH k;0ray:aygufrusif;yrDuwnf;u}}]]taraeYvH k;0ray:aygufrusif;yrDuwnf;u}}]]taraeYvH k;0ray:aygufrusif;yrDuwnf;u}}]]taraeYvH k;0ray:aygufrusif;yrDuwnf;u}} taraeYjzpfay:xGef;um;
8484848484 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
vmapzdkY 1970 jynfYESpf Mo*kwfvu [Hom0wDowif;pm we*FaEGtcsyfydku@rSm
]]rdbarwåm}} qd konfh acgif;wyfNyD; pmwrf;i,fwpfapmifjzif h a&;om;]]rdbarwåm}} qd konfh acgif;wyfNyD; pmwrf;i,fwpfapmifjzif h a&;om;]]rdbarwåm}} qd konfh acgif;wyfNyD; pmwrf;i,fwpfapmifjzif h a&;om;]]rdbarwåm}} qd konfh acgif;wyfNyD; pmwrf;i,fwpfapmifjzif h a&;om;]]rdbarwåm}} qd konfh acgif;wyfNyD; pmwrf;i,fwpfapmifjzif h a&;om;
vI H YaqmfcJ honf/vI H YaqmfcJ honf/vI H YaqmfcJ honf/vI H YaqmfcJ honf/vI H YaqmfcJ honf/
OD;wif[def;u ]]pmjyKxufpmpkcufonf? pmrsm;rsm;pkEdkifrS pmjyK&mü jynfYpHkrnf
[laomtmp&d,0g'udk uRefawmf ,HkMunfygonf}} [kqdkonf/
OD;wif[def;onf ol,HkMunf&mudkom b0wpfavQmufvHk;vkyfoGm;cJYonfrSm
aocsmvSonf/ tv[ótcsdef jzKef;raebJowif;pmorm;yDyDtdyfcsdefuvGJí
a&'D,dkem;axmif? owif;aemufvdkuf? owif;tawG;ESifY aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;? c&D;rsm;
xGuf? c&D;oGm;aqmif;yg;rsm;wwfpGrf;orQ a&;NyD; vlxktusdK;o,fydk;cJYoljzpfonf/
OD;wif[def;u ]]jrefrmjynfwGifxif&Sm;aomowif;pmq&mwpfOD;jzpf &efrSm
rnfuJYokdYZGJ? owådESifY t&nftcsif;rdsK; &Sd&ygrnfenf;/ vli,ftcsdKUu rdrdwdkYudk,fudk
pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&mjzpfNyD[k xifrSwfaeMuonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif owif;pm
q&mwpfa,mufjzpf&efrSm jynfolYtusdK;twGuf jynfolYbufrS&yfwnfí? aeYpOf
&ufquf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm a&;Mu&ygonf/ odkYwdkifatmifjynfolYqEESifY rudkufnDí
jynfoluvufrcHygu xdkoludk rnfolurQ owif;pmq&m [lí todtrSwfjyKrnf
r[kwfay/ jynfolu vufcHtodtrSwfjyKrSom owif;pmq&m jzpfMu&ygonf/
jrefrmjynfu owif;pmq&m[laombGJYonf jynfoluay;aom bGJYjzpfonf/
udk,fh[m udk,fay;í r&ay/}} [kzGifhqdkcJhonf/
OD;wif[def;\ pmayvuf&mrsm;teuftcsdKUrSm - armifrJc&D;oGm;aqmif;yg;
rsm;? &Sifr[mAk'aCmo\ ax½kyÜwåd? rdkif;qwfa&TBwd*HajrokdYwpfacguf? a,m*D½IzG,f
usrf;[líjzpfonf/
OD;wif[def;onf 2004 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm 18 &uf touf (90) jynfYESpfwGif
u&ifjynfe,f? jr0wDNrdKU? om;jzpfol OD;cspfwdk;\ aetdrfü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) uefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwåduefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwåduefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwåduefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwåduefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwåd
(1361) pm-39/(1361) pm-39/(1361) pm-39/(1361) pm-39/(1361) pm-39/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) tawG;tjrif (2005ckESpf? ZGefv) pmpOf (173)?tawG;tjrif (2005ckESpf? ZGefv) pmpOf (173)?tawG;tjrif (2005ckESpf? ZGefv) pmpOf (173)?tawG;tjrif (2005ckESpf? ZGefv) pmpOf (173)?tawG;tjrif (2005ckESpf? ZGefv) pmpOf (173)?
pm-195-201/pm-195-201/pm-195-201/pm-195-201/pm-195-201/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 8585858585
OD;wifat; (ppfudkif;at;vGif)OD;wifat; (ppfudkif;at;vGif)OD;wifat; (ppfudkif;at;vGif)OD;wifat; (ppfudkif;at;vGif)OD;wifat; (ppfudkif;at;vGif)
owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&m ppfukdif;at;vGif trnfcH
OD;wifat;udk 1914 ckESpfwGif tz OD;b&DESifY trd a':wifoef;
wdkYrS ppfudkif;NrdKU rif;vrf;&yfü arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;wifat;onf ppfudkif;NrdKU? trSwf (1) txufwef;ausmif;ESifY rEÅav;NrdKU
trSwf (1) txufwef;wdkYwGif ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/ tEkynmyefwsmausmif;
(rEÅav;) wGif yef;csDynmudk qnf;yl;cJYonf/
OD;wifat;onf 1951 ckESpfrS pwifí uAsmESifYaqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJY
onf/ 1952 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvxkwf pHkaxmufr*¾Zif;ü ]vm;rm;bPfvlowfrIMuD;}
0w¬KjzifY pHkaxmuf0w¬KavmuodkY 0ifa&mufcJYonf/
OD;wifat;onf A[dk&fpnfowif;pmESifY jrwf*kefr*¾Zif;wGif yef;csDq&mtjzpf
vnf;aumif;? tvGwfynmoifausmif;q&mtjzpfvnf;aumif;? rEÅav;ol&d,
owif;pmESifY a&Tref;aeYpOfowif;pmwdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;? pHkaxmuf
r*¾Zif;pmwnf;tzJGY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif; vkyfudkifcJYjyD; eDvm½kyf&SifpmapmifESifY
rEÅav;½kyf&SifukrÜPDrS pmapmifrsm;udk wm0efcHwnf;jzwf xkwfa0ay;cJYonf/
OD;wifat;onf ppfudkif;at;vGif? rif;aZ,sm? aZmfxGef;atmif? pHkaxmuf
pma&;q&mwpfOD;ponfY uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifY 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K½Snf? aqmif;yg;?
bmomjyef wdkYudka&;om;cJYonf/
½kyf&SifZmwfvrf;? AGD'D,dkZmwfvrf;rsm;udkvnf; a&;om;cJYonf/ vHk;csif;0w¬Krsm;
udk ]]jym; (60) wefacwf}} rS pwifa&;om;cJY&m uG,fvGefonfYtxd vHk;csif;pmtkyf
aygif; (300) cefY xkwfa0cJYonf/
OD;wifat;onf 1987 ckESpf? arv 30 &ufwGif ppfudkif;NrdKU aetdrfü uG,fvGef
cJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif; (1987) Ekd0ifbm pm -20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif; (1987) Ekd0ifbm pm -20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif; (1987) Ekd0ifbm pm -20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif; (1987) Ekd0ifbm pm -20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif; (1987) Ekd0ifbm pm -20/
8686868686 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;wifatmif (Aef;armfwifatmif)OD;wifatmif (Aef;armfwifatmif)OD;wifatmif (Aef;armfwifatmif)OD;wifatmif (Aef;armfwifatmif)OD;wifatmif (Aef;armfwifatmif)
owif;pmq&m OD;wifatmif pma&;q&m Aef;armf
wifatmifudk tz ausmif;q&m? w&m;a[mq&m csif;trsdK;om;
OD;aeESifY trd armfwifvdef; *s'fqif ausmif;xGuf a':apmNrdKif
(yJcl;NrdKUol) wdkYrS 1920 jynfhESpf? ZGefv 9 &ufaeYwGif yJcl;NrdKUü
arG;zGm;cJYonf/ i,frnfrSm armifwifOD; jzpfonf/
OD;wifatmifonf yJcl;tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;wGif 1926 ckESpfrS 1929
ckESpftxd ynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1932 ckESpfrS 35 ckESpfumvtwGif; Aef;armfNrdKU?
tv,fwef;ausmif;wGif ckepfwef;atmifonftxd ynmoif,lcJYonfudk pdwfpJG
,lum pma&;q&mb0ü uavmiftrnfwGif Aef;armfxnfY,lcJYonf/ 1935- 38
ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU [dkufpul;ausmif;ü q,fwef;atmifonftxd ynmoif,lcJY
onf/
OD;wifatmifonf q,fwef;atmifjyD;aemuf jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwGif
tvkyfoifowif;axmuftjzpf tvkyfpwifvkyfcJYonf/ 1939-40 jynfYESpfwGif
pwD;b&m;om;ukrÜPDopf udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1941 ckESpfrS 1942
ckESpftxd NAdwdoQppfwyf txufjrefrmjynf wyf&if;wyfpkrSL;? 1945-46 ckESpfwGif
pwD;b&m;om; opfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf aqmif&GufjyD; 1946-49ckESpfwGif opf
ukefonf opft0,fawmfvkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifcJYonf/
OD;wifatmifonf 1938 ckESpfwGif armifwifatmif uavmiftrnfjzifY
a&;om;aom ]bkef;arYEdkifbl;} 0w¬KjzifY pmayavmuodkY yxrqHk;0ifa&mufcJYonf/
xdkrSqufvufí ]jrefrmY½kyf½Sif} ]bm;rm;*sme,f} ]jrefrmYwm0ef} r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif 0w¬Krsm;
udk a&;om;cJYonf/ 1939 ckESpfü ]r[matmif} uavmiftrnfjzifY ]*sme,fausmf}
wGif ]ppfxGufa,musfm;} 0w¬KwkdYudka&;om;cJYonf/ 1945 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvxkwf
]*sme,fausmf}wGifygaom ]aemfrla*;} 0w¬KwdkrSpwifí ]Aef;armfwifatmif} uavmif
trnfudk ,lcJYonf/
1949 ckESpfwGif ]wm&mr*¾Zif;}ü wJGzuft,f'Dwm wm0efudk,lum
vkyfaqmifay;cJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpfü ]vif;,kef}*sme,fudk t,f'DwmESifY xkwfa0ol
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 8787878787
tjzpf wm0ef,lum pwifxkwfa0cJYonf/ 1951 ckESpfwGif ]vif;,kef}owif;pmudkyg
yl;wJGxkwfa0cJYonf/
OD;wifatmifudk ola&;aom ]olykefMuD;} ]jynfwGif;ppf} ]tar} ESifY ] jynfawmf
om cifcifOD;} 0w¬Krsm;twGuf zqyv tpdk;&u 1952 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 27 7ufaeYu
zrf;qD;í w&m;qJGum axmif'Pf (7) ESpf tjypfay;cJhonf/
OD;wifatmifonf axmifwGif;ü pma&;q&mrsm; rsm;jym;vmaomtcg vlxk
OD;vSESifh twlMuD;rSL;jyD; axmifwGif;pmqdkawmfaeYudk usif;yonf/ xdkaeYwGif axmifodkY
q&mMuD;ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;tm; zdwfMum;í pma&;q&mrsm;u uefawmYMuonf/
vlxk OD;vSESifY OD;wifatmifwdkYu pmqdkawmfaeYtaMumif; a[majymMuonf/
axmifwGif;a&muf pma&;q&mrsm;u jyZmwfrsm;udk pDpOfujyMuonf/ xdkpOfu
pma&;q&m owif;pmq&m tusOf;om;rsm;rSm vlxkOD;vS? Aef;armfwifatmif?
a&T"m;? udkvScif (qef;ñGefYOD;vScif)? udkae0if; (pma&;q&m armifae0if;)? udkoef;apm
(t*Fvdyfvkyfom;owif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyf)? udkaxG;jrifY? udkarmifarmif (vif;,kef
armifarmif)? udkoef;wif (rdk;[def;)? udkzkef;? Adkvfxdefvif; (Adkvfwaxmifowif;pm
t,f'DwmcsKyf)? avxD; OD;tkef;armif (zsmyHk) wdkYjzpfonf/
OD;wifatmifonf zqyv tpdk;&acwfwGif pmayta&;tom;aMumifY
yxrqHk;tzrf;cH&í tusOf;usjcif; cH&oljzpfonf/ axmifrSvGwfjyD; vif;,kef
owif;pm xkwfa0cJYonf/ ]rkefwdkif;uxef} ]NrdKif} paom 0w¬Krsm;udka&;onf/
axmiftwGif;a&;om;cJYaom ]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif;} axmiftwGif;a&;om;cJYaom ]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif;} axmiftwGif;a&;om;cJYaom ]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif;} axmiftwGif;a&;om;cJYaom ]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif;} axmiftwGif;a&;om;cJYaom ]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif;} udkxkwfa0cJYonf/
OD;wifatmifonf 1958ckESpf tdrfapmifYtpdk;& vufxufwGif axmifxJ
jyefa&mufcJYjyD;? 1960 jynfhESpf? atmufwkdbmvwGif axmifrSvGwfajrmufcJhonf/
axmifrSvGwfNyD; ]cspftPÖ0gabG}? ]&Jabmfatmif'if} ? ]½dk;rwdkufyJG}? paom 0w¬Krsm;
udkvnf;a&;om;cJYonf/
1950-51 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif; trIaqmiftjzpf
aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1951-1963 ckESpfwGif urÇmYjidrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&uf (jrefrmEdkifiH)
trIaqmifvlBuD;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1957-1963 ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;
a&;tzJGY twGif;a&;rSL;tzJGY0ifjzpfcJYonf/
8888888888 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;wifatmifonf 1963 ck? Edk0ifbmvxJwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDESifY
awmwGif;vufeufudkif tiftm;pkrsm; Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yJG tysufwGif tzrf;cH&jyef
onf/ udkudk;uGsef;odkY tydkYcH&onf/ udkudk;uGsef;wGif 'ku©rsdK;rsdK;awGUMuHK&ifqdkifcJY&NyD;
aemuf 1972 ckESpf rwfvxJwGif vGwfajrmufvmonf/ 1963 ckESpfrS 1964 ckESpf
txd jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mor*¾Ouú| tjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;wifatmifonf tusOf;axmifESif h uGsef;wGif pkpkaygif; (13) ESpfrQOD;wifatmifonf tusOf;axmifESif h uGsef;wGif pkpkaygif; (13) ESpfrQOD;wifatmifonf tusOf;axmifESif h uGsef;wGif pkpkaygif; (13) ESpfrQOD;wifatmifonf tusOf;axmifESif h uGsef;wGif pkpkaygif; (13) ESpfrQOD;wifatmifonf tusOf;axmifESif h uGsef;wGif pkpkaygif; (13) ESpfrQ
aexd ki fc J h&onf/aexd ki fc J h&onf/aexd ki fc J h&onf/aexd ki fc J h&onf/aexd ki fc J h&onf/
OD;wifatmifa&;om;cJYaom pmayvuf&mrsm;teuf tcsdKUrSm bkef;armif
wpfa,mufxJ&,f? vGrf;&pfawmY oufvS,f&,f? a'gufwma&csrf;? rkefwdkif;xJuvl?
olykefMuD;? jynfawmfomcifcifOD;? a&ajrqHk;apawmYuG,f? twmESifYtnMw?
rkefwdkif;uxef? acsmuvufAdkvfMuD;? rrMuD;? armifvGrf;a0? iMo? ygarmu©tkef;ausmf?
cspftPÖ0gabG? &Jabmfatmif'if? rdat;? a&TjynfawmfarQmfavwdkif;a0;? a[0ef
yef;NrdKif? yk*Ha&Tjynf? olYZmwfaumif? olY0w¬K? olYpma&;q&m? jrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif;?
udkvdkeDacwfjrefrmEdkifiHordkif;? qdk½S,fvpf#Dum? qdk&S,fvpftbd"mef? bmvifjyóem?
wwd,urÇmppfMuD;jzpfrnfavm? tPkpMum0VmESifh r[mpMum0Vm? tdefpwdef;ESifh
ol\"r®w&m;? ½kyfurÇm ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
OD;wifatmif aemufqHk;jyKpka&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfrSm vljzpfonf/ 1960
jynfYESpf pmayAdrmefqkwGif 0w¬K&Snfqktjzpf atmifvif;\ ]]t½dkif;py,f}} ESifh ]]rrBuD;}}
wdkYudk wJGzufay;cJhaomfvnf; qkvufcH&,ljcif; rjyKcJhay/
OD;wifatmifonf 'kwd,urÇmppfMuD;jyD;ptcsdefrSpwifí ,aeYrsufarSmuf
umvwdkif acwfay: jrefrmpmayavmuü txl;xif½Sm;aom yk*¾dKvfMuD;jzpfonf/
OD;wifatmifonf 1978 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv 23 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU
ü uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;/ jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 86-88/'*kefa&TrQm;/ jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 86-88/'*kefa&TrQm;/ jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 86-88/'*kefa&TrQm;/ jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 86-88/'*kefa&TrQm;/ jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 86-88/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? 4 - pm 270-273/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? 4 - pm 270-273/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? 4 - pm 270-273/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? 4 - pm 270-273/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? 4 - pm 270-273/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? (1) pm286-301/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? (1) pm286-301/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? (1) pm286-301/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? (1) pm286-301/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? (1) pm286-301/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) yg&*l-Aef;armfwifatmif#Dum/yg&*l-Aef;armfwifatmif#Dum/yg&*l-Aef;armfwifatmif#Dum/yg&*l-Aef;armfwifatmif#Dum/yg&*l-Aef;armfwifatmif#Dum/
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) &mjynfhOD;pd k;nGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100? pm&mjynfhOD;pd k;nGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100? pm&mjynfhOD;pd k;nGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100? pm&mjynfhOD;pd k;nGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100? pm&mjynfhOD;pd k;nGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100? pm
103-105/103-105/103-105/103-105/103-105/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 89
OD;wifatmif (wuúodkvfeE´rdwf)OD;wifatmif (wuúodkvfeE´rdwf)OD;wifatmif (wuúodkvfeE´rdwf)OD;wifatmif (wuúodkvfeE´rdwf)OD;wifatmif (wuúodkvfeE´rdwf)
OD;wifatmifonf awmifukwfNrdKU wdkif;&if;jrefrmtv,fwef;ausmif;wGif
yÍörwef;xd ynmoif,lcJYonf/ xdkYaemufoHwGJNrdKU t*Fvdyf-jrefrmtpkd;& txufwef;
ausmif;okdY ajymif;a&TUcJYonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif oHwGJausmif;rSyif wuúodkvf0if
pmar;yGJudk t*Fvdyfpm*kPfxl;jzifY atmifjrifcJYonf/ xdkESpfrSmyif &efukefwuúodkvfü
qufvufynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1950 jynfhESpfwGif 0dZÆmwef; aemufqHk;ESpfpmar;yGJudk
rajzawmhbJ wuúokdvfrS xGufcJhonf/
OD;wifatmifonf &efukefwuúodkvfwGif ynmoifaepOfrSmyif wuúodkvf
pmayvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGifyg0ifcJYum 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&Snfrsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpf
&efukefwuúodkvfESpfvnfr*¾Zif;wGif jrefrmu@ wGJzufpmwnf;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
&efukefwuúokdvf &cdkifausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmtjzpf
wm0ef,lcJYonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf&cdkiftoif;u BuD;rSL;usif;yonfY 0w¬KwdkNydKifyGJwGif
]]uAsmwpfausmY}} 0w¬KwdkjzifY yxrqk&cJYonf/ wuúodkvf eErdwfuavmiftrnfjzifY
wuúodkvfxkwfr*¾Zif;rsm;wGif a&;om;cJYonf/
OD;wifatmifonf *syefacwfwGif *syefawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;udk uG,fvGefol
rEÅav;wuúodkvfygarmu©csKyf OD;ausmf&ifESifYtwl vufwGJvkyfaqmifcJYonf/
wuúodkvfrSxGufNyD;aemuf wdk;wufa&;owif;pmwGif vufaxmuft,f'Dwm? 1953
ckESpfwGif 0g;c,frNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif txufwef;jyq&m? 1954
ckESpfwGif jr0wDr*¾Zif;wdkufxkwf ]]a&mifjcnf*sme,f}} t,f'Dwm? xdkYaemuf 1954
ckESpfwGif jr0wDr*¾Zif;ü wm0efcHpmwnf;rSonf 1960 jynfYESpfwGif t,f'DwmcsKyf
txdaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1960 jynfYESpfwGif ½kyf&Sifya'omr*¾Zif; t,f'Dwmtjzpf
vnf;aumif;? xdkpOfrSmyif e0a';r*¾Zif;pmwnf;csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? pHkaxmuf
r*¾Zif;udk OD;pD;wnfaxmifolESifY pmwnf;tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/
wuúod kv f eE ´r dw ftrnfc H owif ;pmq&m
OD;wifatmifudk 1923 ckESpf? rwfv 7 &ufaeYwGif tz NrdKUydkif
OD;armifarmifBuD;? trd a':a&T wdkYu &cdkifjynfe,f awmifukwf
NrdKUüzGm;jrifcJYonf/
90 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
aemufydkif;wGif oHwGJNrdKUodkYoGm;a&mufaexdkifcJYonf/ 1977 ckESpfwGif ppfjyefr*¾Zif;
t,f'Dwmtjzpf trIxrf;cJYonfrSm uG,fvGefonftxdjzpfonf/
OD;wifatmifonf wuúodkvfeE´rdwfuavmiftrnfjzifY aoG;aomuf?
wm&m? pmayopf? aMu;rHk? *sme,fausmf wdkYwGif 0w¬K&Snf? 0w¬Kwdk? aqmif;yg;?
jyZmwf? uAsm? bmomjyefrsm;udka&;om;cJYonf/
OD;wifatmifonf wuúodkvfeE´rdwfuavmiftrnfjzifY a&;om;xkwfa0
cJYaompmtkyftcsdKUrSm eE´mykvJ? pma&;csifaomolrsm;odkY? jrefrmjynf ppfajrjyif?
tifzmwdkufyGJ? apmBudKvSnfhyg? rEÅav;udkjzwfí? jr0wDppfaMumif;? yef;0gppfaMumif;?
a&TjynfBuD;? AE¨KvcHwyf? ,HkMunfcsuftwGuf toufpGefYolrsm;? oifMum;ygavOD;
q&m? q,fjynfaxmifacsmYawmYrjyHK;? apmeE´m? axmifhukd;&m av;q,fhESpf?
jrpfBuD;em;wkdufyGJ ponfhpmtkyfrsm;jzpfonf/
OD;wifatmifonf 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHESifYpyfqdkifaomppfyGJ
rSwfwrf; bmomjyefrsm;udkvnf; a&;om;cJYao;onf/ xl;jcm;vSyqHk;ESifY ajymprSwf
tjyK&qHk;vuf&mrSm ]]eE´ykvJ}} yifjzpfonf[k rSwfom;cJY&onf/
OD;wifatmifonf 1986 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm 15 &ufwGif &efukefNrdKUü
uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)/ pm 198 209/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)/ pm 198 209/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)/ pm 198 209/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)/ pm 198 209/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)/ pm 198 209/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (2) pm 309/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (2) pm 309/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (2) pm 309/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (2) pm 309/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (2) pm 309/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) armi fausm fom? wap Ywapmi f ; pma&;q&marmi fausm fom? wap Ywapmi f ; pma&;q&marmi fausm fom? wap Ywapmi f ; pma&;q&marmi fausm fom? wap Ywapmi f ; pma&;q&marmi fausm fom? wap Ywapmi f ; pma&;q&m
wdk Y\taMumif;? pm 109-124/wdk Y\taMumif;? pm 109-124/wdk Y\taMumif;? pm 109-124/wdk Y\taMumif;? pm 109-124/wdk Y\taMumif;? pm 109-124/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) ewfEG,f? rdrdESif Ypma&;q&mrsm;? pm 338-340/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif Ypma&;q&mrsm;? pm 338-340/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif Ypma&;q&mrsm;? pm 338-340/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif Ypma&;q&mrsm;? pm 338-340/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif Ypma&;q&mrsm;? pm 338-340/
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) pma&;q&mrsm;? wuúod kvfeE´rdwf (od k Yr[kwf)pma&;q&mrsm;? wuúod kvfeE´rdwf (od k Yr[kwf)pma&;q&mrsm;? wuúod kvfeE´rdwf (od k Yr[kwf)pma&;q&mrsm;? wuúod kvfeE´rdwf (od k Yr[kwf)pma&;q&mrsm;? wuúod kvfeE´rdwf (od k Yr[kwf)
aumif;uifESif Y ajrBuD;udkawmif;cHol (2004)/aumif;uifESif Y ajrBuD;udkawmif;cHol (2004)/aumif;uifESif Y ajrBuD;udkawmif;cHol (2004)/aumif;uifESif Y ajrBuD;udkawmif;cHol (2004)/aumif;uifESif Y ajrBuD;udkawmif;cHol (2004)/
(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987)? pm 171 172/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987)? pm 171 172/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987)? pm 171 172/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987)? pm 171 172/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987)? pm 171 172/
(7)(7)(7)(7)(7) &mjynfYOD;pd k;ñGef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñGef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñGef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñGef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñGef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/
pm 118-120/pm 118-120/pm 118-120/pm 118-120/pm 118-120/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 91
OD;wifhaqG (*sme,fausmfwifYaqG)OD;wifhaqG (*sme,fausmfwifYaqG)OD;wifhaqG (*sme,fausmfwifYaqG)OD;wifhaqG (*sme,fausmfwifYaqG)OD;wifhaqG (*sme,fausmfwifYaqG)
jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif *sme,fausmf wifYaqG
trnfjzif Y xifay:ausmf Mum;cJ Yaom owif;pmq&m
OD;wifYaqGudk tz OD;omxdk (OD;omvl)? trd a':apmjrwdkYrS
1917 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 1 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU? prf;acsmif;
&yfü arG;zGm;onf/
*sme,fausmf OD;wifYaqGonf &efukefNrdKUrtxufwef;ausmif;ü 10 wef;
txd ynmoif,lcJ Yonf/ txufwef;ausmif;om;b0uyif &efukefNrdKU?
tpdk;&[dkufpul;ausmif;r*¾Zif;? 0Ho,k0r*¾Zif;wdkYü aqmif;yg;rsm;? 0w¬Krsm;udk
a&;om;cJYonf/ 1937 ckESpfwGif owif;pmavmuESifY pmayavmuodkY wpfNydKifwnf;
0ifa&mufcJYonf/ xdkESpfrSmyif wifav;jrifY uavmiftrnfjzifY uvJYpm;acsol
0w¬Kudka&;cJYonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif *sme,fr*¾Zif;rsm;ü 0ifa&mufa&;om;&mrSpí
*sme,fausmfwifYaqG[laom uavmiftrnfudk cH,lcJYjcif;jzpfonf/
*sme,fausmfOD;wif YaqG\ tjcm;uavmiftrnfrsm;rSm ud kud kod?
armifwifYaqG? jynfolY[pfwdkif? wifYaqG? wifav;jrifY? wifav;atmif? ay:vGif?
a&T½dk;MuD; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
1937 ckESpfrSpí q,foef;? vrf;nTef? ol&d,? [Hom0wD? *g;'D;,ef;?
trsdK;om;ESifY jynfaxmifpkowif;pmrsm;ü owif;axmuf? owif;axmufcsKyf?
owif;t,f'Dwm? wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtxd tqifYqifYvkyfudkifcJYonf/ atyD? ,lyD
ponfY EdkifiHjcm;owif;Xmersm;wGif owif;axmuftjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/
1952 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&m toif;trIaqmiftzJGY taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudk ,lcJYonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mrsm;toif;ESifY
jrefrmjynfowif;axmufrsm;toif;wdk YwGifvnf; trIaqmifwpfOD;tjzpf
wm0ef,lcJYonf/
*sme,fausmfwifYaqGonf a*smfvD aqm&D;? 'DvdIif;uav;rsm;ajc&m ponfY
0w¬Krsm;ESifY urÇmjzL (1950) trnf&dS odyÜH0w¬K? wdkif;jynfESifY vlrsdK;twGuf
(1966)? trnf&d S e,fcs J Uqef Yusifa&; ord kif;aemufcHjyK0w¬K ponfjzif Y
92 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
uG,fvGefcsdeftxd vHk;csif;0w¬K (15) tkyfcefY a&;om;cJYonf/
owif;pmavmuü ESpfaygif;oHk;q,feD;yg;rQ usifvnfcJYolyDyD owif;pm
ynmtajccH (1952)? uavmifppfom;ESifY tESpfESpfq,fausmfu [laom owif;pm
twwfynmqdkif&musrf;ESifY owif;pmavmutawGYtMuHK pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf;
a&;om;cJYonf/
]]owif;pmtajccHynm}} pmtkyfonf 1952 ckESpf? pmayAdrmef pmya'om
qk&pmtkyfjzpfjyD;? ]]uavmifppfom;}}onf 1966 ckESpf trsdK;om;pmayqk? pmya'om
pwkw¬qk&pmtkyfjzpfonf/ *sme,fausmfwifYaqGonf owif;pmq&mtoif;\
pwkw¬r@dKifqkrS taumif;qHk;owif;axmufqk &&dScJYolvnf;jzpfonf/
*sme,fausmfwifYaqGonf 1982 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 3 &ufaeYwGif
&efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 39-40/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 39-40/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 39-40/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 39-40/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 39-40/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)? pm 195-196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)? pm 195-196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)? pm 195-196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)? pm 195-196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)? pm 195-196/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) &mjynfYOD;pd k&mjynfYOD;pd k&mjynfYOD;pd k&mjynfYOD;pd k&mjynfYOD;pd k;;;;;ñTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100ñTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100ñTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100ñTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100ñTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100
pm 90-92/pm 90-92/pm 90-92/pm 90-92/pm 90-92/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 93
OD;wifhaqG (a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl)OD;wifhaqG (a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl)OD;wifhaqG (a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl)OD;wifhaqG (a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl)OD;wifhaqG (a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl)
owif;pmq&mOD;wifhaqGudk 1906 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 16
&ufaeYwGif tz pmawmfjyef0efaxmuf OD;zd k;jzL? trd
u0drsufrSef pmyHkESdyfwdkufydkif&Sif a':at;arwdkYrS &efukefNrdKUü
arG;zGm;cJhonf/
OD;wifhaqGi,fpOfu tpdk;&[dkufpul;ausmif;wGif ynmoifMum;íaecdkuf
1920 jynf hE Sp f ? yxrtBudr fausmif;om;oydwfBuD; ay:aygufvmojzifh
NrdKUrausmif;odkYajymif;a&TUum ynmqufvufqnf;yl;onf/ OD;wifhaqG aumvdyf
ausmif;odkUa&mufaomtcg yifeDtusÐ? csnfvHkcsnf0wfonfh 0HomEkausmif;om;
wpfOD;jzpfjcif;aMumifh t*Fvdyfq&mBuD;rsm;\ NidKjiifrIudkcH&onf/ aumvdyfaumvdyfaumvdyfaumvdyfaumvdyf
ausmif;wGifaepOf 0efBuD;a[mif; OD;&m&Spf? oHwGJtrwfBuD; OD;ausmfcif?ausmif;wGifaepOf 0efBuD;a[mif; OD;&m&Spf? oHwGJtrwfBuD; OD;ausmfcif?ausmif;wGifaepOf 0efBuD;a[mif; OD;&m&Spf? oHwGJtrwfBuD; OD;ausmfcif?ausmif;wGifaepOf 0efBuD;a[mif; OD;&m&Spf? oHwGJtrwfBuD; OD;ausmfcif?ausmif;wGifaepOf 0efBuD;a[mif; OD;&m&Spf? oHwGJtrwfBuD; OD;ausmfcif?
td ki fp Dtufp fO D ;tke f ; tp&S donf h ausmi f ;om; BuD;rsm;E Si f h ñ§ dE d Ii f ;umtd ki fp Dtufp fO D ;tke f ; tp&S donf h ausmi f ;om; BuD;rsm;E Si f h ñ§ dE d Ii f ;umtd ki fp Dtufp fO D ;tke f ; tp&S donf h ausmi f ;om; BuD;rsm;E Si f h ñ§ dE d Ii f ;umtd ki fp Dtufp fO D ;tke f ; tp&S donf h ausmi f ;om; BuD;rsm;E Si f h ñ§ dE d Ii f ;umtd ki fp Dtufp fO D ;tke f ; tp&S donf h ausmi f ;om; BuD;rsm;E Si f h ñ§ dE d Ii f ;um
wuúod kvfor*¾ud k pwifwnfaxmifcJ honf/wuúod kvfor*¾ud k pwifwnfaxmifcJ honf/wuúod kvfor*¾ud k pwifwnfaxmifcJ honf/wuúod kvfor*¾ud k pwifwnfaxmifcJ honf/wuúod kvfor*¾ud k pwifwnfaxmifcJ honf/
OD;wifhaqGonf 1927 ckESpf? ausmif;om;b0wGif&Sdaeckduf u0drsufrSef
r*¾Zif;wGif wmaw[laom uavmiftrnfESifh a&Tbkdarmifvwfwl[laom
uavmiftrnfwkdYjzifh vQdKU0SufpGm 0w¬K? aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ wmaw
trnfjzifh pkef;? ua0? wapä paom emembm00w¬Krsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/
OD;wifhaqGonf a&Tbkdarmifvwfwl [laom uavmiftrnfcH,l&jcif;rSm
py,fyif? a&Tjynfpkd;0w¬Krsm;udk a&;om;jcif;jzifh pmaye,fwGif ausmfapmxif&Sm;
cJhaom a&TbkdtEG,ftquf OD;vwf\ wljzpfonf[laomt"dyÜm,fESifh xkduavmif
trnfudk cH,lvkdufjcif;jzpfonf[k rSwfom;&onf/
OD;wifhaqGonf &efukefwuúodkvfrS bDatbGJYudk 1930 jynfhESpfwGif&&SdcJhNyD;?
1933 ckESpfwGif bDt,fvfbGJYudk &&SdcJhonf/ 1935-37 ckESpftxd t*FvefEdkifiHü
ynmoif,lcJhNyD; D.T ESifh F.R.H.S bGJYudk tduúqDwmwuúodkvfrS &SdcJhonf/ aus;vuf
ynma&;twGuf Scotland Wales, tdkif,mvef? jyifopf? *smreD? bJvf*sD,H? a[mfvef?
'def;rwf? aemfa0;ESifh qGD'ifEdkifiHrsm;odkY vSnfhvnfavhvmcJhonf/ 1937 ckESpfrS 1940
94 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
jynhfESpftxd? rEÅav;NrdKUtpdk;& aemfrefq&mjzpfoifausmif;wGif ausmif;tkyfBuD;
tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
1940-41 ckESpfwGif owif;ESifh owif;jzefYcsda&;0efuav;tjzpf aqmif&Guf
cJhonf/ xdktjyif 0efBuD;csKyf\ twGif;a&; twGif;0efjzpfvnf;aumif;? jyefMum;a&;?
0g'jzefYcsda&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme\ twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&Guf
cJhonf/
1942-44 ckESpf *syefacwfwGif a'gufwmbarmf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYESifh
twl *syefEdkifiHodkYoGm;a&mufcJhonf/ 1945-48 ckESpftwGif; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh
xkwfa0cJhaom BURMAN owif;pmudkpwifwnfaxmifxkwfa0cJhNyD; t,f'DwmcsKyf
tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1945-49 ckESpftwGif; NrdKUrtrsKd;om;ausmif;wGif
ausmif;q&mtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1950 jynfhESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH
pma&;q&mtoif;Ouú|tjzpfaqmif&GufaepOf 1950 jynfhESpfwGif jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiH\ txl;tmPmukefvTJtyfjcif;cH&aom jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m oD[dkVf
oHtrwfBuD;tjzpfxrf;aqmif&ef apvTwfjcif;cH&onf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif (8) Budrf
ajrmuf ukvor*¾taxGaxGnDvmcHodkY jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&mufcJh
onf/
OD;wifhaqGonf 'Drdkua&pDoabmudk rodao;olwdkY odMuavatmif arhae
olwdkY owd&Mu&avatmif qdkonfhapwemjzifh 1946 ckESpfwGif udk,fwdkifjyKpkcJhaom
]]'Drdkua&pDpdwfxm;}} [laompmtkyfudk xkwfa0cJhhonf/
OD;wifhaqGonf 1927 ckESpf? ausmif;om;t&G,fuyif wmaw? a&Tbdk
armifvwfwl trnfrsm;jzifh aqmif;yg;0w¬Krsm; a&;om;cJhonf/ wmaw0w¬Krsm;jzifh
pmaye,fwGifausmfMum;cJholjzpfonf/
OD;wifhaqGonf oHtrwfBuD;wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf 1953 ckESpf? ZGefv
16 &ufaeYwGif oD[dkVf (oD&dvuFm) ü uG,fvGefcJhonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d
pm-340-342/pm-340-342/pm-340-342/pm-340-342/pm-340-342/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 95
pma&;q&m? t,f'Dwm owif;pmq&mOD;xifBuD;udk
1916ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 17 &ufaeYwGif tzOD;pHESifh trd
a':cifwdk; wdkYu jrif;jcHNrdKUwGif arG;zGm;onf/ trnf&if;rSm
OD;wifarmifjzpfonf/ tbdk;rSm oDaygbk&if\ pmawmfzwf
OD;armifarmif<u,fESifh tbGm;rSm okoD&d*EmbGJYcH ,if;rmacsmif;
cifav; jzpfonf/
OD;xifBuD;onf 1927 ckESpfrSpí rEÅav;atbDtrftrsdK;orD;ausmif;wGif
vnf;aumif;? 1930 jynfhESpfrSpí rEÅav;u,fvDatbDtrftrsdK;om;ausmif;wGif
vnf;aumif; ynmoif,lcJhonf/ 1935 ckESpfwGif q,fwef;atmifjrifcJhNyD;? 1935
- 36 ckESpfrsm;wGif Oypmaumvdyfü ynmoif,lcJhonf/ 1939 ckESpfü 0dZÆmbGJYudk
&efukefwuúodkvfrS &&SdcJhonf/
rEÅav; Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;or*¾ ESpfywfvnfr*¾Zif;ü
armifxifBuD; [laom uavmiftrnfjzifh ]]ukoESifhuRefawmf}} [moaqmif;yg;udk
a&;NyD; yxrqHk;yHkESdyfpmvHk;jzifh azmfjyjcif;cH&onf/ 1935-36 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;
Oypmaumvdyfausmif; r*¾Zif;? t*Fvdyfpm pmwnf;? rEÅav;Oypmaumvdyf?
½kdAmpaumufacgif;aqmif? 1936 ckESpfwGif ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾nDvmcHowif;ESifh 0g'jzefYcsda&;rSL;? 1936-37wGif e,l;bm;rm;owif;pm?
Oypmaumvdyfowif;axmufESifh rEÅav;ol&d,owif;pm owif;axmuftjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1938 ckESpf Adkvfatmifausmfta&;tcif;wGif yg0if
vIyf&Sm;oltjzpfwm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1937 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvxkwf bm;rm;*sme,fwGif
ygaom ]]tBuHaumif;vQifwcsuf}} 0w¬Kü wuúodkvfxifBuD; uavmiftrnfudk
toHk;jyKcJhonf/ 1939 ckESpf? vef'efpmay;pm,loifwef;NydKifyGJwGif yxrqk
&&SdcJhonf/ 1939 ckESpfaemufykdif; rSpí ]]wuúokdvfxifBuD;}} uavmiftrnfudk
toHk;jyKcJhonf/
&efukefwuúodkvfwGif wuúodkvfjrefrmpmtoif;udk rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh jyefvnf
xlaxmifcJhonf/ xdkpOfu wuúodkvfrS pma&;q&mrsm;ESifh jyifyrS jrefrmpma&;q&m
rsm;udk &if;ESD;qufoG,frI&&SdatmifjyKvkyfay;cJhonf/
OD;xifBuD; (wuúodkvfxifBuD;)OD;xifBuD; (wuúodkvfxifBuD;)OD;xifBuD; (wuúodkvfxifBuD;)OD;xifBuD; (wuúodkvfxifBuD;)OD;xifBuD; (wuúodkvfxifBuD;)
96 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&ynmawmfoiftjzpf owif;pmynmr[m0dZÆmbGJ Yudk
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk? rifeDqdkwmwuúodkvfrS 1949 ckESpfwGif &&SdcJhonf/
rifeDqdkwmwuúodkvfrSm&SdpOf jrefrmEdkifiHtaMumif; a&mifeDtrnf&Sd owif;vTm
xkwfa0cJhonf/
1951 ckESpf pmayAdrmefwGif0ifa&muftrIxrf;onfrS pítrnf&if;
OD;xifBuD;jzpfvmcJ honf/ jrefrmEd kifiHodk Y jyefa&mufaomtcg News Pixowif;"mwfyHk|mewpfckudk OD;pD;wnfaxmifcJhonf/ tdk;a0aeYpOf t,f'DwmcsKyf?
jyifopfowif;jzefYcsda&; (tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;)? pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmtjzpf
aqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;xifBuD;onf 1956 ckESpf rS 1959 ckESpf txd jyifopfEdkifiH ,leufpudk
XmecsKyfü pDpOfa&;uRrf;usifyk*¾dKvf ( Programme Specialist) tjzpf aqmif&Guf
cJYonf/ 1964 ckESpfü vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOfowif;pm wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf
aqmif&GufcJhonf/ pmayAdrmeftzGJY ñTefMum;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJY&mrS 1976
ckESpf wGiftNidrf;pm;,lcJYonf/
OD;xifBuD;onf 1976 ckESpfrS 1981 ckESpf txd jrefrmEdkifiHpmayvkyfom;tzGJY
pnf;½Hk;a&;aumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1985 ckESpfrSpwifNyD;
ynma&;0efBuD;Xme? jrefrmpmtcsdefjynfYtzGJY0ifjzpfvmNyD;? 1991 ckESpfü jrefrmYordkif;
tzGJY? tcsdefydkif;tzGJY0iftjzpf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;xifBuD;onf 1992 ckESpftwGuf okwya'om (0dZÆm) trsdK;om;
pmayqkudk ]]jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmrsm;tñTef; (yxrwGJ + 'kwd,wGJ) jzifYqGwfcl;cJYonf/
1996 ckESpfwGif yckuúLOD;tHk;az wpfoufwmpmayqk csD;jrSifhjcif;cHcJY&onf/ 2001
ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvwGif ta&SUawmiftm&Spmayqk (S.E.A Write Award)
csD;jrSifYjcif;udkvnf; cHcJY&onf/ 2003 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmynmxl;cRefwHqdyf (yxrtqifY)
csD;jrSifYjcif;cHcJY&onf/
OD;xifBuD;onf Adkvfwpf&mESifY tjcm;0w¬Krsm; (1945) udkxkwfa0cJYonf/
bmomjyefpmay (1970) udk yl;aygif;a&;om;cJYonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkxkwf
pme,fZif;? oHk;vwpfBudrfpmapmifrsm;wGif t*FvdyfbmomjzifY a&;om;cJYonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 97
e,l;bm;rm;ü ]]pyufx&rf}} [laom t*FvdyfuavmiftrnfjzifYvnf;aumif;?
Ed kifiHjcm;pme,fZif;rsm;ü]]armf'efyvm'if}} uavmiftrnfjzifYvnf;aumif;
aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJYonf/
wuúodkvfausmif;wdkuf? r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif ]]armiftkef;wif}} uavmiftrnf
jzifYvnf; a&;om;cJYonf/ *sme,fausmfwGifrl ]]bacsm}} uavmiftrnfjzifY a&;om;cJY
onf/
OD;xifBuD;onf 2004 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D 11 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü
uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) uefawmYcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tuefawmYcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tuefawmYcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tuefawmYcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tuefawmYcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ twwwww¬KyÜwåd¬KyÜwåd¬KyÜwåd¬KyÜwåd¬KyÜwåd
(1362) pm-108? 109/(1362) pm-108? 109/(1362) pm-108? 109/(1362) pm-108? 109/(1362) pm-108? 109/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jye f^qufpmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye f^qufpmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye f^qufpmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye f^qufpmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye f^qufpmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frm
pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;? pm 89-91/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;? pm 89-91/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;? pm 89-91/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;? pm 89-91/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;? pm 89-91/
98 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
pma&;q&m ref;wif owif;pmq&mOD;xGef;wifudk
1916 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 11 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü tz
OD;uHBuD;? trd a':zGm;BuD;wkdYrS arG;zGm;cJhonf/
OD;xGef;wifonf 1937 ckE Sp fwGif q,fwef;
OD;xGef;wif (ref;wif)OD;xGef;wif (ref;wif)OD;xGef;wif (ref;wif)OD;xGef;wif (ref;wif)OD;xGef;wif (ref;wif)
atmifjrifNyD; &efukefwuúodkvfodkY wufa&mufonf/ 1939 ckESpf ausmif;om;
oydwfwGif yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhí acwåausmif;xkwfjcif; cHcJh&onf/ 1940 jynfhESpfwGif
usdKu©rDNrdKUae e,fydkifBuD; OD;boef;? a':at;&ifwdk Y\orD; roef;wifESif h
vufxyfcJhonf/ 1941 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbGJYudk&&SdcJhonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif
tcsdefydkif;enf;jyq&m? 1942 ckESpfwGif ajrmif;jrbDtdkifatrS jrpf0uRef;ay:
owif;pOft,f'DwmtzGJ Y0if? ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;ESif h owif;jzef Ycs da&;udk
aqmif&GufcJ honf/ om,m0wDc½dkiftwGif; vufaxmufNrdKUyd kifESif h NrdKUyk dif
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk vQKdU0Sufxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1945 ckESpfwGif
om&a0g? ppfuGif;? om,m0wDwdkYwGif vufaxmufNrdKUydkif? jrefrmhwufvrf; owif;pm
pmwnf;? 1948 ckESpfwGif rdk;ñdkNrdKUydkif? 1950 jynfhESpfwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;0efxrf;rSL;?
1951 ckESpfwGif or0g,rr*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm? 1951-52 ckESpfwGif rwå&me,fydkif?
1952 ckESpfwGif ausmufqnfNrdKUr0efaxmufESifh aiGwdkuft&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&Guf
cJhonf/ qdkAD,uf? ½k&SESifh w½kwfjynfwdkYodkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhonf/
OD;xGef;wifonf 1952-56 ckESpfwGifv,f,majr EdkifiHydkifjyKvkyfa&;
trIaqmift&m&Sd? 1956-58 'kwd,twGif;0ef? 1958-59 ckESpfwGif om,m0wD
c½dkif0ef? tar&duefESifhuae'gEdkifiHrsm;odkY v,f,majrtkyfcsKyfa&;ynmrsm;udk
ajcmufvMum oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhonf/ 1960-61 ckESpfwGifv,f,mESifh opfawm
0efBuD;Xme 'kwd,twGif;0ef? 1962-64 ajraMu;&Sif; trIaqmift&m&SdcsKyf? 1964-
69 jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme 'kwd,twGif;0ef? 1964 ckESpfwGif *syefEdkifiH? 1966
ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiHrsm;odkY avhvma&;tzGJYacgif;aqmif? 1967-72 ckESpfwGif
{&m0wDwdkif;rif;BuD;? 1972-74 ckESpfwGif &Srf;jynfe,f taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;
OD;pD;XmerSL;? 1974-75 ckESpfwGif pme,fZif;aumfydka&;&Sif; OD;aqmifñGefMum;a&;rSL;?
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 99
1975-78 ckESpfwGif ygupöwefESifh tD&efEdkifiHqdkif&m jrefrmoHtrwfBuD; wm0efrsm;udk
xrf;aqmifcJhNyD; tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/
OD;xGef;wifonf 1985 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHpmayvkyfom;tzJGUOuú|?
EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0iftjzpf 1988 ckESpftxd wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ pmayudk
txufwef;ausmif;om;b0rSpí pme,fZif;rsm;wGif 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&Snfrsm;?
aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/ NrdKUydkifarmifNyHK;csKd? e,fydkifarmifNyHK;csKd? c½dkif0ef
armifNyHK;csdK? wdkif;rif;BuD;armifNyHK;csKd? oHtrwfBuD;armifNyHK;csKd pmtkyfwdkYudk a&;om;
cJhonf/ b0tw¬KyÜwådrsm;udkvnf; yxrt&G,f? 'kwd,t&G,f (1) ESifh (2) txd
a&;om;cJhonf/
OD;xGef;wifonf 1956 ckESpfwGif ]]armfpudkrS &efukefodk Y}}pmtkyfjzifh
pmayAdrmefpmya'omqk? 1966 ckESpfwGif ]]*sLvD,ufqDZm}}jyZmwfjzifh trsKd;om;
pmayqkwdkYudk &&SdcJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if yxrtqifh? 0PÖausmfxifbGJUESifh
jynfolY0efxrf;aumif;wHqdyf qkrsm;&&SdcJhonf/
OD;xGef;wifonf 1997 ckESpf? {NyDv 19 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef
cJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ ///// (1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm-59/(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm-59/(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm-59/(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm-59/(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm-59/
100 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;xGef;az (xGef;aeYpOf OD;xGef;az)OD;xGef;az (xGef;aeYpOf OD;xGef;az)OD;xGef;az (xGef;aeYpOf OD;xGef;az)OD;xGef;az (xGef;aeYpOf OD;xGef;az)OD;xGef;az (xGef;aeYpOf OD;xGef;az)
xGef;aeYpOf OD;xGef;aztrnfcH owif;pmq&m
OD;xGef;azudk 1900 jynfhESpf Zlvdkif 21 &ufaeYwGif rdx¬dvmc½dkif?
rvdIifNrdKUe,f o&ufaumif;yif&Gmü tz ajrwdkif;pma&;?
½dk;uef&Gmtxl;tmPm&olBuD; OD;bdkvS? trd a':eef;at;
wdkYrSarG;zGm;cJhonf/
OD;xGef;azonf ½dk;uef&GmOD;ausmif;wGif udk&if wpf0g0wfcJhonf/ rdw¬Dvm
atbDtrfausmif;wGif twef;ynmqufvufoif,lcJhonf/ 1918 ckESpfwGif
rEÅav; Ak'¨omoeEk*¾[ausmif;rS q,fwef;atmifjrifí &efukefwuúodkvfodkY
qufvufwufa&mufcJhonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGifaepOf tqdktu xl;cRef½Hk
omru ywåvm;? pE,m;? wa,mwl&d,mrsm;udk uRrf;usifpGmwD;Edkifojzifh *Dworm;
tjzpf vlodrsm;cJhonf/
OD;xGef;azonf txufwef;ynmoif,laepOf NAdwdoQAsL½dkua&pD,leDAmpDwD
tufOya'udkuefYuGufonfh 1920 jynfhESpf yxraumvdyfoydwfBuD; ay:ayguf
vmonfhtcg wuf<upGm yg0ifaqmif&Gufí oydwfacgif;aqmif 26 OD; aumfrwDü
a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&onf/
OD;xGef;azonf 1921 ckESpfwGif a&TbdktrsdK;orD;ausmif;? bdkuav;
trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif q&mtjzpf 0ifa&mufaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1922 ckESpfwGif
a,mu©rrdbrsm;\ tNidKtjiifcHí? tmrcHcsufr&Sdaom owif;pmavmuodkY
0ifa&mufcJhonf/ 1922 ckESpf touf 22 ESpft&G,fwGif ol&d,\ bm;rm;
atmhAfZm;Am;owif;pm (aemifaomtcge,l;bm;rm;) t*Fvdyfowif;pmwGif
owif;axmuftjzpf pwif0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf/
jrefrmhtvif; aeYpm;owif;axmuftjzpfvkyfudkif&m? *sDpDbDat ESpfjcrf;uGJ
owif; ta&;aumif;ojzifh ol&d,OD;vSazu ac:,líol&d,owif;pm owif;
axmuftjzpf cefYxm;cJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí ol&d,owif;pmowif;axmuf?
owif;axmufcsKyf? nt,f'Dwmtjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmvkyfudkifcJhonf/ OD;xGef;az\
]]armif}} trnfjzifh a&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfa0zefcef;rSm vlBudKufrsm;cJhonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 101
OD;xGef;azonf q&mpHruG,fvGefrD oGm;a&mufawGYqHk tvSLcHí q&mpH\
acR;ESD;pm aq;usrf;pmrlcaiGjzifh vuf0Jpmtkyfrsm;0,fNyD;? q&mpHyd#uwfwdkuf
wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfcJhonf/
OD;xGef;azonf *syefacwfwGif Armhacwf owif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf
aqmif&GufcJhNyD;? 1943 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm 1 &ufaeYwGif *syefEdkifiH wdkusdKNrdKUüusif;yaom
r[mta&SUtm½Swdkuf owif;pmnDvmcHodk Y wufa&mufcJhonf/ ppfNyD;acwf
[Hom0wDowif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyf? 1947 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH owif;pmq&m
toif;Ouú|tjzpf ta&G;cH&NyD;? owif;pmudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf NAdwdefESifh tar&duef
jynfaxmifpkodkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhonf/
OD;xGef;azonf 1947 ckESpfwGif [oFmwtaemufydkif; rJqE´e,frS trwf
tjzpf ta&G;cH&NyD;aemuf? 1948 ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif jyefMum;a&;|me0efBuD;
tjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1951 ckESpfwGif a&Tbdkc½dkif 0ufvufrJqEe,frS trwf
tjzpf a&G;cH&NyD;? 1952 ckESpf? arv 16 &ufaeYwGif ,Ofaus;rI|me0efBuD;tjzpf
cefYtyfjcif; cH&onf/
OD;xGef;azonf ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;tjzpf jrefrmh,Ofaus;rItzGJYudk OD;aqmifum
1952 ckESpfü w½kwfjynfolYorwEdkifiHodkY oGm;a&mufcJhygonf/
1953 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 12 &ufaeYwGif 0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkESifh oabmuGJvGJí
0efBuD;tjzpfrS EkwfxGufvmcJhonf/ xdkESpfatmufwdkbm 27 &ufaeYwGif xGef;aeYpOf
owif;pmwdkufudkwnfaxmifum t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfvkyfudkifcJhonf/
OD;xGef;azonf oloGm;cJhonfhc&D;pOfrsm;wpfavQmuf rSwfpkpmtkyfudk tNrJ
aqmifavh&Sdonf/ jriforQ? awGUorQ? awG;rdorQ? cHpm;rdorQudk rSwfpkwGif ]]wdkY}}
xm;cJhonf/ ,if;wdkYudk 1954 ckESpfwGif]]xGef;aeYpOf}} ü oHk;veD;yg;rQ tcef;quf
aqmif;yg;rsm;tjzpfazmfjycJh\/
OD;xGef;az\ rSwfpkrsm;rSm taMumif;t&mtvdkuf touf0ifvSygonf/
owif;pmq&myDyD t&m&mudkpl;prf;onf/ jrifatmifMunfhonf? tar;tjref;
xlonf? ar;vGef;aomaMumifh tar;cH&olwdkY uoduatmufjzpf&aomtcg
rsm;vnf;&Sdonf/
102 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;xGef;azonf owif;pmq&mtjyif pma&;q&mjzpfonfhtwGuf ol
jrifawGY&aom jrifuGif;rsm;\aemufuG,frS Zmwfvrf;uav;rsm;udk ]]pOf}} Munfhonf/
0w¬KzefwD;Munfhonf/ ypöKyÜefudk twdwfESifhqufpyfMunfhNyD; tem*wfudkyg
vSrf;arQmfMunfhwwfonf/ a½S;a[mif;pmay*DwwdkYwGif tuRrf;0ifoljzpfonfh
tm;avsmfpGm tcsdKUaomjrifuGif;rsm;udkMunhfí *DwoHaESmum a&;wwfygao;onf/
OD;xGef;azonf jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfNyD;acwfü wynfhwyef;owif;
axmufrsm;twGuf ]],aeYowif;axmuftajccH bmawGvdkovJ}} [laom Mo0g'
pum;wpf&yfudk 1948 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 24 &ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhaom
jrefrmowif;axmufrsm;toif; ESpfywfvnfoif;vHk;uRwftpnf;ta0;ü tav;
teufajymMum;cJh&m xdkMo0g'xJwGif ]]rdrdwdkY\ trsdK;om;pmay? jrefrmpmESifhwuG
tjcm;bmompum;rsm;? txl;ojzifh t*Fvdyfpmudkyg uRrf;uRrf;usifusif
wwfajrmufMuzdkYvdkaMumif;}} yg0ifonf/
,if;tcsufudk pma&;jcif;twwfynm uavmifjzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
jyKaeolwdkif; em;vnfvG,fMuayvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ omreftm;jzifhMunfhvQif
cyfayghayghxifjrifp&m&Sdonf/ aphaphawG;vQif uRrf;uRrf;usifusif ESHYESHYpyfpyfjzpfzdkYrSm
rvG,fulvSyg/ OD;xGef;az\apwemrSm uRrf;usifESHYpyfapvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ oljzwf
oef;vmcJh&aom tawGYtBuHKt& wdkufwGef;jcif;jzpfayonf/
z?q?y?v tpdk;&acwfwGif 0efBuD;jzpfaepOf ]]0efBuD;csKyfjzpfol OD;Ektm;
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;}} [lí pwifac:a0:wdkufcdkufcJholwpfOD; tjzpfxif&Sm;cJhol
wpfOD;jzpfonf/ 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ektm; ,if;odkYac:a0:oHk;pGJwdkufcdkuf&if; wpfqufwnf;
0efBuD;tjzpfrSEkwfxGufNyD; owif;pmavmuodkY jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmcJholjzpfonf/
OD;xGef;azonf ]]z?q?y?v tpdk;&tzGJYrS bmhaMumifhuRefawmfEkwfxGwf&
ovJ}} [laompmtkyfudkvnf; xkwfa0cJh\/ OD;Ek\tmPm&SifqefrIudk acgif;iHkYrcHvdkí
EkwfxGufcJhjcif;yifjzpfonf/ xdktcsdefu OD;EkudkjyefNyD; &J&Jajym&Jol z?q?y?v
tzGJY0ifrsm; enf;yg;vGef;vSaomtcsdeftcgjzpfonf[k rSwfom;&onf/ þtcsdef
tcgrsdK;wGif OD;xGef;azonf a&mrEdkifiHrS a&mrbk&ifudktmcHol]] pyg;wm;uyf}} uJhodkY
OD;Ekudk &ifqkdifpdrfac:NyD; EkwfxGufvmcJholjzpfonf/ OD;xGef;az\ toHk;tEIef;twdkif;
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 103
xdkpOfu owif;pmrsm;wGif ]]b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;}} [laomtoHk;tEIef;rSmvnf;
tawmfyifacwfpm;vmcJhonf/
wpfqufwnf; OD;xGef;azonf OD;Ektm;uyfí? ajr§mufpm;? nmpm;
aeMuolrsm;udkvnf; ]]azmfvHzg;}} rsm;[líac:a0:oHk;pGJcJhavonf/ ,if; azmfvHzg;
[laompum;rSm aemufydkif;üwGifus,fvmcJhonf/
OD;Ek\ ZeD; a':jr&DxHyg;ü uyf&yfajr§mufyifhaeMuol trsdK;orD;rsm;udkvnf;
]]azmfpdzg;}}[lí OD;xGef;azu oHk;pGJcJhao;onf/ raumif;rIbufwGif oa&mfaom
a0g[m&topftqef;udk oHk;pGJysuf&,fjyKouJhodk Y? aumif;onfhbufüvnf;
tm;ay;oHk;pGJcJhaom a0g[m&&Sdygao;onf/
xdka0g[m&pum;rSm ]]'Hk;ayuyfoyf}} [líjzpfygonf/ bDat (0dZÆm)bGJYudk
ratmifrcsif;ZGJeyJjzifh ajzqdkatmifjrifcJholrsm;udk OD;xGef;azu ]]'Hk;ay uyfoyfbDat}}
rsm;[k ac:a0:cJh\/ owif;pmavmurS wynfhwyef; owif;axmufESif h
t,f'Dwmrsm;tm; 'H k;ayuyfoyfbDatrsm;[lí tm;ay;ac:a0:cJ honf/
'Hk;ayuyfoyfbDatonf pmausí owif;axmufESifh t,f'Dwmrsm;onfvnf;
tiwftjywfcHNyD; wdkif;usdK;? jynfusdK;udkjyKaeol? wdkif;jynfa&;&muRrf;usifol
ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfayonf/
OD;xGef;azonf awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&acwfwGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&&mxl;0ef
tzGJYü Ouú|wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ jrefrmpmed'gef;usrf;udka&;om;cJhNyD;? TheSun Over Burma'' pmtkyfudk t*Fvdyfbmjzifh a&;om;cJhonf/
OD;xGef;azonf 1974 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv 18 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü
uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ ///// (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1978) pm184-185/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1978) pm184-185/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1978) pm184-185/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1978) pm184-185/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1978) pm184-185/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) cspfMunfa&;MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\
olwd k Yb0? olwd k YtawGYtBuHK?olwd k Yb0? olwd k YtawGYtBuHK?olwd k Yb0? olwd k YtawGYtBuHK?olwd k Yb0? olwd k YtawGYtBuHK?olwd k Yb0? olwd k YtawGYtBuHK?
pm - 33-41/pm - 33-41/pm - 33-41/pm - 33-41/pm - 33-41/
104 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;xGef;&D (a&T"m;)OD;xGef;&D (a&T"m;)OD;xGef;&D (a&T"m;)OD;xGef;&D (a&T"m;)OD;xGef;&D (a&T"m;)
pma&;q&m a&T"m;trnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;xGef;&Dudk
oxHkc½dkif? aygifNrdKU? uRJNcH&Gmü 1923 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/
i,fpOfuyif rdbESpfyg; uG,fvGefcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifhudk,f'l;
udk,fcRefb0jzifh q,fwef;pmar;yGJudk 0ifa&mufajzqdkcJhonf/
v,f,mvkyfcGif0ifcJh&onf/ e,fowif;axmufvkyfcJh&onf/
'kwd,urÇmppf twGif; armfvNrdKifc½dkif? rk'HkNrdKUodkUajymif;a½TUaexdkifcJhonf/ rk'HkNrdKU
wGifyif zufqpfawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vQKdU0Sufaqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh
[oFmuRef;? bD;vl;uRef;NrdKUbufodkU wdrf;a&Smifykef;atmif;aecJh&onf/
OD;xGef;&Donf 'kwd,urÇmppfNyD;aomtcg &efukefNrdKUodkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif;wGif pma&;tjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&if; wpfzuf
uvnf; yef;csDqGJonf/ pma&;onf/ jyZmwfynmavhvmonf/ jyZmwfavmuwGif
usifvnfonf/ xdkYaemuf owif;pHk*sme,f? jynfawmfopf*sme,f? vif;,kef*sme,fESifh
vif;,kefowif;pmwdkYwGif t,f'DwmtjzpfvkyfudkifcJhonf/ udk,fydkifxkwfa0a&;
vkyfief; ]]pHy,fjzef Ycs da&;}}]]pHy,fjzef Ycs da&;}}]]pHy,fjzef Ycs da&;}}]]pHy,fjzef Ycs da&;}}]]pHy,fjzef Ycs da&;}}udk xlaxmifcJhonf/ yk'fr-5 jzifh zrf;qD;cHcJh&NyD;
axmifxJwGif (2) ESpfausmfaecJh&onf/ jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif;wGif trIaqmif
wm0ef,lcJh&onf/ ouú&mZf 1313 ck? ewfawmfvqef; 1 &ufaeY (8) Budrfajrmuf
pmqdkawmfaeYtjzpf ujyonfh jr0wDjyZmwfwGif yg0ifcJhonf/
OD;xGef;&D\ a&T"m;uavmiftrnfjzifh opömyef;vnf; vef;ygap? uRefawmf
cspfcJhaomnwpfn? cspfaomcspfol? cspfjcif;onfomvQif? rrcspf? arwåmrdk;odkY
apGonfhtcg? tvSuav;rDrD? tp&Sdonfh jym; 60 wef 0w¬Kwkdrsm;udk wpfvvQif
wpftkyfrSonfESpftkyftxd jrefrmjynfpmtkyfwdkufESifh OD;wifatmif-rpef; pmay
xkwfa0a&;wdkufwdkYrS xkwfa0cJhonf/
OD;xGef;&D\xif&Sm;aomvHk;csif;0w¬Krsm;rSm cspf0uFyg (1948)? jrvTm½Hkaw;
(1954)? cifOr®m (1956)? awmifyHeDausmfOD; (1956) wdkYjzpfonf/
OD;xGef;&D a&;om;onfh cifOr®monf oGufvufqGJaqmifjcif;vnf;&Sdonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 105
OD;wnfcsufvnf; rSefuefaumif;rGefonf/ ]]a½T"m;\0w¬Krsm;wGif toGufvuf
qHk;ESifhtvSyqHk; 0w¬Kwpfyk'f[kajymEdkifonf/}} [lí jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;pmtkyfwGif
rvdcu rSwfcsufay;onf/
OD;xGef;&Donf atmifjrifaompma&;q&mwpfa,mufvnf;jzpfonf/
0w¬Kaygif;rsm;pGm a&;cJholjzpfonf/ 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&Snfrsm;udkvnf; trnftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh
a&;om;cJhonf/ t,f'Dwmaumif;wpfa,mufvnf;jzpfcJhonf/
OD;xGef;&Donf 1961 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 17 &ufaeYü &efukefNrdKUwGif uG,fvGef
onf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 1? pm-259-268/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 1? pm-259-268/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 1? pm-259-268/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 1? pm-259-268/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 1? pm-259-268/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) o0PfvTm? ½Ir0 (Mo*kwfv? 1961) pm-19/o0PfvTm? ½Ir0 (Mo*kwfv? 1961) pm-19/o0PfvTm? ½Ir0 (Mo*kwfv? 1961) pm-19/o0PfvTm? ½Ir0 (Mo*kwfv? 1961) pm-19/o0PfvTm? ½Ir0 (Mo*kwfv? 1961) pm-19/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) ci farmi f& D ? o lw d k Y E Sp fa,muf ? aoG ;aomufci farmi f& D ? o lw d k Y E Sp fa,muf ? aoG ;aomufci farmi f& D ? o lw d k Y E Sp fa,muf ? aoG ;aomufci farmi f& D ? o lw d k Y E Sp fa,muf ? aoG ;aomufci farmi f& D ? o lw d k Y E Sp fa,muf ? aoG ;aomuf
(atmufwdkbm? 1961) pm-128-130/(atmufwdkbm? 1961) pm-128-130/(atmufwdkbm? 1961) pm-128-130/(atmufwdkbm? 1961) pm-128-130/(atmufwdkbm? 1961) pm-128-130/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) wi f hqe f ; ? o lw d k Y r & S d awm h N y D ? ai Gwm& Dwi f hqe f ; ? o lw d k Y r & S d awm h N y D ? ai Gwm& Dwi f hqe f ; ? o lw d k Y r & S d awm h N y D ? ai Gwm& Dwi f hqe f ; ? o lw d k Y r & S d awm h N y D ? ai Gwm& Dwi f hqe f ; ? o lw d k Y r & S d awm h N y D ? ai Gwm& D
(rwfv?1963)? pm-57-59/(rwfv?1963)? pm-57-59/(rwfv?1963)? pm-57-59/(rwfv?1963)? pm-57-59/(rwfv?1963)? pm-57-59/
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) tEkynm&Sifrsm;b0rSwfwrf;? aiGwm&D (Edk0ifbm?tEkynm&Sifrsm;b0rSwfwrf;? aiGwm&D (Edk0ifbm?tEkynm&Sifrsm;b0rSwfwrf;? aiGwm&D (Edk0ifbm?tEkynm&Sifrsm;b0rSwfwrf;? aiGwm&D (Edk0ifbm?tEkynm&Sifrsm;b0rSwfwrf;? aiGwm&D (Edk0ifbm?
1966) pm-256/1966) pm-256/1966) pm-256/1966) pm-256/1966) pm-256/
(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) av;jrif h ? vGrf;&aompma&;q&mrsm;? aiGwm&Dav;jrif h ? vGrf;&aompma&;q&mrsm;? aiGwm&Dav;jrif h ? vGrf;&aompma&;q&mrsm;? aiGwm&Dav;jrif h ? vGrf;&aompma&;q&mrsm;? aiGwm&Dav;jrif h ? vGrf;&aompma&;q&mrsm;? aiGwm&D
(atmufwdkbm? 1967) pm-66-67/(atmufwdkbm? 1967) pm-66-67/(atmufwdkbm? 1967) pm-66-67/(atmufwdkbm? 1967) pm-66-67/(atmufwdkbm? 1967) pm-66-67/
(7)(7)(7)(7)(7) &mjynfh OD;pdk;ñGefY (20)&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfh OD;pdk;ñGefY (20)&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfh OD;pdk;ñGefY (20)&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfh OD;pdk;ñGefY (20)&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfh OD;pdk;ñGefY (20)&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?
pm-120-121/pm-120-121/pm-120-121/pm-120-121/pm-120-121/
106 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;xGef;&if (rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if)OD;xGef;&if (rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if)OD;xGef;&if (rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if)OD;xGef;&if (rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if)OD;xGef;&if (rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if)
owif;pm q&m OD;xGef;&if udk 1895 ckESpfwGif
yef;wdrfq&mBuD; OD;at;yGifY ESifY trd a':zGm; wdkYrS rEÅav;NrdKU?
ykvJ aiGa&mif&yfüarG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;xGef;&ifonf rEÅav;aemfrefausmif;rS q&mjzpf
oifwef;wufcJhNyD;? pdefyDwm ausmif;wGif jrefrmpmq&mtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/
1920 jynfYESpf yxrausmif;om; oydwfay:aygufaomtcg pdefyDwmrSEkwfxGufí?
trsdK;om;ausmif;wGif ausmif;q&mtjzpfvkyfudkifcJhonf/ 1930 jynfYESpfwGif
½kyf&Sifuefx½dkuftjzpfe,fvSnfY½kyf&SifjycJYonf/
1933 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 20 &ufwGif &efukefol&d,wdkufcGJ? rEÅav;
ol&d,owif;pmwdkufudk0,f,lí rEÅav;ol&d,owif;pmtjzpf 1934 ckESpf?
Ekd0ifbm 30 &ufaeUwGif xkwfa0cJYonf/
OD;xGef;&ifonf udkvdkeDacwf rEÅav;rSxifay:ausmfMum;cJYaom owif;pm
q&mwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/
OD;xGef;&ifonf 1942 ckESpf? arvwGif ppfrD;oifhí&yfpJcJY&aom owif;
pmtm; jyefvnfxkwfa0&ef BudK;yrf;pOf emrusef;jzpfí 1942 ckESpfrSmyif
uG,fvGefcJYonf/
uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/ aexGwf? rEÅav; tbd"mef pm-135/ aexGwf? rEÅav; tbd"mef pm-135/ aexGwf? rEÅav; tbd"mef pm-135/ aexGwf? rEÅav; tbd"mef pm-135/ aexGwf? rEÅav; tbd"mef pm-135/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 107
OD;xGef;vS (wuúodkvf ae0if;)OD;xGef;vS (wuúodkvf ae0if;)OD;xGef;vS (wuúodkvf ae0if;)OD;xGef;vS (wuúodkvf ae0if;)OD;xGef;vS (wuúodkvf ae0if;)
pma&;q&m wuúodkvfae0if;trnfcH owif;pm
q&mOD;xGef;vSudk 1918 ckESpf? ar 25 &ufaeYwGif tz
autufpftrf? wD'Dtrfta&;ydkif OD;bdk;&if? trd a':trm
wdkYrS &efukefNrdKUüarG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;xGef;vSonf &efukefNrdKU pdefaygausmif;wGif 6 wef;txd ynmoif,lcJYjyD;?
armfvNrdKifNrdKU? pdefYyufx&pfausmif;wGif qufvuf ynmoif,lcJY&m? 1936 ckESpfü
q,fwef; atmifjrifcJYonf/ 1941 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbJGUudk t*Fvdyfpm*kPfxl;jzifY
atmifjrifcJYonf/
OD;xGef;vSonf 1936 ckESpfwGif armfvNrdKif ausmif;om;or*¾Ouú|tjzpf
vnf;aumif;? 1937-38 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvf Ak'bmomtoif;trIaqmif
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1938-39 ckESpfwGif tdk;a0r*¾Zif;t,f'DwmtzJGY0iftjzpf
vnf;aumif;? 1939-40 jynfYESpfwGif wuúodkvfESpfvnfr*¾Zif; t*Fvdyfpmt,f'Dwm
wm0efudk ,lcJYonf/ 1941 ckESpfwGif ajratmufawmfvSefa&;wm0efudk,lcJYonf/
1942 ckESpfwGif bDtdkifatodkY 0ifa&mufcJYonf/ 1942 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif tm½Svli,f
wnfaxmifolrsm;teuf wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/ 1943 ckESpfwGif bD'Dat
odkY0ifjyD; ppf0efMuD;½Hk;? ppf0efMuD;oD;oefYXmewGif wm0ef,lcJY&onf/ awmfvSefa&;
umvtxd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifY wJGzufyg0ifcJYonf/
OD;xGef;vSonf 1945-46 ckESpfwGif z.q.y.v tzJGYcsKyf Ouú| AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;\ twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1946 ckESpf pufwifbmvrSpí
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ tyg;awmfjrJ twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947 ckESpf?
Zlvdkifvaemufydkif;ü jyefMum;a&;Xme ygvDreftwGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1949-
51 ckESpfwGif tdk;a0owif;pm t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1961-63 ckESpfwGif
ae;&Sif;t*Fvdyfowif;pmESifh EdkifiHopfowif;pmt,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;?
1964-65 ckESpfwGif pmayAdrmefpmtkyftoif; twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
1966 ckESpfrSpí aqmufvkyfa&;aumfydka&;½Sif; OD;pD;t&m&dS (w) tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;
tjzpftrIxrf;cJYonf/
108 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;xGef;vSonf 1936 ckESpfxkwf '*kefr*¾Zif;wGif ]]t>rmnDaemif}}0w¬Kudk
]]wuúodkvfae0if;}} uavmiftrnfjzifYa&;jyD; pmayavmuodkY 0ifvmcJYonf/
1940-41 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfjrefrmpmtoif;u usif;yaom jrefrm0w¬Kwdk
jydKifyJGwGif ]]jzpforQtaMumif;}} 0w¬KjzifY yxrqk&&dScJYonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfrwdkifrDu
ol&d,? MuD;yGm;a&;? '*kef? *E¦avmu? wuúodkvfausmif;wdkuf? tdk;a0r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif
a&;om;cJYonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfaemufydkif;wGif pme,fZif;trsdK;rsdK;ü ]]wuúodkvfae0if;}}
uavmiftrnftjyif tjcm;uavmiftrnfrsm;udkoHk;í t*Fvdyfjrefrm ESpfbm
omjzifY a&;om;cJYonf/
OD;xGef;vSonf 1951-53 ckESpfwGif [Hom0wDowif;pm ½kyf½Sifcef;wGif
]]rif;'if}} uavmiftrnfjzifY a&;om;cJYonf/ 1951-73 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;
owif;pmü ]]cifarmifndK}}trnfjzifY ½kyf½Sifcef;udka&;om;cJYonf/ 1955-57 ckESpfwGif
r@dKifowif;pmü ]]owif;axmufbkef;Edkif}} trnfjzifY ½kyf½Sifaqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;
cJYonf/
wuúodkvfae0if;trnfjzifY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; t*Fvdyfvdka&;cJYaom
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ordkif;udk bmomjyefjyD;? vGwfvyfa&;Adokum AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;? atmifqef;OD;wdkYtaz? ESpfudk,fopöm? arwåma&vdIif;? [m½dk;a&mfbif\
um;yufAuf*g;udkrSD;aom olvdkrif;orD;0w¬Krsm;udk a&;om;cJYonf/ tar&duef
olykefMuD; *sufvef'ef? eef;pGefYbk&ifESifY urÇmYordkif;jzpf&yfBuD;rsm;wdkYudk bmomjyefcJY
onf/
OD;xGef;vSonf 1997 ckESpf? rwfv (7) &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef
cJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1998)/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1998)/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1998)/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1998)/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1998)/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 109
OD;xGef;0if; (r@dKifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if;)OD;xGef;0if; (r@dKifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if;)OD;xGef;0if; (r@dKifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if;)OD;xGef;0if; (r@dKifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if;)OD;xGef;0if; (r@dKifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if;)
owif;pmq&m OD;xGef;0if;udk 1917 ckESpf? 'DZifbm
v 31 &ufaeYwGif xm;0,fNrdKUü ukefonf OD;ydefESifY trd
a':a&TvefwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;xGef;0if;onf 1937 ckESpfwGif &efukef'D*&D
aumvdyfrS bDatatmifjrifcJYonf/ 1941 ckESpfwGif &efukef
wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾b@mxdef;? yef;waemf Ak'¨bmomvli,frsm;
txufwef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;q&mtjzpfvnf;aumif;? NAdwdoQqefYusifa&;ESifY
*syefawmfvSefa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGifyg0ifcJYonf/
1946 ckESpfwGif ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m awmifolv,form;tzJGU uaemif
twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947 ckESpfwGif zJGUpnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qJGa&;
tzJGU0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? jynfxJa&;ESifYw&m;pD&ifa&;Xme ygvDreftwGif;0ef
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmetwGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? aqmif&Guf
cJYonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&&mxl;rS EkwfxGufcJYonf/
OD;xGef;0if;onf qdk½S,fvpfygwD jyefMum;a&;wm0efcHtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYjyD;?
1951 ckESpfwGif r@dKifaeYpOfowif;pmudk xlaxmifum t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&Guf
cJYonf/
OD;xGef;0if;onf jrefatmufvTwfawmftrwfjzpfjyD;? 1952-56 ckESpfwGif
jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1956-58 ckESpfwGif or0g,rESifY ukefpnf
jzefYjzL;a&;Xme0efMuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYjyD; 1958 ckESpf? ZGefv 4 &uf
aeYwGif EkwfxGufcJYonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif xdkif;EdkifiHrScsD;jrSifYaom o&zlwHqdyfudk
&&dScJYonf/
OD;xGef;0if;onf zqyv trIaqmifaumfrwD0if? ArmYqdk&S,fvpfygwD0if
ESifY tm½SEdkifiHa&; OD;aqmiftzJGY0iftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m awmifolv,form;tzJGUb@mxdef;ESifY or0g,ror*¾
aumifpDOuú|wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifcJYonf/
OD;xGef;0if;onf 1960 jynfYESpfwGif jrefatmifawmifydkif; rJqEe,fygvDref
110 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
trwftjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&jyD;? pawmY[krf;NrdKUwGifusif;yaom EdkifiHwumor0g,r
uGefz&ifhodkU EdkifiHudk,fpm;jyKwufa&mufcJYonf/
1961 ckESpfwGif csufudkpvdkaA;uD;,m;? ta&SU*smreDESifY qdk½S,fvpf
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm;odkY avYvma&;c&D;oGm;cJYonf/
OD;xGef;0if;onf ppfavsmfaMu; rpf&SiftzJGUESifYtwl *syefEkdifiH? wdkusdKNrdKUodkY
oGm;a&mufcJYonf/
OD;xGef;0if;onf 1970 jynfYESpfwGif trSwf 155? a&T*Hkwdkifvrf; &efukefNrdKUü
uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 50/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 50/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 50/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 50/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 50/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 111
OD;ykuav; (owif;pmq&m OD;yk)OD;ykuav; (owif;pmq&m OD;yk)OD;ykuav; (owif;pmq&m OD;yk)OD;ykuav; (owif;pmq&m OD;yk)OD;ykuav; (owif;pmq&m OD;yk)
owif;pmq&m OD;ykuav;udk 1894 ckESpfwGif
arG;zGm;cJ Yonf/ a½S;0HomEkacwfupjyD; owif;axmuf
vkyfcJYojzifY ordkif;tpOftvmMuD;rm;aom 3owif;pm
q&mMuD;jzpfí jrefrmowif;pmq&m owif;axmufrsm;ESifY
tvGefoifhjrwfatmif aygif;oif;qufqHwwfoljzpfonf/
olESif Ytwl owif;,l"mwfyH k½d kuf&mwGif tqifrajyonfudk awGY&dS&ygu tqif
ajyatmif rodromtem;uyfí wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf vufawGY enf;ay;vrf;jy
oifay;wwfonf/ vla½SUola½SUwGif xifay:atmiform;*kPf jywwfolr[kwfyg/
udk,fvHk;udk,fxnfxGm;usdKif;MuHUcdkifjyD; toHredrfhrjrifhjzifh em;0ifcsdKatmifajym
wwfonf/ [movnf;aESmwwfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHa&;wGifru owif;pm
avmurSmyg 0g&ifY? orÇm&ifYaomfvnf; <um;<um;0ifY0ifYrvkyf? [dwf[efrMuD;ay/
xdkaMumifY olYudkvlwdkif;u cspfcifav;pm; MunfñdkMuonf/
OD;ykuav;onf owif;wefzdk;&dSatmif "mwfyHktaetxm; t,ltq
aumif;oavmuf? uifr&mcvkwfESdyfvnf; jrefvSonf/ owif;ESifY aqmif;yg; ta&;
tom; ½Sif;½Sif;ESifY xdxdrdrdydkifEdkifí oGufvufajymifajrmufpGm a&;avY&dSonf/
ynmtvif;owif;pmwGif vufaxmuft,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Gufaeaom
OD;ykuav;onf q&moif vlowfrIudpöMuD;jzpfay:vmjyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD 4if;
owif;pmrS EkwfxGufí ]]Mu,fwHcGef}}trnfjzifY owif;pmwpfapmifxkwfa0cJY&m
tpdk;&tvdkawmf&drSeforQudk raxmufrñSma&;om;ojzifY vlzwfrsm;cJYonf/
odkY&mwGif 1921 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfodkY wdkif;cef;vSnfYvnf&mrS a&mufvmaom
a0vrif;om; (0ifqmNrdKUpm;MuD;) ESifYpyfvsOf;í tpdk;&tvdkawmf&dbufrS trsdK;orD;
uav;rsm;ESifY a0vrif;om;qufqHyHktaMumif;udk raxmufrñSma&;om;cJY&mrS
]]a0vrif;om;ESifY aq;za,mif;wdkif}} acgif;pOfjzifY aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fyg&dSojzifY
tpdk;&u t,f'DwmOD;ykuav;tay: npfnrf;aompmrsm; a&;om;rIjzifY tvkyfr&dS
axmif'Pf (2) v tjypfay;cJYavonf/ rsm;rMumrDumvtwGif; Mu,fwHcGef
owif;pmonfvnf; wdrfjrSKyfaysmufuG,foGm;avonf/
112 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
'kwd,urÇmppfMuD;jyD;pwGif eef;&if;0efaxmuf *VKefOD;apmu ol&d,
owif;pmvDrdwufrS tpk&S,f,mrsm;udk trsm;qHk;0,f,ljyD; cs,fvS,fvdkufí
ol&d,owif;pm NydKuJGoGm;aomtcg OD;ykuav;onf tpdk;&jynfolYqufqHa&;
XmeodkY0ifa&mufí owif;axmuftjzpfvkyfudkifcJYonf/ tpdk;&jyefMum;a&;Xme
owif;axmuftjzpf OD;ykuav;tm; bk&ifcHtrIaqmifaumifpD 'kwd,obmywd
(tpdk;&tzJGU0efMuD;csKyf) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;oGm;av&modkY vdkufygí "mwfyHk½dkuf owif;
,l&ef wm0efay;xm;onf/
a½S;0HomEkacwf owif;pmq&mMuD;jzpfí AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u c&D;oGm;&if;
OD;ykuav;xHrS 0HomEkacwf EdkifiHa&;taMumif;udk,fawGUrsm;udk ar;jref;í qnf;yl;
onfqdk\/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqHk;oGm;í ocifEk (OD;Ek) wufvmaomtcgwGifvnf;
OD;EkoGm;av&modkYvdkufygí owif;,l"mwfyHk½dkuf&aom tpdk;&jyefMum;a&;wm0efudk
qufvufxrf;aqmif&onf/
vGwfvyfa&;&í jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf jzpfvmaomtcgwGifvnf;
EdkifiHawmf0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek\owif;ESifY "mwfyHk&,l&ef OD;ykuav;tm; tjrJwm0efay;
xm;onf/
1950 jynfYESpf? {jyDv 28&ufwGif EdkifiHawmf0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek jrpf0uRef;ay:
rtlyifodkYc&D;xGuf&m vrf;c&D;oabFmay:ü 0efBuD;csKyf\ udk,f&HawmfAdkvfMuD;
pdk;jrifY\ aoewfusnfqef rawmfwqxGufoGm;í owif;pmq&mMuD; OD;ykuav;
tm; xdrSefojzifY &efukefaq;½HkMuD;odkY tvsiftjrefwifydkYvdkuf&onf/
aemufqHk;tcsdeftxd oefjrefpGm owif;wm0efudk xufxufjrufjruf
wm0efausatmifaqmif&GufcJYaom owif;pmq&m bdk;atMuD; OD;ykuav;onf
uHqdk;&Smí aemufwpfaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJYonf/
OD;ykuav;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY vkyfMuHcH&jyD;aemuf rMumrDyif
vufoGufoGufjzifY ]]igwdkYAdkvfcsKyf bmawGvkyfcJYovJ}} qdkaomaiGwpfusyfwef
pmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/ pmtkyfrsufESmzHk;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
c&D;xGufpOfu oludk,fwdkif"mwfyHk½dkuf,lvmcJYaom tpdk;&,lbDoabFmtjyifbufü
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 113
oabFmOD;udkrsufESmrlí tvHwdkifudkausmay;xdkifum vGwfvyfat;csrf;pGm
pmzwfaeonfY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\"mwfyHkudk azmfjyxm;onfrSm pdwf"mwfwuf<u
zG,fjzpfonf/ pmtkyftrnfudkvnf; owif;pmq&myDyD owif;acgif;wyfouJhodkY
&J0hHjywfom;pGmay;xm;onf/
xdkpmtkyfrSmtvGefa&mif;aumif;onfh pmtkyfjzpfaomfvnf; cifrif&if;ESD;
onfhtaejzifh &efukef&Sd owif;pmwdkufrsm;rS t,f'Dwmrsm;? t,f'DwmtzGJY0if?
vcpm; owif;axmuftm;vHk;tm; OD;ykuav;onf olYvufa&;jzifh emrnfa&;um
olYvufrSwfxdk;NyD; trSwfw&vufaqmifay;onf/
OD;ykuav;onf olruG,fvGefrDuav;wGif tpdk;&atmifbmavodef;xD
usyfwpfaxmifqk aygufaomtcg owif;pmq&m? owif;axmufrsm;tm; awGY&m
ae&mrSm wpfusyfwef qDcsufacgufqGJudk auR;arG;cJhonf/ olxDaygufaMumif;
rnfolrQrodvdkufbJ oluacgufqGJauR;rS odvdkuf&ygonf/
OD;ykuav;onf ]]touft&G,ftkdaomfvnf; owif;wm0efudk wufwuf
<u<uaqmif&GufoGm;onfrSm tm;usp&myif}} jzpfygonf/
OD;ykuav;onf 1950 jynfhESpf? {NyDv 29 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü
uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jre frm htvif;oef;ñGe f Y ? uRe fawmfqH kc J h&aomjrefrm htvif;oef;ñGe f Y ? uRe fawmfqH kc J h&aomjrefrm htvif;oef;ñGe f Y ? uRe fawmfqH kc J h&aomjrefrm htvif;oef;ñGe f Y ? uRe fawmfqH kc J h&aomjrefrm htvif;oef;ñGe f Y ? uRe fawmfqH kc J h&aom
owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;? pm 49/owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;? pm 49/owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;? pm 49/owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;? pm 49/owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;? pm 49/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) owif;pmavmu? jrefrmEd kifiH bmomjyefpmayowif;pmavmu? jrefrmEd kifiH bmomjyefpmayowif;pmavmu? jrefrmEd kifiH bmomjyefpmayowif;pmavmu? jrefrmEd kifiH bmomjyefpmayowif;pmavmu? jrefrmEd kifiH bmomjyefpmay
toif;? pm232/toif;? pm232/toif;? pm232/toif;? pm232/toif;? pm232/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) ,lyDtd kif OD;boef;\b0tawGYtBuHK/,lyDtd kif OD;boef;\b0tawGYtBuHK/,lyDtd kif OD;boef;\b0tawGYtBuHK/,lyDtd kif OD;boef;\b0tawGYtBuHK/,lyDtd kif OD;boef;\b0tawGYtBuHK/
114 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;azodef; (a&TOa'gif;)OD;azodef; (a&TOa'gif;)OD;azodef; (a&TOa'gif;)OD;azodef; (a&TOa'gif;)OD;azodef; (a&TOa'gif;)
pma&;q&mBuD; a&TOa'gif;trnfjzif h xifay:
ausmfMum;cJYaom owif;pmq&m OD;azodef;udk 1889 ckESpf?
atmufwdkbmv 24 &ufaeYwGif tz OD;{&m trd a':a&T
wdkYrS rEÅav;NrdKU at;csdKifY (0g;wef;) &yfüarG;zGm;cJYonf/
zcifOD;{&monf a&Tbdkc½dkif? refusnf;wHk&Gm Zmwdjzpfí ukef;abmifacwf
oDaygbk&ifvufxuf vTwfawmfpma&;tjzpftrIxrf;í rdcif a':a&Tum;
oDaygbk&if\ pmawmfzwftjzpf trIxrf;cJY&onf/
OD;azodef;onf av;ESpfom;t&G,fwGif rEÅav;NrdKU Ak'¨bmomoDv&Sif
ausmif;ü pwifynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/ ckepfESpfom;t&G,fwGif rEÅav;NrdKU tdrfawmf&m
bk&m;awmfbuf&Sd 'u©dP0Hwdkuf Nrdwfbkef;BuD;ausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TUynmoif,lcJY
onf/ 1900 jynfYESpfwGif xdkausmif;rSyiftpdk;&ppf pwkw¬wef;atmifjrifcJYonf/
yÍörwef;odkYa&mufaomtcg ,if;Nrdwfbkef;BuD;ausmif;udk Ak'omoemYEk*¾[ausmif;
[lí trnfopfajymif;vdkufonf/
yÍörwef;atmifvQif atbDtrfac: tar&duefomoemjyKausmif;odkY
ajymif;a&TUynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1908 ckESpfwGif umvuwåm;wuúodkvfrS BuD;rSL;
usif;ycJYaom 0ifcGifhpmar;yGJudk atmifjrifcJYonf/ xdkpmar;yGJatmifjrifNyD;aemuf
Ak'¨bmomausmif;wGifvnf;aumif;? atbDtrfausmif;wGifvnf;aumif;?
ausmif;q&mtjzpftrIxrf;cJYonf/ xdkokdYausmif;q&mtrIxrf;NyD;aemuf a&TbkdNrdKU
ta&;ykdif½Hk;ü tulpma&;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ,if;NrdKU opfawm½Hk;ü pma&;
tjzpfvnf;aumif; vkyfudkifcJYonf/
OD;azodef;onf 1910 jynfhESpfrS 1914 ckESpf {NyDvtxd rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd
pdkufysdK;a&;ESifYor0g,r rif;BuD;½Hk;ü pma&;tjzpfcefYxm;jcif;cHcJY&onf/ rif;BuD;
e,fvSnfY&mwGif vdkufyg&ojzifY OD;azodef;onf txufatmufjrefrmEdkifiH tESHYtjym;
a&muf&SdcJYavonf/ ,if;odkYvcpm;tvkyf vkyfudkifpOfrSmyif t*Fvdyf0w¬Kpmtkyf
trsm;tjym;udk zwf½IcJY&onf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 115
touf 26 ESpft&G,f 1915 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 8&ufaeYwGif ol\
yxrqHk;aom0w¦KjzpfonfY ]]&efBuD;atmif}} 0w¬Kudk pwifa&;om;cJYonf/ 1916
ckESpfwGif rpöuf[ife&D0k'fa&;onfY tdpfvif;0w¬KudkrSDjirf;jyKum &wemyHk0w¬Kudk
a&;om;cJYonf/ 1917 ckESpf? azazmf0g&D 1 &ufaeYrSpí ol&d,r*¾Zif;wGif t,f'Dwm
tjzpf cefYxm;jcif;cH&onf/
OD;azodef;onf &efBuD;atmifESifY &wemyHk vHk;csif;0w¬KESpftkyfa&;NyD;aomtcg
ol\uavmiftrnfudk a&TOa'gif;[lí a&G;cs,fcH,lvdkufonf/ 0w¬Krsm;a&;jcif;
omru ol&d,r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufaepOfrSmyif jrefrmYAsL[m*sme,f
udkvnf; OD;pD;xkwfa0cJYayonf/ 1926 ckESpf rwfvwGif e,l;bm;rm; t*Fvdyfowif;
pmwdkufwGif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJYonf/
1930 jynfYESpf? azazmf0g&D 1 &ufaeYrSpí yJcl;NrdKU&Sd c&pf,mefpmaytoif;
BuD;\ bmomjyefq&mtjzpf ajymif;ívkyfonf/ jyefqdkcJYaombmomjyefpmtkyf
rsm;rSm ,Ofaus;rI\rSwfwdkifrsm;? AGwfumwD0g&Sifwef\tw¬KyÜwåd 0w¬Kwdkuav;rsm;
jzpfonf/
OD;azodef;onf 1945 ckESpfrS 1953 ckESpftxd rEÅav;NrdKU vlxkowif;pmü
t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ [Hom0wDowif;pmwGif Ak'¨aCmo (2)
trnfjzifY omoema&;aqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? a&TOa'gif;trnfjzifY
]]A[kokw[if;av;tkd;}} tcef;udkvnf;aumif; a&;om;cJYonf/
OD;azodef;onf 1952 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 30 &ufaeYwGif ocif
udk,fawmfrdIif; acgif;aqmifaom urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJYESifY w½kwfjynfokdY
vdkufygoGm;cJYonf/ tjyefwGif ]]w½kwfjynfopfudk,fawGY}} pmtkyf udka&;om;cJYonf/
1962 ckESpf ESpfOD;ydkif;uvnf; tmaz½dkat&Sef (tm&Stz&du) cspfMunfa&;toif;rS
&S&Sm;EkdifiHokdYapvTwfaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYwGif tzGJY0iftjzpf oGm;a&mufcJYonf/
OD;azodef;onf 1963 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvwGif awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&
jyefMum;a&;XmerSxkwfa0aom vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOfowif;pmwGif t,f'DwmcsKyf
tjzpf cefYxm;jcif;cHcJYY&onf/
OD;azodef;onf ]]arQmfwvifYvifY}} pmtkyfjzifY 1952 ckESpf pmayAdrmef bmom
116 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
jyefqk? ]]aoG;pkyfajr}} jzifY 1955 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefbmomjyefqk? ]]wpfoufwm
rSwfwrf;ESifY tawG;tac:rsm;}} jzifY 1961 ckESpf? pmayAdrmef okwya'omqkrsm;
&&SdcJYonf/ bmomjyef0w¬KESifY yifudk,fa&;0w¬Kaygif;rsm;pGmudk a&;om;cJYonf/
OD;azodef;a&;om;cJYaompmtkyfrsm;teuf xif&Sm;aompmtkyfrsm;rSm
&wemyHk? ½lyeED? &wemyl&? cifpufar? *smr'gudkudkBuD; 0w¬Kwdkrsm;? &efatmifr*Fvm?
vrf;ESpfoG,f? 0oHk;vHk;? yxrHq&modef;? tkdifAif[kd? ol&Jaumif;oHk;a,muf?
aZmf[dwf0w¬Kwdkrsm;? udk,f&Hawmf? arQmfwvifhvifh? w½kwfjynfopfudk,fawGU?
OD;azodef;\ a&TOa'gif;ESifY woufwmrSwfwrf;ESifY tawG;tac:rsm; pmtkyfwdkY
jzpfonf/
OD;azodef;onf 1973 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 10 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü uG,fvGef
cJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 40-42/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 40-42/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 40-42/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 40-42/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 40-42/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1978) pm - 267/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1978) pm - 267/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1978) pm - 267/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1978) pm - 267/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1978) pm - 267/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 117
OD;bausmf (*g;'D;,ef; OD;bausmf)OD;bausmf (*g;'D;,ef; OD;bausmf)OD;bausmf (*g;'D;,ef; OD;bausmf)OD;bausmf (*g;'D;,ef; OD;bausmf)OD;bausmf (*g;'D;,ef; OD;bausmf)
owif;pmq&mOD;bausmfudk jynfNrdKUü tz OD;bdk;jr?
trda':aiGatmifwdkYu 1916ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 9 &ufaeYwGif
arG;zGm;onf/
OD;bausmfi,fpOfu arNrdKUatbDtrf rdef;uav;
ausmif;? jynfNrd KU OD;bd k;½H k ? tvGwfynmoifausmif;ESif Y jynfNrd KU tpd k;&
txufwef;ausmif;rS t*Fvdyfjrefrm 10 wef; atmifcJhjyD;aemuf? jynfNrdKU?
opfawmc½dkif0ef½Hk;wGif tulpma&;tjzpf pwiftrIxrf;cJYonf/ xdkYaemuf jynfc½dkifcJG
ukefpnfMuD;Muyfa&;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&TUvkyfudkifonf/ trIxrf;aepOftwGif;
jynfNrdKUta½SUtm&Svli,frsm;tpnf;t½Hk; (ArmEdkifiH) wGiftoif;0iftjzpf yg0if
aqmif&GufcJYonf/
xdkYtjyif OD;bausmfonf jynfc½dkif½Hk;pma&;or*¾ 'kwd,Ouú|tjzpfvnf;
aumif;? jynfc½dkiftrIxrf;aygif;pHkor*¾ 'kwd,Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif;? oydwf
MudK;udkiftzJGU twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; yg0ifaqmif&GufcJYonf/
1945 ckESpfwGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm; jyef0ifvmaomtcgü opfawmXme
jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkif&ef rSwfwrf;rsm;&Smay;EdkifojzifY trIxrf;aumif;vufrSwf
csD;jrSifYjcif;cH&onf/
1950 jynfYESpf &efukefNrdKU jrefrmEdkifiHawmf opfawmrif;MuD;csKyf½Hk;odkY
ajymif;a½TUcJYí opfawm½Hk;toD;oD;wGif XmecJGpma&;MuD;? ½Hk;0efaxmufponfjzifY
trIxrf;cJYjyD;? opfawmXme Ak'bmomtoif;wGif 0g'jzefYcsda&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&Guf
cJYonf/
1956-57 ckESpfwGif owif;pmynm 'Dyvdkrm (t*Fvdyf) bJGYudk &&dScJYonf/
1958-59 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvf vlrIa&;odyÜHXmerS zGifYvSpfydkYcsaom pmMunfY
wdkufynm atmifvufrSwfudk&&dScJYonf/ 1959 ckESpf tdrfapmifYtpdk;&vufxufwGif
EdkifiHawmfor®w\ *kPfxl;aqmifvufrSwfESifY vufywfem&Dqkudk csD;jrSifYjcif;cH&onf/
1961 ckESpfwGif t*FvdyfbmomjzifYxkwfa0aom *g;'D;,ef;owif;pmESifY r*¾Zif;
wdkufü t,f'Dwmtjzpf cefYxm;cH&onf/
118 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;bausmfonf owif;pmq&mtjzpf jynfyEdkifiHrsm;odkYvnf; oGm;a&mufcJY&m
1966 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkodkY owif;pmvkyfief;avYvm&efvnf;
aumif;? 1969 ckESpfwGif jrefrma[mifaumif avaMumif;zGifhyJGwuf&ef owif;pm
tzGJYudkOD;aqmifí a[mifaumifodkYvnf;aumif;? 1973 ckESpfwGif w½kwfjynfolY
or®wEdkifiHodkY owif;pmynmavYvm&efvnf;aumif;? 1976 ckESpfwGif *syefEdkifiH
jcm;a&;0efMuD;Xme\ zdwfMum;csuft& owif;pmq&mtzJG Yudk OD;aqmifí
*syefEdkifiHodkY cspfMunfa&;c&D;tjzpfvnf;aumif; toD;oD;oGm;a&mufcJYonf/
1973 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif qE´cH,lyJG atmifjrifa&;twGuf tjcm;
tEkynm&Sifrsm;ESifYtwl csif;0daoowdkif;wGif pnf;½Hk;vIHUaqmfcJYonf/
1976 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvwGifusif;ycJYaom ta&;ay:ygwDnDvmcHESifY
1977 ckESpfwGif usif;yaom wwd,tMudrfygwDnDvmcHwGif qufoG,fa&;ESifY owif;
xkwfjyefa&;qyfaumfrwD tzJGU0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? bmomjyefqdka&;tzJGUcJGwGif
Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0ef,lcJYonf/
'kwd,tMudrf jynfolUvTwfawmfoufwrf;umvwGif ppfudkif;NrdKUe,f rJqE
e,ftrSwf (1) jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf/ tNidrf;pm;
,ljyD;aemuf owif;ESifY pme,fZif;aumfydka&;&Sif;wGif twdkifyifcH uRrf;usifolynm&Sif
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? *g;'D;,ef;owif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? qufvuf
wm0efay;tyfjcif; cHcJY&onf/
OD;bausmfonf t*Fvdyfjrefrmowif;pmrsm;? t*Fvdyfjrefrmr*¾Zif;rsm;wGif
aqmif;yg;rsm;udk trfbDauuavmiftrnfcHí t*FvdyfjrefrmESpfbmomjzifY
a&;om;cJYaom pma&;q&mwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/
1984 ckESpfwGif '*HkNrdKUe,f pmayvkyfom;Ouú|tjzpf a&G;cs,fcHcJY&jyD;
uG,fvGefcsdeftxd ,if;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJYonf/
OD;bausmfonf owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&m? owif;ESifYpme,fZif;?
twdkifyifcH uRrf;usifynm&Siftjzpf aqmif&GufjyD;? 1986 ckESpf? arv 4 &ufaeYwGif
&efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987) pm224/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987) pm224/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987) pm224/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987) pm224/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987) pm224/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 119
OD;bcsKd ('D;'kwfOD;bcsKd)OD;bcsKd ('D;'kwfOD;bcsKd)OD;bcsKd ('D;'kwfOD;bcsKd)OD;bcsKd ('D;'kwfOD;bcsKd)OD;bcsKd ('D;'kwfOD;bcsKd)
pma&;q&m 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdtrnfcH owif;pmq&m
OD;bcsKdudk ajrmif;jrNrdKUorm;awmfBuD; OD;bdkpm? trda':jrpf wdkYrS
1893 ckESpf? {NyDv 23 &ufaeYwGif ajrmif;jrNrdKUü arG;zGm;
cJhonf/ OD;bcsKd\ tbdk;ESif htbGm;rsm;rSm OD;cdk? a':vHkwdkY
jzpfonf/ tbGm;a':vHkonf &mZm"&mZfrif;vufxuf ajrmif;jrNrdKUudktkyfcsKyf&ol
rGeftrwfBuD; a':uGefw,dk\ ajr;jzpfonf[k od&onf/
OD;bcsKdonf 7 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif ajrmif;jrNrdKU q&mOD;armifarmif
ausmif;wGif pwifynmoifMum;&onf/ i,fpOfuyif vsifjrefxufjrufNyD;
tm*r,kwådESifhjynfhpHkí ynmyg&rD &ifhoefonf[k od&onf/ 14 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif
owårwef;udk txl;atmifjrifí paumhvm;&Spfac: ynmoifqkudk&&SdcJhonf/
xdkYaemuf &efukefNrdKU pdefaygausmif;odkYajymif;a&TU qufvufynmoifMum;cJh&m 10
wef;udk txl;atmifjrifjyefojzifh paumvm;&Spfynmoifqkudk &&SdcJhjyefonf/
OD;bcsKdonf &efukefaumvdyfodkYa&mufonfhtcsdefwGif touf 16 ESpf
omrQ&S dao;onf/ xdkpOfu&efukefaumvdyfonf umvuwåm;wuúokdvf
vufatmufcHjzpfonf/ ausmif;aepOfwGif udk,fvufBuHcdkifa&; udkvdkufpm;cJhonf/
touf 20 t&G,f bDattxufwef;odkYa&mufonfhtcg rsufpda0'emaMumifh
ausmif;rSxGufvdkuf&onf/ ausmif;rSxGufNyD;aemuf aygif;wnfNrdKU tpdk;&
txufwef;ausmif;ü wpfESpfcefYausmif;q&mtjzpf trIxrf;onf/ xdkYaemuf
[oFmwNrdKUtpdk;&ausmif;odkYajymif;a&TUí ygVdq&mtjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
OD;bcsK donf jrefrmuAsmESif hpmayudk 0goemxHkonhftm;avsmfpGm
(aemufqG,facsmifu awmufwJharmif) trnf jzifhjrefrmhtvif;r*¾Zif;wGif pwif
a&;om;jcif;jzifh pme,fZif;avmuxJodkY0ifa&mufcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf ESpfyg;Munf
*sme,fESifh AE¨Kv*sme,fwdkYwGifvnf; uavmif&nfaoG;cJhonf/ [oFmwNrdKUrSmyif
ausmif;q&mtjzpfrS ynmtkyf&mxl;tjzpfodkYajymif;í aqmif&Gufonf/ ,if;odkY
aqmif&GufaepOfwGifyif pme,fZif;rsm;ü qufvufuavmifaoG;cJh&m xdkpOfu
120 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
tpdk;&ydkif;rS MunfMunfjzLjzLr&SdvSaomaMumifh vGyfvyfpGm uavmifuGefYjrL;cGifh r&
ojzifh tpdk;&tvkyfrS EkwfxGufvdkufonf/
1920 jynfhESpfwGif ausmif;om;oydwfBuD; pwifay:aygufvmaomtcg
trsKd;om;ynma&;avmuodkY0ifa&mufcJhonf/ trsKd;om;aumvdyfBuD;udk wnfaxmif
Muaomtcg jrefrmpmjyq&mtjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonfrSm 1924 ckESpf? trsKd;om;
aumvdyfBuD; ysufonfhwdkifatmifyifjzpfonf/ yxrtBudrf wuúodkvfoydwfBuD;rS
pí q&mOD;bcsKdonf EdkifiHa&;e,fxJodkY0ifa&mufcJhonf/ okp&dw,k0toif;
(tusifhaumif;&Sdaomvli,ftoif;) \ tusKd;aqmiftjzpfaqmif&GufaepOf jrefrm
trsKd;orD;toif;\ tusKd;aqmifjzpfol a':vSarESifhawGYqHkum 1920 jynfhESpfwGif
a':vSarESifh vufxyfcJhonf/
OD;bcsKdonf pme,fZif;rsm;wGif uavmifaoG;cJhNyD;aemuf (jrefrm&DAsL;*sme,f)
udk OD;pGmwnfaxmifxkwfa0cJholwpfOD;jzpfonf/ xdk*sme,fwGif ('D;'kwf) [laom
uavmiftrnfudk yxrqHk;pwifoHk;pGJí 'D;'kwf\ ypö,vufcwfusrf;[laom
tcef;udkzGifhcJhonf/ ta&;tom; tqdktrdefYaumif;ojzifh ]]'D;'kwf}} trnf
ausmfMum;vmonf/ xdkYaMumifh trsLd;om;aumvdyfBuD; ysufNyD;aemuf 1925 ckESpf
wGif ausmfMum;vmaomtrnfudk,lí ]]'D;'kwf*sme,f}} udk pwifwnfaxmif
xkwfa0cJhonf/
OD;bcsKdxkwfa0aom 'D;'kwf*sme,fonf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmausmfMum;í
vlBudKufrsm;aom *sme,fBuD;wpfapmif jzpfonf/ OD;bcsKdonfvnf; ]]'D;'kwfuavmif}}
trnf ]]'D;'kwf*sme,f}} trnfjzifhwGJí 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd[k xif&Sm;vmonf/
xdk*sme,fwGif ]]aps;a*Zuf? q,fvHtm0g;tcef;? 'D;'kwf pmwdkufcef;}} paom
tcef;rsm;pGmudk wpfOD;wnf; wm0ef,la&;om;cJhonf/ vlBudKufrsm;aom tcef;
rsm;vnf;jzpfonf/
OD;bcsKdonf 'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif txufazmfjyygtcef;rsm;pGmudk a&;om;
EdkifcJhonfudk axmuf½Ií [mo<u,faMumif;od&onf/ aps;a*Zuf? q,fvHtm0g;
tcef;? 'D;'kwfpmwdkufcef;udk zwfzl;olwdkif; OD;bcsKd\ta&;tom; [mo<u,f0yHkudk
od&onf/ EIwf[mo<u,fyHkudk &if;&if;ESD;ESD;aezl;olrsm;odMuayonf/ yef;csD? yef;yk
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 121
paomtEkynmobm0udkvnf;aumif;? oDcsif;BuD;? oDcsif;cH? uAsmaw;*Dwpaom
*DwtEkynmobm0udkvnf;aumif;? vlwkdY\pdwfaepdwfxm; obm0udkvnf;
aumif;? ESHYpyfuRrf;usifí OD;bcsKdem;rvnfaomt&m tvGef&Sm;onf[k rSwfom;
&onf/ ]]pHy,f}} uavmiftrnfjzifh ]]abGoD[m}} eef;wGif;0w¬KBuD;udk a&;om;cJh&m
yif&if;jrefrm0w¬Kaumif;BuD;wpfyk'fyif jzpfonf/
OD;bcsKdonf t*Fvdyfjrefrm ygVdpmayrsm;wGif ESHYpyf<u,f0í jrefrmaq;usrf;?
aA'ifeu©wf? avmu"mwfynm&yfwdkYbufüvnf; tawmftwefaygufajrmuf
atmif avhvmvdkufpm;cJhzl;ol yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ jrefrmoDcsif;BuD;? oDcsif;cH?
tJtef? tdkifcsif;? {csif;? aw;xyf? abmv,f ponfhwdkYudkvnf; [ef? yef? &Sif?
armif;ususeeESifh t0iftxGufrSefuefpGm EIwfwuf&G&G &GwfqdkEdkifonff/ obifynm
udk qnf;yl;cJholwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ wl&d,m? uAsm? *DwwdkYudk jrwfEdk;ESpfoufpGmjzifh
avhvmqnf;yl;cJhí apmif;aumufudk ydkifEdkifusepGm wD;pGrf;Edkifonf/
OD;bcsKd\ *DwtEkynmqdkif&mA[kokw<u,f0rIaMumifh OD;bcsKdxHodkY
wu,fh*Dwynmonfrsm;? obifynmonfrsm; vma&mufenf;emcH,lMu&onf/
rdrdxHwynfhcHí ynmqnf;yl;vmolwdkYtm;vnf; rdrdwwfajrmufuRrf;usiforQudk
&Sif;vif;aocsmpGm pdwf&Snf? vuf&Snf ydkYcsoifMum;ay;onf/ 0w¬KZmwfaMumif;rsm;
udkyif jyefajymif;ajymjyonf/ oDcsif;BuD;? oDcsif;cHrsm; rlrSeftwdkif;jzpfap&ef
]]*Dw0daom"eDusrf;}} udkvnf; wnf;jzwfokwfoifay;cJhonf/
OD;bcsKdonf 0g + *Depfobif ynmtzGJYBuD;jzpfajrmufa&;udkvnf; aqmif&Guf
cJhonf/ *Dwt&mwGif uRrf;usifESHYpyfoljzpfí OD;bcsKdtm; *DwzcifBuD;[k ac:qdk
Muonf/ pmayudkjrwfEdk;cspfcifoljzpfonfhtwdkif; jrefrmpma&;q&mtoif;
jzpfajrmufa&;udk txl;tm;ay;aqmif&GufcJhí pma&;q&mtoif;wGif Ouú|tjzpf
aqmif&GufcJhzl;onf/
1930 jynfhESpfwGif wGJa&;? cGJa&;udpörsm;½IyfaxG;aepOf ckdifausmfjrifh?
a'gufwmbarmf? OD;bcsK dwd k YoH k;OD;aygif;um ]]jrefrmaZ,smowif;pm}} udk
wnfaxmifxkwfa0cJhonf/ atmifjrifrIr&SdvSí &yfpJvdkuf&onf/
1936 ckESpfwGif ]]jrefrmEdkifiHawmfowif;pmq&mtoif;BuD;}} jzpfay:a&;udk
122 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
BudK;yrf;cJhonf/ 1938 ckESpf? atmufwdkbm 23 &ufaeYwGif ]]'D;'kwfaeYpOfowif;pm}}
udkpwifxkwfa0cJhonf/ OD;bcsKdonf pmayESifh EdkifiHa&;tay: oHa,mZOfBuD;rm;ol
wpfOD;jzpfí NAdwdoQqefYusifa&;? vlxkvlwef;pm;toD;oD;vIyf&Sm;rIta&;ponfwdkYudk
wGifwGifBuD;azmfjya&;om;avh&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh oHk;vtwGif;ESpfBudrfjyif;xefpGm
owday;jcif;cH&onf/ tmrcHusyf aiGwpfaxmifhig;&m wifxm;jcif;cHcJh&onf/
1938 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm 30 &ufaeYrSpwifí acsmufa&eHajroydwf? awmifol
v,form;oydwf? wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;oydwf ponfh oydwfaygif;pHk vIyf&Sm;
ay:aygufvmonf/ wuúodkvf*syfqifaumvdyfausmif;om; armifatmifausmf
aoqHk;cJh&onftxd jzpfvm&onf/
NAdwdoQt&if;&SifwdkY\ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfrIaMumifh wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;,lusKH;r&
jzpfMu&onfudkodaom t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf 1938 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 20 &ufaeYn
6 em&DcGJwGif &efukefc½dkif&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD; OD;bkd;p\vufrSwfjzifh owif;pmwdkuf
tm;vHk;odkY ,ckjzpfyGm;aeaom ta&;tcif;qdkif&m "mwfyHk? aqmif;yg;rsm; rxnfh&ef
xkwfjyefcJhonf/ owif;pmwdkuftcsKdUudk ppfwyfESifh0dkif;NyD; pmazmif? bavmuf
ponfrsm; odrf;qnf;oGm;Muonf/
þtawmtwGif; t,f'DwmcsKyfOD;bcsKd OD;pD;xkwfa0aom 1938 ckESpf
'DZifbmv 30 &ufaeY ]]'D;'kwf aeYpOfowif;pm}}wGif ]]ñGefYaygif;&mxl;NrJ&eftBuH}}
[kacgif;wyfvsuf ]]yk'fr 144 ½kyfodrf;&ef? v,form;wyf? a&eHwyfwdkY &efukefvma&;
cGifhjyK&ef? þta&;awmfyHkESifhpyfvsOf;í axmiftusOf;csxm;olrsm;udkvTwf&efESifh
aoqHk;ol armifatmifausmftwGuf pHkprf;a&;cefY&efwdkYudk wdkif;jynfuod&efwifjy
a&;om;cJhonf/
t*Fvdyftpdk;& vkyf&yftay: tm;&p&mr&Sdaomtcg 1939 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv
7 &ufaeYxkwf ]]'D;'kwfaeYpOfowif;pmwGif}} ausmif;om;rsm;u ]]bmudktvdk&Sd
oenf;}} [kacgif;pOfwyfuma&;om; owday;cJhjyefonf/ wpfzef 1939 ckESpf?
Zefe0g&Dv 16 &ufaeY nae 3 em&DwGif armif*dkrm&Dvrf; (,ck AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
vrf;) 'D;'kwfowif;pmwdkufü &efukefNrdKUvHk;qdkif&m owif;pmq&mrsm;tpnf;
ta0;udk usif;ycJhonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 123
OD;bcsKdtrSL;jyKaom owif;pmq&mrsm;onf vuf&Sdjyóemrsm;udk ajyvnf
atmif rajz&Sif;Edkifaom ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&udkjzKwfcs&ef wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/
owif;pmrsm;onfvnf; e,fcsJUt*Fvdyftpdk;&wdkY\ owif;pmcsKyfcs,frIrsm;udk
qufvufqefYusifvmMuonf/ (xdkpOftcgu ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&udkOD;aqmifaeolrSm
eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmf jzpfonf/ 4if;aemufrS OD;yk eef;&if;0efjzpfvmonf/)
þodkYowif;pmrsm;rS qefYusifvmcJh&m 1939 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 23 &ufaeY
eHeuf 5 em&D rdepf 40 tcsdefwGif ykZGefawmifXme tifpyufawmfESifhtwl
tjcm;t&m&Sdrsm; trIxrf;rsm;onf 'D;'kwfowif;pmwdkufa&SUESifh aemufaz;wGif
tapmifhrsm;toD;oD;csxm;um wdkufwGif;&Sd acsmifBudKacsmifMum;ygrusef olykef
pm&Gufrsm;&Sdonf[laomtaejzifh &SmazGMuonf/
xdkYodkY&SmqJtcsdefwGif OD;bcsKdrSm tdrfwGiftdyfaeqJjzpfonf/ n 9 em&DcGJ
tcsdefusaomtcg XmeodkYvdkuf&ef OD;bcsKdtm; t&m&Sdrsm;uac:aqmifoGm;Muonf/
OD;bcsKdu ]]NyHK;&TifpGmESif hyif a&S;ya0oPDxJu ykvdyfrsm; usKyfud ktvdk&S d]] NyHK;&TifpGmESif hyif a&S;ya0oPDxJu ykvdyfrsm; usKyfud ktvdk&S d]] NyHK;&TifpGmESif hyif a&S;ya0oPDxJu ykvdyfrsm; usKyfud ktvdk&S d]] NyHK;&TifpGmESif hyif a&S;ya0oPDxJu ykvdyfrsm; usKyfud ktvdk&S d]] NyHK;&TifpGmESif hyif a&S;ya0oPDxJu ykvdyfrsm; usKyfud ktvdk&S d
aew,fqdkwm usKyfMum;NyD;ygNyD}}aew,fqdkwm usKyfMum;NyD;ygNyD}}aew,fqdkwm usKyfMum;NyD;ygNyD}}aew,fqdkwm usKyfMum;NyD;ygNyD}}aew,fqdkwm usKyfMum;NyD;ygNyD}} [kqdkum NyHK;NyHK;&Tif&Tifjzifhyif ykvdyfvufwGif;odkY
oufqif;vdkufygoGm;cJhonf/
þtaMumif;udk 1939 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 25 &ufaeYxkwf ]]'D;'kwfaeYpOf
ay;pm}} wGif ]]&efukefaxmifxJwGif bHk0g'wGifaeMujcif;}} [laomacgif;pOfjzifh
t,f'DwmcsKyf OD;bcsKdzrf;qD;cH&aMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/
OD;bcsKdonf 'kwd,urÇmppfrjzpfrD *syefwdkY tm&SwpfvTm; wefcdk;xGm;vmí
jrefrmrsm;uyif *syefwdkYtm; arQmfvifhtm;udk;cJhMuonf/ xdktcguyif tuif;yg;NyD;
tjrifus,faom OD;bcsKdonf *syefrsm;qdk;0g;yHkudk a&;om;cJhonf/ tcsKdUwynfhrsm;
ESifhyif oabmxm;uGJvGJcJh&onf/
*syefwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odkYa&mufvmaomtcg OD;bcsKdtm;owf&efyif
vdkufvH&SmazGMuao;aomfvnf; wynfhtcsKdU\ awmif;yefrIaMumifh toufab;rS
uif;a0;cJh&aMumif;od&Sd&onf/
OD;bcsKdonf *syefacwftpdk;&vufxufwGif twdkifyifcHvTwfawmftrwf
tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
124 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
NAdwdoQppfwyfrsm; jrefrmjynfodk Y jyef0ifvmNyD;aemufwGif z?q?y?v
tzGJYcsKyfudkzGJYpnf;aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u OD;bcsKd\pdwf"mwfESifh t&nf
taoG;udkodí ,HkMunftm;xm;cJhonf/ OD;bcsdKuvnf; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm;
,HkMunftm;xm;onf? ,if;twGufaMumifhyif jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk; vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;
&&SdrItwGuf z?q?y?v tzGJYcsKyfBuD;wGif 0ifa&mufaqmif&GufcJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom trIaqmif0efBuD;tzGJUwGif jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;tjzpf
cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/
OD;bcsKdonf pdwfxm;El;nHhonf/ rmefrmeuif;onf/ rsKd;cspfpdwf xufoef
onf/ aoqHk;onftxd a&S;qHxHk;jzifh ½dk;&mrysuf&SdcJhonf/ ÓPfxufjrufonf/
tuif;yg;onf/ A[kokw<u,f0onf/ apwemo'gw&m; &ufa&monf/ omoem
awmfudk,HkMunfonf/ bmomudkav;pm;onf/ omoemxGef;ajymifatmif BudK;yrf;
aqmif&GufcJhonf/ wdkkif;&if;om;wdkY pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrIudk txl;vdkvm;onf/
vufawGUvnf; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHzGJUpnf;yHk
tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDtzGJU0iftjzpf yg0ifcJhonf/
OD;bcsKdonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYESifhtwl 1947 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaeY
eHeuf 10 em&D 37 rdepfwGif vkyfBuHcH&NyD; rGef;vGJ 1 em&D 45 rdepftcsdefwGif
uG,fvGefonf/ OD;bcsKdwGif orD; (6) a,mufxGef;um;cJhonf/ orD;tBuD; a':cifykrSm
trsKd;orD;vTwfawmftrwfjzpfcJhNyD; uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; tkyfwGJ (8)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; tkyfwGJ (8)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; tkyfwGJ (8)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; tkyfwGJ (8)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; tkyfwGJ (8)/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d
pm-335-336/pm-335-336/pm-335-336/pm-335-336/pm-335-336/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) ocFg? tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;ocFg? tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;ocFg? tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;ocFg? tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;ocFg? tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;
'D;'kwfOD;bcsK d/'D;'kwfOD;bcsK d/'D;'kwfOD;bcsK d/'D;'kwfOD;bcsK d/'D;'kwfOD;bcsK d/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 125
OD;baqG (r[maqG)OD;baqG (r[maqG)OD;baqG (r[maqG)OD;baqG (r[maqG)OD;baqG (r[maqG)
pma&;q&mBuD; r[maqGtrnfjzifh xifay:ausmf
Mum;cJ Yaom owif;pmq&mOD;baqGudk 1900jynfYESpf?
Mo*kwfv 2 &ufaeYu OD;atmifNidrf; ? a':jr§if wdkYrS ppfudkif;NrdKU?
rif;pH&yfüarG;zGm;cJYonf/ Zmwmtrnf armifjroef; jzpfonf/
i,fpOfupí armifb&Sdef [kac:Muonf/ 0w¬K? aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;&mü ]]armifbaqG}}
[laomtrnfudk ,lvdkufrdonfrStpjyKí oltm; ]]OD;baqG}} [kyifac:a0:
vmMuonf/ xdkYaMumifY aemufqHk;wGif ]]r[maqG}} [laom uavmiftrnfudk
cH,lvdkufonf/
OD;baqGonf i,fpOftcgumvuyif ÓPfynmxufjrufolwpfa,muf
jzpfonf/ okdY&mwGif trd ? tz wdkY\ csdKUwJYNidKjiifrIaMumifY pmayaumif;pGmroif&/
ausmif;aevdkuf? ausmif;xGufvdkuf? ausmif;ajymif;vdkufESifYyif touf 20 t&G,f
1920 jynfYESpfwGif ppfudkif;NrdKU? tpdk;&ausmif;rS 8 wef;atmifjrifum? rEÅav;NrdKU?
aemfrefausmif;odkY wufa&mufoifMum;cGifY&awmYonf/ q&mjzpfoifwef;udk
atmifjrifí ajrmif;jrNrdKU? 0ufvufNrdKU? [dkyifNrdKU? cifOD;NrdKU? a&TbdkNrdKU ponfwdkUudk
vSnfYvnfum q&mtjzpftrIxrf;aqmifonf/
xdkpOftwGif;ol&d,owif;pmwGif ]]tmp&d,0ufvuf}} [laomtrnfjzifY
ynma&;aqmif;yg;rsm;? EdkifiHa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;? NrdKUa&;? &Gma&;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk
pwifa&;om;onf/ ]]aMumY0ufvuf}} [laom trnfjzifY uAsmrsm;udk a&;om;cJY
onf/
OD;baqGudkk olYaqmif;yg;rsm;? uAsmrsm;? 0w¬Kwdkrsm;aMumifY vlodrsm;
vmonf/ vlcsif;rawGYzl;Muaomfvnf; pmcsif;&if;ESD;aeMuum aemufqHk;wGif
&efukefNrdKU&Sd owif;pmq&mESifYpma&;q&mtcsdKU\ tm;ay;wdkufwGef;rIaMumifY 1935
ckESpfwGif ausmif;q&mtvkyfrS EkwfxGufum &efukefNrdKUokdYajymif;a&TUvmonf/
OD;baqGonf r[maqGuavmiftrnfjzifY ]]axmifeef;pH}} ? ]]tusdK;
aqmifBuD;}} ? ]]'dkYarar}} ? ]]olykefBuD;}} ? ]]r,fwdkYjynf}} ? ]]armifwkdYjynf}}? ]]aps;csdKol}}?
]]ysdKUawmifNyHK;}} ? ]]0g0g0if;}} ? ]]apm&Av}} ? ]]apm&oufjyif;}} ponfY0w¬Krsm;udk
126 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
a&;om;cJYonf/ ]]aeol&def}} trnfjzifYvnf; pdwf"mwfjr§ifYwifa&;? pdwf"mwfBuHUcdkifa&;
aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJYonf/ ]]rGef;aomfwm}} trnfjzifYvnf; [mopmayrsm;udk
a&;om;cJYonf/ okawoepmaytjzpf ]]bdk;0ZD&}} tw¬KyÜwåddukdvnf; a&;om;cJYonf/
OD;baqGonf vHk;csif;0w¬K&Snfaygif; tkyfa& (60) ausmf? 0w¬Kwdkaygif;
(500) ausmf (600) eD;yg;? aqmif;yg;rsm; ra&rwGufEdkifatmif a&;om;cJYonf/
OD;baqGonf ol&d,OD;odrf;armif\ ulnDay;rIqufoG,fay;rIt& xdkpOfu
]]&JAdkvfcsKyf}} OD;armifBuD;ESifY oduRrf;&if;ESD;&vmonfh OD;baqG &efukefodkYa&mufpOfu
]]&Jowif;pm}} ukd OD;odrf;armifOD;pD;í wpffBudrfrQ xkwfa0cJhavonf/ odkY&mwGif
taMumif;rnDñGwfojzifh acwårQ&yfqkdif;xm;&onf/ OD;baqGa&mufvmaom
tcgü &JOD;armifBuD;? ol&d,OD;odrf;armifwdk Yonf wtm;wufvmMujyefum
OD;baqGtm; t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfxm;í &Jowif;pmudk 7 &ufwpfBudrf xkwfa0
jyefonf/ vltm;aiGtm;enf;yg;&onfhtMum;rS q&mBuD; OD;baqGonf tcaMu;aiG
[lí oabmrxm;bJ &efukefNrdKUokdY rdrda&mufpESpfjzpfaom 1935 ckESpf ukefqHk;cgeD;rS
&Jowif;pm 1938 ckESpf rwfv 20 &uf &Jowif;pm &yfpJonfhaeYwdkifatmif rem;
raeBudK;pm;aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;baqGonfacwfudkrvdkufbJ rdrduom acwfBuD;udk jyKjyifcJYol? rdrdEdkifiH
uRefb0rSvGwfajrmufa&;twGuf vH I YaqmfcJ Yol? &[ef;wd k Y\cRwf,Gif;rI ?
ewfbdk;bkd;atmif udk;uG,frI,HkMunfrIrsm;udk &J0HYpGm jyKjyifay;aom aqmif;yg;0w¬K
rsm;udk a&;om;cJYolwpfOD;tjzpf xif&Sm;cJYonf/
OD;baqGonf r[maqG? aMumY0ufvuf? armifbaqG? tmp&d,0ufvuf?
aeol&def? rGef;aomfwm ponf uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifYa&;om;cJYonf/
OD;baqGonf 1953 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 5 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/
uG,fvGefcsdefwGif ZeD; a':MunfMunf? orD;pma&;q&mr cifaqGOD;ESifh cifaqGat;wdkY
usef&pfonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 338-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 338-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 338-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 338-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 338-
340/340/340/340/340/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jye fquf^pmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye fquf^pmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye fquf^pmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye fquf^pmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye fquf^pmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frm
pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 127
OD;baz ([Hom0wD OD;baz)OD;baz ([Hom0wD OD;baz)OD;baz ([Hom0wD OD;baz)OD;baz ([Hom0wD OD;baz)OD;baz ([Hom0wD OD;baz)
owif;pmq&m OD;bazudk 1906 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm vwGif
vSnf;ul;NrdKUe,f? 'g;ydefü ajrydkif&Sif tz OD;zdk;vl? trd a':a½TcsKH
wdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;bazonf 1926 ckESpfwGif Ed kifiHawmftpd k;&
yxrvwfpmar;yJ G atmifjrifcJ Yonf/ 1927 ckESpfwGif yxrMuD; pmar;yJG
atmifjrifcJYonf/ wuúodkvfynma&;wGifbDat (bD) wef; atmifjrifcJYonf/
OD;bazonf 1935 ckESpfwGif bmomjyefESifY owif;t,f'Dwm tjzpf
&efukefNrdKU qef;owif;pmwGif vkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif [Hom0wD owif;pmü
bmomjyefESifY t,f'Dwm? 1958 ckESpfwGif t,f'DwmcsKyfwm0efudk xrf;aqmif
cJYonf/
OD;bazonf jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mtzJGU 'kwd,Ouú|tjzpfvnf;
aumif;? oufBuD;NrdKUrtzJGUESifY r*FvmAsK[mtoif;0ifvnf;jzpfcJYonf/ 1955
ckESpfwGif ,lEdkufwufuif;'rf;odkY oGm;a&mufcJYaom owif;pmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJGUwGif
tzJGU0iftjzpfvdkufygcJYonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpku OD;aqmif
jyKvkyfaom ESD;aESmzvS,fyJGusif;y&mwGif a&mrNrdKUodkY udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfoGm;a&muf
cJYonf/
OD;bazonf 1987 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU? trSwf (93)? ajrmif;MuD;vrf;?
a&ausmf&yfuGufü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 444/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 444/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 444/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 444/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 444/
128 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;bab (bBuD; bab)OD;bab (bBuD; bab)OD;bab (bBuD; bab)OD;bab (bBuD; bab)OD;bab (bBuD; bab)
owif;pmq&m OD;babudk BudKUyifaumufNrdKU?
ajrydkif½Siftb OD;tdk? trda':rSif wdkYrS 1883ckESpf? {jyDv 16
&ufaeYwGif arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;babonf touf 17 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif
tifx&ifYpmar;yJGudk paumvm;&SpfqkjzifY atmifjrifcJYonf/ 1906 ckESpf touf
23 ESpfwGif bDatpmar;yJGudk atmifjrifcJYonf/ bDat atmifjyD; 0dkif?trf?bD?at
ac: Ak'bmomuvsmP,k0toif; pwifwnfaxmif &mwGif t"duta&;MuD;aom
yk*¾ d KvfwpfOD;tygt0if jzpfonf/ OD;babonf bDatatmif jy D;aemuf
e,fcsJUt*Fvdyftpdk;&u NrdKUtkyf&mxl;vmay;onfudk r,lbJ pdefaygausmif;ü
ausmif;q&mtjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/
OD;babonf i,fpOfuZmwdrmefwuf<uap&ef tjzpfqef;wpfckESifY MuHKawGY
cJY&onf/ MuHKawGU&yHkrSm oli,fpOfu &efukef&dS [dkufpul;ausmif;ü ausmif;wuf
oGm;pOf qdkifu,fpD;vmaomykvdyfrif;MuD; tufa'geifa½SUrS uav;yDyD jzwfajy;oGm;
cJhrdonf/ rif;MuD;a½SUrS jzwfajy;oGm;&aumif;vm;qdkjyD; 'PfaiGoHk;usyf 'Pf½dkufcH
&onf/ vlcsif;wlygvsuf em;rvnfao;aomuav;t&G,fu rsufESmjzLt*Fvdyf
ykvdyfrif;MuD;a½SUrS jzwfajy;rd½HkjzifY 'PfaiG½dkufjcif;udk olrauseyfcJY? cHjyif;rdcJYonf/
þonfum; Zmwdrmefwuf<urI\ rsdK;apYyifjzpfonf/
1911 ckESpfwGif OD;babonf OD;vSazESifYwdkifyifí wpfa,mufvQif aiG
ESpfq,fYig;usyfpD rwnfum ]]ol&d,owif;pm}}xkwfa0&ef pdkif;jyif;Muonf/ jynfMuD;
r@dKifyHkESdyfwdkufrS aMumfjimrsm;udk ½dkufESdyfía0iSMuonf/ aMumfjimwGif ]]ol&d,
owif;pmMuD;}} xGufawmYrnf/ bmoma&;? EdkifiHa&;ygrusef rdrdwdkYoef&mudk zwf&
rnf[k yg&dSonf/ eD;pyf&m cifrif&myk*¾dKvfrsm;xHrSvnf; tpk&S,f,mrsm;yg0ifap
cJYonf/ wpfOD;vQif wpfq,fYig;usyfrQjzifY tpk&S,f,myg0ifapcJY&m tpk&S,f,m
aiGusyf ig;axmifrQ&&dScJYonf/ xdkusyfig;axmifjzifY rwnfí ol&d,owif;pmwdkufudk
pwifwnfaxmifjyD; ol&d,owif;pmBuD;udk xkwfa0cJYonf/ xdkpOfu OD;bab\
toufrSm 28 ESpfom &dSao;onf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 129
OD;babonf owif;pmvkyfief;udkvkyfudkif&if; 0dkiftrfbDat ac: Ak'¨
bmomuvsmP,k0toif;udkvnf; pwifwnfaxmifonf/
OD;babESifYtwl OD;armifMuD; (qmarmifMuD;) OD;pdefvSatmif? OD;zdk;ajy? OD;rkef;?
OD;aratmif? a'gufwmb&if? OD;vSaz? OD;odef;armif? paom acwfynmwwf
vli,fvl&G,frsm; yg0ifcJYonf/
OD;babonf ol&d,owif;pmvkyfief;wGif t,f'DwmtvkyfrSpjyD;
atmufajcodrf; wHjrufvSnf;? owif;pmacgufvkyfief;ygrusef tyifyef;cH tvkyf
vkyfcJYonf/ tjcm;owif;pmrsm;xuf owif;xl;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay; a&;om;cJYonf/
0dkiftrfbDattoif;MuD;\ vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udk tom;ay; a&;om;azmfjycJYonf/
vIyf½Sm;rItoufygaom owif;pmjzpfí owif;pmapmifa& w&dyf&dyfwufvm
cJYonf/ xdkpOfu a&Twd*HkapwDawmfjrwfay:wGif rsufESmjzLrsm; zdeyfpD;jyD;wufaeMu
onf/ þonfudk rMunfY&ufEdkifaom OD;babonf umwGef;½kyfajymifjzifY owif;pm
wGif azmfjycJYonf/ xdkodkYazmfjyjcif;cHcJY&onfudk t*FvdyfrsufESmjzLrsm;ESifY tvdkawmf
&drsm; rcHr&yfEdkif jzpfcJYMuonf/
umwGef;\½kyfyHkrSm awmif½Snfykqdk;0wf bk&m;vlMuD;\ausmay:wGif
rsufESmjzLZeD;armifESHwdkYu zdeyfrcRwfbJcGpD;xm;&if; apwDawmfjrwfudk vSnfYvnf
MunfY½IaeyHkjzpfonf/ xdkrsufESmjzLZeD;armifESHwdkYuyif ]]tckvdkzdeyfrcRwfbJ bk&m;ay:
vnfMunfY&ojzifY aus;Zl;wifygw,f}} [laompum;udkyif azmfjyvdkufao;onf/
xdkumwGef;udk a&Twav;ac: OD;buav;u a&;qJGay;onf/
xdkumwGef;aMumifY ykvdyfrif;MuD; rsufESmjzL&SyfwJ(vf) 0yf(of)u OD;babESifY
OD;vSazwdkYudk ac:ar;avonf/ OD;babwdkYudkac:aomfvnf; ykvdyfrif;MuD;
pm;yJGa&SUwGif xdkifp&m[lí bmrQrxm;? zsmuav;wpfcsyfrQom cif;xm;avonf/
OD;babwdkYurxdkifbJ rwfwyf&yfvsufuyif ]]*Gwfarmeif;rpöwm&SyfwJ(vf)0yf(of)[k
EIwfqufvdkufonf/ rsufESmjzLykvdyfrif;MuD;u rsufESmxm;cyfwif;wif;jzifY umwGef;
bmaMumifY xnfY&ovJ[k ar;avonf/
OD;babu ]]ykvdyfu ykvdyftvkyfyJvkyfyg? owif;pmtvkyfudk 0ifr½IyfygeJY?
'Dr,f a[Yaumif rif;[m wdkYudk wrifac:NyD;npfwm? wdkYxdkifzdkY ae&mawmifray;bl;?
130 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
'Dvdkrapmfum;eJY? aemifudk 'Dvdk apmfum;&ifawmY igaer,fr[kwfbl; jyefaqmfrSmyJ}}
[kajymvdkufonf/
xdktcg ykvdyfrif;MuD;u olYudkjyefajym&rvm;qdkjyD; pdwfqdk;um ukvm;vdk
qJqdkarmif;xkwfavonf/ OD;babuvnf; acgif;iHkYrcHbJ jyefqJNyD;? pm;yJGay:&dS
rsOf;vHk;jzifY qJG½dkufrnftjyK twlygvmaom OD;vSazu qJGxm;vdkuf&onf/ OD;bab
ykvdyfrif;MuD;ESifY &efkjzpfcJYonfqdkaomowif;aMumifY 0dkiftrfbDattoif;wGif
tawmf yGufavm½dkufoGm;onf/ OD;babudk txl;yifcsD;usL;Muonf/
1919 ckESpfwGif atmY(cf)zkef;aumfr&SifwGif jrefrmwdkY\ epfemcsufudk
azmfxkwfwifjy&eftwGuf t*FvefodkY udk,fpm;vS,foHk;OD;vTwf&ef a&G;cs,fMuonf/
xdkoHk;OD;rSm OD;bab? OD;yk? OD;xGef;½Sdef? wdkYjzpfonf/ xdkpOfu ]]abyk½dSef}} [k trnf
ausmfMum; vlodrsm;cJYonf/
1920 jynfYESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif yxrqHk;wuúodkvfoydwfudk jyifyEdkifiHa&;
acgif;aqmifwpfOD;taejzifY tm;ay;axmufcHcJYaomyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;rSm OD;babyif
jzpfonf/ pD-tif-tD; ac: trsdK;om;ynma&;tzJGYcsKyf aumfrwD0ifwpfOD;tjzpfvnf;
yg0ifaqmif&GufcJYonf/
1920 jynfYESpfüyif t*FvefodkY 'kwd,tMudrf jrefrmjynftwGuf ta&;qdk&ef
oGm;&jyefonf/ OD;babESifYtwl OD;yk? OD;odef;armifwdkYvnf; yg0ifcJYMuonf/
oGm;&jcif;taMumif;rSm jrefrmjynfudk tdEd´,jynfESifY wef;wltkyfcsKyfa&; tqifY
twef;ay;&eftwGuf ajymqdkzdkY oGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ OD;babwkdY ZJGaumif;aumif;ESifY
trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk MudK;pm;aqmif&GufrIaMumifY rGefaw*luzdwfac:jyD; tdEd,ESifYwef;wl
tkyfcsKyf&ef 14 &uftwGif; jyKvkyfay;rnf[laom uwdudk &&dScJYonf/
xdkpOfu jrefrmjynfbk&ifcHjzpfolrSm ordkif;wGifxif&Sm;cJYaom bk&ifcH
u&ufa'gY (cf) jzpfonf/ OD;babonf 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk 21 OD;jzifY
vufcHcJYonf/ 1929 ckESpf a&G;aumufyJGwGif &efukefta&SUydkif;rS 0ifa&mufta&G;cH&m
tEdkif&&dScJYonf/ xdkYaemufvTwfawmf'kwd,Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1300
jynfYESpf a&eHajroydwfMuD;wGifvnf; OD;babonf 21 OD;udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
yg0ifaqmif&GufcJYonf/ wJGa&;? cJGa&; 91 XmetkyfcsKyfa&;acwfwGifvnf;
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 131
opfawma&;0efMuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ xdkpOfu usyfig;axmif vpm&cJYonf/
acwftac: opfawma&;0efMuD;csKyff[k ac:Muonf/
OD;babonf 1936 ckESpfwGif jynfxJa&;0efMuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;bab (ac: ) bMuD;babonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ ,m,DMum;jzwftpdk;&
tzJGUwGifvnf; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0efMuD;tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJYonf/ oD[dkVf
(oD&dvuFm) &dS uEDéNrdKUwGif oGm;a&mufjyD;? uEDépmcsKyfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYESifYtwl
csKyfqdfkcJYonf/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf t*FvefodkY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYESifYtwl ta&;
qdk&ef oGm;pOfuvnf; bMuD;babonf tzJGY0ifwpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJY&
onf/
OD;bab (ac:) bMuD;babtaMumif;udk a&;&rnfqdkvQif tawmfyif
½Snfvsm;us,fjyefYrnfjzpfonf/ EdkifiHa&;oufwrf;rSm t½SnfqHk;ESifY tMumqHk;
yk*¾dKvfMuD;wpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/
OD;babonf jrefrmEdkifiHa&; Edk;Mum;prS vGwfvyfa&;&onftxd ae&m
toD;oD;? u@toD;oD;? tcef;toD;oD;? aqmif&GufrItoD;oD;rsm;jzifY yg0if
aqmif&GufcJYaom yk*¾dKvfxl;MuD;wpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ aemufqHk;tjzpf trsdK;om;
a&T&wkobifusif;ya&; A[dkaumfrwD\ em,uMuD;tjzpf yg0ifa&mufaqmif&Guf
cJYonf/
OD;babonf 1971 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 8 &uf? paeaeY? aeYv,f2 em&D
rdepf20 tcsdefwGif uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) ESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m (bmomjyef pmayESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m (bmomjyef pmayESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m (bmomjyef pmayESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m (bmomjyef pmayESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m (bmomjyef pmay
toif;) pm 180/toif;) pm 180/toif;) pm 180/toif;) pm 180/toif;) pm 180/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) ½Ia'gifY*sme,f (15.11.1971) pm-21/½Ia'gifY*sme,f (15.11.1971) pm-21/½Ia'gifY*sme,f (15.11.1971) pm-21/½Ia'gifY*sme,f (15.11.1971) pm-21/½Ia'gifY*sme,f (15.11.1971) pm-21/
132 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;bdk;oif; (ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif;)OD;bdk;oif; (ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif;)OD;bdk;oif; (ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif;)OD;bdk;oif; (ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif;)OD;bdk;oif; (ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif;)
pma&;q&m ppfudkif;OD;bkd;oif;trnfcH owif;pmq&m
OD;bdk;oif;udk 1890 jynfhESpf? Zlvdkifv 31 &ufaeYwGif
o&ufc½dkif rif;wkef;NrdKU? NrdKUopfukef;ta½SUydkif;ü tz OD;bdk;om?
trd a':a½Ttdwf wdkYrS arG;zGm;onf/
OD;bdk;oif;onf ayyifausmif;ac: bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;ü pwifynm
oifonf/ ausmif;raerDuyif zcif\oifMum;rIaMumifh pma&;wwf zwfwwf
ojzifh ayyifausmif;wGif yxrwef;udk0ifajz&m yxr&onf/ twef;tqifhqifh
xl;cRefpGmatmifjrifNyD; owårwef;wGifvnf; o&ufNrdKUe,fü yxr&onf/ xdkYaemuf
rEÅav;aemfrefausmif; (q&mtwwfoifausmif;) ü qufvufynmqnf;yl;&m
1907 ckESpfwGif q&mjzpfatmifonf/ xdkYaemuf jrpfBuD;em;wGif ausmif;q&mtjzpf
vnf;aumif;? Aef;armfwGif ausmif;tkyftjzpfvnf;aumif; trIxrf;cJhonf/ xdkpOf
ynmtkyfESifh pum;rsm;ojzifh tvkyfrSEkwfxGufonf/
OD;bdk;oif;onf tvkyfrSEkwfxGufNyD;aemuf pme,fZif;avmuodkY 0ifa&muf
onf/ rEÅav;wGif owif;axmuftjzpfaqmif&Gufonf/ &efukefodkYoGm;NyD; ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fa&;owif;pmwGif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonf/ xkdpOf ynmrif;BuD;uac:,lNyD;?
rauG;wGif ynmtkyftjzpf cefYxm;onfhtwGuf ynma&;|meodkY jyefa&mufvm&onfh
OD;bdk;oif;onf ynmtkyftjzpfjzifh jrefrmEkdifiHtESHYa&mufcJhonf/
OD;bdk;oif;onf pmayavmuxJodk Y touf 19 ESpf t&G,fupí
0ifa&mufcJhNyD;? 0w¬Kaqmif;yg;tajrmuftjrm; a&;om;cJhonf/ ]]a&T*sdK;jzL}} [laom
uavmiftrnfcGJjzifhvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/ ppfudkif;wGif tajcwus aexdkifonfh
twGuf ]]ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif;}} [kxif&Sm;onf/
OD;bdk;oif;a&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;rSm udkudk ? udkodef;armif? zmwpfvHk;
acgif;usm;? udk;odef;&Sif? Mum0wf&nf? cifBuD;r[mNrdKif? acgifjrifh? yef;&nf? cspfyef;&nf?
iwkef;? iywfvnf? ijzLxD;eef;wGif; 0w¬KawmfBuD;? irnf;acgif? apmxD;armif?
pdwfwdrf;armif? aqmif;trD? wu,fha,musfm;? wifhrsdK;acgif? wdkYaus;&Gm? eDwdrmvm
awmf0if0w¬KawmfBuD;? eDwdtjrLawaw;? aersdK;EG,feef;wGif; 0w¬KBuD;? ivHk;r,f?
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 133
yk*Hacwft&nf;rm,m? yifjrifhyef;? yifv,faysmfoDoD? ysdKUarmif? jynfBuD;rsuf&Sif?
jynfBuD;rSeful? jynfBuD;&wem? jynfwGif;vJhvJh? irJuRef? pav;rif;acG;? c&D;onfBuD;?
olUtjrifolUtawG; (q,fwGJ) ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
OD;bdk;oif;\ 1938 ckESpfwGif a&;om;aom zmwpfvHk;acgif;usm; 0w¬Konf
xif&Sm;aom 0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfNyD;? ½kyf&Siftjzpf ½dkuful;cJh&onf/ 1954 ckESpfwGif
irJuRef0w¬Kjzifh pmayAdrmefumvay:0w¬Kqk csD;jrSifhjcif;cHcJh&onf/
OD;bdk;oif;\ irJuRef0w¬Konf a½S;a[mif;0w¬KBuD;jzpfonf/ 1953 ckESpf
aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;ü vpOftcef;quf0w¬K&SnfBuD;tjzpf xnfhoGif;a&;om;NyD;rS
vHk;csif;xkwfa0jcif;jzpfonf/ a½S;vlBuD;rsm;\ ta&;tom;xHk;enf;wpfrsdK; jzpfonfh
tjyif? rSwfom;zG,ftrsm;yg&Sdonf/ ]]rjypfrSm;xdkufoltm;jypfrSm;rdí? aemufqHk;wGif
taoqdk;jzifhaoqHk;&onf}} udkwifjyxm;aom Zmwfvrf;jzpfonf/
OD;bdk;oif;onf wynfhrsm;\ wdkufwGef;csuft& udk,fwdkifa&;tw¬KyÜwådudk
1978 ckESpfwGifa&;om;NyD;? 1979 ckESpfwGif pmayAdrmefu xkwfa0onf/ i,fpOfu
pí ppfNyD;umvtxdyg0ifonf/
OD;bdk;oif;onf 1973 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 10 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm44- 45/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm44- 45/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm44- 45/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm44- 45/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm44- 45/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) ppfud kif;OD;bd k;oif;? ud k,fwd kifa&;tw¬KyÜwå d/ppfud kif;OD;bd k;oif;? ud k,fwd kifa&;tw¬KyÜwå d/ppfud kif;OD;bd k;oif;? ud k,fwd kifa&;tw¬KyÜwå d/ppfud kif;OD;bd k;oif;? ud k,fwd kifa&;tw¬KyÜwå d/ppfud kif;OD;bd k;oif;? ud k,fwd kifa&;tw¬KyÜwå d/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2/ pm115-116/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2/ pm115-116/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2/ pm115-116/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2/ pm115-116/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2/ pm115-116/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? pm 99-100/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? pm 99-100/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? pm 99-100/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? pm 99-100/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? pm 99-100/
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm - 364armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm - 364armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm - 364armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm - 364armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm - 364
- 365/- 365/- 365/- 365/- 365/
134 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
ynmpoifNy D; pwkw¬wef;r Spí tpd k ;&[d kufpul; (,ck vomtpdk;&trSwf
(1) t-x-u) ausmif;odkYajymif;um umvuwåm; wuúodkvfvufatmufcH
rufx&pf 10 wef;txd oif,lonf/ 10 wef; pmar;yJ Gatmifjrifí
&efuke faumvdyfwGi f 1917 ckE Sp fr Spí ynmqufvufoif,lc J honf/
bDatatmufwef;wGif ynmoif,laepOf 1920 jynfhESpfwuúodkvfoydwfü
acgif;aqmifydkif;rS yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhonf/ 1921 rS 1930 jynfhESpftxd trsdK;om;
ausmif;rsm;zGifhvSpfaomtcg ppfudkif;NrdKESifh c&rf;NrdKUtrdsK;om;txufwef;ausmif;
rsm;wGif ausmif;q&mtjzpf trIxrf;cJhonf/ 1934 ckESpfwGif ausmif;q&mtjzpfrS
EkwfxGufNyD;? &efukefNrdKU? ol&d,owif;pmwdkufü 1946 ckESpftxd owif;axmuf?
nt,f'Dwmtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; pwifjzpfyGm;aom
tcg 1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 8 &ufaeYnwGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&u umuG,fa&;yk'fr
26 jzifh zrf;qD;í tif;pdeftusOf;axmifwGif 1942 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 21 &ufaeY
txd csKyfaESmifxm;onf/ xdkaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUrS t*Fvdyfrsm;qkwfcGmoGm;í
vGwfajrmufcJhonf/
OD;boef;onf 1946 ckESpfwGif ol&d,owif;pmwdkufrSEkwfxGufNyD;
jyefMum;a&;XmecGJwGif owif;pm qufoG,fa&;t&m&Sdtjzpf 1953 ckESpftxd
trIxrf;cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf 1954 ckESpf rS 1956 ckESpftxd jrefrmowif;pmwdkufydkif
&Sifrsm; zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifaom ( Burma Press Syndicate ) wGif tkyfcsKyfrI
t,f'Dwmtjzpf urÇmhaMu;eef;owif;rsm; jzefYcsdcJhonf/
1956ckESpfwGif ,if;vkyfief;&yfqdkif;oGm;ojzifh xdkESpfrSmyifzGifhvSpfaom
OD;boef; (,lyDtdkif OD;boef;)OD;boef; (,lyDtdkif OD;boef;)OD;boef; (,lyDtdkif OD;boef;)OD;boef; (,lyDtdkif OD;boef;)OD;boef; (,lyDtdkif OD;boef;)
owif;pmq&m ,lyDtkdif OD;boef; udk &efukefNrdKU
vrf;rawmf&yfuGuf? 16-vrf;wGif 1899 ck? rwfv 23
&ufaeYü tzOD; tkef;? trd a':zGm;wdkYrS arG;zGm;cJhonf/
OD;boef;onf i,fpOfujrefrmpmoifausmif;wGif
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 135
(United Press International ) (U.P.I) ,lyDtdkifEdkifiHjcm;owif;jzefYcsda&; XmewGif
tkyfcsKyfrIrefae*smtjzpf 1937 ckESpftxd vkyfudkifcJ honf/ xkdESpfrSmyif
tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/
,if;tcsdefrSpí owif;pmESifh r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;onf/
txl;ojzifh 1975 ckESpf rS 1979 ckESpf txd aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;wGif ]]b0tawGU
tBuHK}}tcef;quf aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;cJhonf/
OD;boef;onf owif;twdktxGmrsm;pkaqmif;&mwGif i,fpOfuyif0goem
ygvmonfhtavsmuf a&S;acwfowif;pmrsm;taMumif;odaumif;p&mrsm;udkvnf;
pkaqmif;cJ hojzif h 1947 ckESpfwGif ]]a&S;acwfjrefrmjynfowif;pmrsm;}}[k
a&;om;jyKpkí pmayAdrmefrSpmtkyfxkwfa0cJhygonf/ ]]jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pm
q&mtoif;}}[laomtrnfjzifh ppfNyD;acwfaemufydkif; 1946 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 23
&ufaeYwGif ol&d,owif;pmwdkuftkyf OD;buav; (uG,fvGef) Ouú|? ,lyDtdkif
OD;boef; twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfyg0ifcJhaom ]]owif;pmq&mtoif;}} udk zGJUpnf;
wnfaxmifcJhonf/ 1956-1957ck ESpfwGif OD;boef;onf Ouú|tjzpfaqmif&Guf
cJhNyD;aemuf pmayvkyfom;tzGJUtpnf;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf jrefrmEdkifiH owif;pm
q&mtoif;udk zsufodrf;vdkufaom 1965 ckESpftxd toif;em,utjzpf
aqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;boef;onf 1949 ckESpf? arv 14 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pm
q&mtoif;rSBuD;rSL;í yxrqHk;owif;pmynmoifwef;udk zGifhvSpfcJhNyD; owif;
axmufb0udk,fawGUA[kokwrsm;udk oifwef;wGifa[majymydkYcscJhonf/ EdkifiHjcm;
wdkif;jynfrsm;jzpfaom tdE´d,? ,dk;',m;? *syef? jyifopf? tD*spf? vufbEGef?
w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiH? AD,uferfEdkifiH? rav;&Sm;? pifumyl? tif'dkeD;&Sm;paom
EdkifiHrsm;odkY oufqdkif&mtpdk;&rsm;\ zdwfMum;csuft& rdwfqufcspfMunfa&;c&D;rsm;
vSnfhvnfcJhonf/
owif;pmq&mBuD; ,lyDtdkifOD;boef;onf 1980 jynfhESpf pmqdkawmfaeYwGif
136 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
usif;yaom touf 80 ausmf yxrtBudrf tuefawmhcHpmayynm&SifBuD; (10) OD;
teuf wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfcJhNyD;? ESpfpOftuefawmhcHcJh&mrS 1990 jynfhESpf? arv
19 &uf? paeaeY nae 3 em&D? rdepf 30 tcdsef touf 92 ESpft&G,fwGif
4if;\orD;tBuD; aq;wuúodkvf (1) tNidrf;pm;ygarmu© a'gufwma':MunfMunfar\
aetdrf trSwf 65^au? urÇmat;bk&m;vrf;? r&rf;ukef; NrdKUe,fü uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf(1991)? pm-279/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf(1991)? pm-279/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf(1991)? pm-279/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf(1991)? pm-279/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf(1991)? pm-279/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) ,lyDtkdif OD;boef;\ b0tawGUtBuHK/,lyDtkdif OD;boef;\ b0tawGUtBuHK/,lyDtkdif OD;boef;\ b0tawGUtBuHK/,lyDtkdif OD;boef;\ b0tawGUtBuHK/,lyDtkdif OD;boef;\ b0tawGUtBuHK/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 137
OD;baomif; (ocifbaomif;)OD;baomif; (ocifbaomif;)OD;baomif; (ocifbaomif;)OD;baomif; (ocifbaomif;)OD;baomif; (ocifbaomif;)
pma&;q&m ocifbaomif;trnfcH owif;pmq&m
OD;baomif;udk 1901 ckESpf? azazmf 0g&Dv 7 &ufaeYwGif
rauG;wdkif;? ewfarmufNrdKUe,f? zHkukef;&Gmü tz OD;jrpf trd
a':av;cifwdkYrS zGm;jrifonf/
OD;baomif;onf NrdKUopfq&mOD;pkd;rif;\ wdkif;&if;jrefrm rlvwef;ausmif;?
awmifwGif;BuD;NrdKU? t*Fvdyfjrefrmtpkd;&tv,fwef;ausmif;? rEÅav;NrdKU?
Ak'¨omoemEk*¾[ txufwef;ausmif; 1920 jynfhESpfwGif q,fwef;ausmif;om;
b0ü yxrausmif;om;oydwfwGif rEÅav;oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f
tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/
1921 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 14 &ufaeYwGif ausmif;xGufNyD; 0dIufaumfrwDudk
uefYuGufojzifh axmifuscJhonf/ 1922 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkkifiHodkYa0vrif;om;
vma&muf&m xdkodkYrvma&mufrD rEÅav;? ppfudkif;? ausmufqnfe,fwdkYrS e,fESif
cHcJh&onf/
trsKd;om;ynma&;vIyf&Sm;rIwGif rEÅav;? a&Tbdk? ykodrf trsKd;om;ausmif;
rsm;ü apwemh0efxrf;q&mtjzpfvnf; yg0ifcJhonf/
OD;baomif;onf 1924-25 ckESpfwGif jrefrmydkif e,l;bm;rm;t*Fvdyfowif;
pmü vufaxmuft,f'Dwmtjzpf vnf;aumif;? uif;0efrif;BuD;yd#uwfwdkufwGif
vufaxmuf yd#uwfwkdufrSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1930 jynfhESpfwGif &efukefwuú
odkvfjrefrmpmXmewGif bmomjyefenf;jyq&mtjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;baomif;onf 1928 ckESpfwGif ociftrnfudk pwifoHk;pGJcJhonf/ 1930 ckESpf
ar 30 &ufaeYwGif wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;\ aMunmpmwrf;? EdkkifiHjyKpmpktrSwf (1)
udk xkwfa0cJhonf/ 1932 ckESpfwGif wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;\ EdkifiHjyKpmpktrSwf (2)
aMunmpmwrf;udk xkwfa0cJhonf/ 1933 ckESpfwGif a&TbdkNrdKU? 'dkiftmcDOa'jyK
vTwfawmftrwfavmif;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ e,fcsJUw&m;rsm; a[majymcJhojzifh
axmifuscJhonf/ axmifxJwGif tpmiwfcHqE´jycJhonf/ wdk YArmowif;pOf
rSwfwrf;udk pmayvufeuftjzpf toHk;jyKcJhonf/
138 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;baomif;onf 1962 ckESpfwGif jyefMum;a&;XmetoHvTifh½Hkü trIxrf;
onf/ jyefMum;a&;Xme pmaypdppfa&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? vlrIqufqHa&;wyfrS
xkwfa0aom jrefrmESifh urÇmpmapmifwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&Guf
cJhonf/
OD;baomif;onf yef;omrpmO? a&eH? tazhtarGjyZmwf? tarav;0w¬K?
uGefjrLepf0g'ESifhurÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;? 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm? uGefjrLepfordkif;? wpfaxmifh
wpfn? Ak'¨\pMum0Vmw&m;? wdkif;jynf&efoljyZmwf? olcdk;tmruf pmtkyfrsm;
a&;om;cJhonf/ 1959 - 60 jynfhESpfwGif urÇmywfvnf &uf&Spfq,fpmtkyfjzifh
,leufpudkbmomjyefqkudk &&SdcJhonf/ 1980 jynfhESpf? ZGef 7 &ufaeYwGif EdkifiHh
*kPf&nfbGJYyxrqifhudk csDjr§ifhjcif;cHcJh&onf/
OD;baomif;onf ocifbaomif;trnfjzifhvnf; aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;
cJhonf/
OD;baomif;onf 1981 ckESpf? {NyDv 21 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef
cJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;'*kefa&TrQm;'*kefa&TrQm;'*kefa&TrQm;'*kefa&TrQm;????? jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm;jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm;jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm;jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm;jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm;????? pm-9-10/ pm-9-10/ pm-9-10/ pm-9-10/ pm-9-10/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jrefrmhpG,fpk Husrf;ESpfcsKyf (1982)jrefrmhpG,fpk Husrf;ESpfcsKyf (1982)jrefrmhpG,fpk Husrf;ESpfcsKyf (1982)jrefrmhpG,fpk Husrf;ESpfcsKyf (1982)jrefrmhpG,fpk Husrf;ESpfcsKyf (1982)????? pm-247-248 pm-247-248 pm-247-248 pm-247-248 pm-247-248
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) armifokarmifokarmifokarmifokarmifokwwwww ? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d? pm-382-? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d? pm-382-? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d? pm-382-? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d? pm-382-? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d? pm-382-
384/384/384/384/384/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 139
OD;baomif; (armifokw)OD;baomif; (armifokw)OD;baomif; (armifokw)OD;baomif; (armifokw)OD;baomif; (armifokw)
owif;pmq&m OD;baomif;(armifokw) udk 1914
ckE Sp f ? rwfv 12 &ufaeYwGi f tbv,f0efaxmuf
OD;xGef;vdIifESifY trda':cifwdkYrS o&ufNrdKUü arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;baomif;onf &efukefNrdKU rufo'pf trsdK;om;
ausmif;ESifY tpdk;&[dkufpul;ausmif;wdkYwGif ynmoif,lcJYjyD;? 1930 jynf YE Sp fwGif
&e fu ke fwuúo d kv fü qufvufynmqnf;yl;cJ Yonf/ 1933 ckESpfwGif
&efukefwuúodkvfrS 0dZÆmjrefrmpm*kPfxl;bJGU &&dScJYonf/ 1957 ckESpfwGif r[m0dZÆmbJGU
&&dScJYonf/
1933 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&trIxrf;cJYonf/ yxrwGif 0efaxmuf? xdkYaemuf
pHkaxmufrif;MuD; ½Hk;pmawmfjyef? *syefacwf tapmydkif;wGif pmayESifYpmMunfhwdkufXme
ñTefMum;a&;0ef? xdkYaemuf *syefEdkifiHodkY wdkusdKNrdKU tjynfjynfqdkif&m ,Ofaus;rIXme
bmomjyeft&m&dStjzpf oGm;a&muftrIxrf;cJYonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfMuD;jyD;p 1946
ckESpfwGif [Hom0wDowif;pmt,f'Dwm? Z0e*sme,fwJGzuft,f'Dwm? &efukef
wuúodkvf jrefrmpmXmeenf;jyq&m? rEÅav;wuúodkvf jrefrmpm vufaxmuf
uxdutjzpf trIxrf;cJhjyD;? 1950 jynfYESpfwGif wyfrawmfodkY 0ifa&mufcJYonf/
1952 ckESpf wyfrawmft&m&dStjzpf jr0wDr*¾Zif; OD;pD;t,f'DwmESifY
ppfESvHk;*sme,f t,f'Dwm? xdkYaemuf arNrdKU (jyifOD;vGif) ppfwuúodkvfvufaxmuf
pmayñTefMum;a&;rSL;? rEÅav;wuúodkvf jrefrmpmXmetcsdefyd kif;uxdu?
jrefrmpmayjyKpka&;ESif Y bmomjyefaumfr&SiftwGif;a&;rSL; ponfjzifY trI
xrf;cJYonf/
OD;baomif;onf wuúodkvfwGif ynmqnf;yl;pOfuyif ]]wuúodkvfrif;vGif}}
]]oD&darmif}} ]]aomif;xdkuf}} ]]armifokw}} ponfhtrnfrsm;jzifY 0w¬K? uAsm?
aqmifyg;rsm; pa&;cJ Yonf/ Ad kvfrSL;baomif;? OD;baomif;trnfwdk Y jzif Y
vnf;aqmif;yg;rsm; pmtkyfrsm;a&;om;cJYonf/
OD;baomif;jyKpkcJYaom pmtkyfrsm;teufrS tcsdKUrSm bl&DS'dkac:ZmenfaoG;?
140 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
wpfuGsef;odk Y? olwdk Yvufaqmif? pmayvufaqmif? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwdå?
jrefrmpmjr§ifYcsifvGef;vdkY? rarhwJhEkdif;? ArmYawmfvSefa&;ordkif;? owdå? ajryHkzwfenf;?
ArmYwyfrawmfordkif;? pmayaus;Zl;? pmayta&;tom;? þvnf;w'ku©ESifY
0w¬Kwdkrsm;jzpfí wnf;jzwfcJYaomusrf;rsm;rSm aoe*FAsL[mysdKU? AsL[pudúysdKU?
eEDaoeysdKU? tp&dSonfwdkYjzpfonf/
OD;baomif;onf 1962 ckESpf pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwdå pmtkyfjzifY trsdK;om;
pmayqk (pmya'omqk) &&dScJYonf/
OD;baomif;onf 1968 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 26 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü
uG,fvGefonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm107-'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm107-'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm107-'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm107-'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm107-
109/109/109/109/109/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) wuúo d kv fwi fc ? jre frmpm jre frmr Iu d k jy Kp kwuúo d kv fwi fc ? jre frmpm jre frmr Iu d k jy Kp kwuúo d kv fwi fc ? jre frmpm jre frmr Iu d k jy Kp kwuúo d kv fwi fc ? jre frmpm jre frmr Iu d k jy Kp kwuúo d kv fwi fc ? jre frmpm jre frmr Iu d k jy Kp k
ysdK;axmifacgif;aqmifcJ Yolrsm;? pm 55 - 65?ysdK;axmifacgif;aqmifcJ Yolrsm;? pm 55 - 65?ysdK;axmifacgif;aqmifcJ Yolrsm;? pm 55 - 65?ysdK;axmifacgif;aqmifcJ Yolrsm;? pm 55 - 65?ysdK;axmifacgif;aqmifcJ Yolrsm;? pm 55 - 65?
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) &mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?
pm 71-73/pm 71-73/pm 71-73/pm 71-73/pm 71-73/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 141
OD;bdk;csdef (trfbdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfbdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfbdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfbdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfbdk;csdef)
owif;pmq&m OD;bd k ;cs de fud k 1904 ckE Sp fwGif
awmifilc½dkif? ZD;jzLaomifaus;&Gmü tz OD;armifBuD; trd
a':rSefwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/ awmifiltxufwef;ausmif;rS
wuúodkvf0ifwef;atmifjrifNyD; jzL;ae&Sife,ftxufwef;
ausmif;wGif ausmif;q&mtjzpfvkyfudkifcJYonf/
OD;bdk;csdefonf 1930 jynfYESpfwGif owif;axmuftjzpf owif;pmavmuodkY
0ifa&mufcJY&m qef;aeYpOfowif;pmwGif 1945 ckESpftxd t,f'Dwmtjzpf
vkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk owif;pmvkyfief;odkY
0ifa&mufcJYonf/ Tribune owif;pm pwifwnfaxmifonfY 1946 ckESpfrSpí
t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1949-50 jynfYESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH owif;axmuf
tzGJYOuú|tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947-51 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYum,BuHUcdkifa&;tzGJY aiGxdef;
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1955-58 ckESpfwGif ½kyf&Sifwnf;jzwfa&; bkwftzGJU0iftjzpf
vnf;aumif;? jrLeDpDyg,faumifpD0if tjzpfvnf;aumif; xrf;aqmifcJYonf/
OD;bdk;csdefonf 1951 ckESpfwGif tdEd,ESifY ygupöwefodkYvnf;aumif;? 1953
ckESpfwGif *syefEdkifiHokdYvnf;aumif; 1954 ckESpfwGif ukvor*¾pD;yGm;a&;ESifY vlrIa&;
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;nDvmcHokdYwufa&mufcJYNyD;? O½ka*G;? rGefwDAD'dk awmiftar&du
EkdifiHrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufcJYonf/
1957 ckESpfwGif uae'g? taemuf*smrPDESifY jyifopfEdkkifiHrsm;okdY oGm;a&muf
cJYonf/
OD;bdk;csdefonf 1993 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 16 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef
cJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm - 100/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm - 100/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm - 100/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm - 100/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm - 100/
142 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
owif;pmq&m OD;bdk;csdef (ac:) trfckdifNrJ bdk;csdefudk
&efukefNrdKU vrf;rawmfNrdKUe,fwGif tz OD;bdk;csdef (trfbdk;csdef)
trd a':zDwdkYrS 1926 ckESpf? ZGefv 17 &ufaeYü arG;zGm;cJYonf/
1931 ckE Sp fü uefawmfuav; xD;wef;"r®m½H k
jzwfvrf;&Sdq&mBuD; OD;vSazausmif;wGif oli,fwef;rSpí ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/
pwkw¬wef;udk paumvm;&SpfjzifY atmifjrifchJonf/ xdkYaemuf NrdKUrausmif;okdYajymif;í
ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/
1940 jynfYESpf q|rwef;ta&mufwGif 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;jzpfonf/ ppfNyD;
aemufydkif; a&ausmfrufo'pfausmif;wGif qufvufynmqnf;yl;cJY&m 1947 ckESpf
wGif 10 wef;atmifjrifcJYonf/
10 wef;atmifjrifNyD; &efukefwuúodkvfwGif qufvufynmqnf;yl;pOf
1950 jynfYESpfü wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾wGif trIaqmiftzGJY0ifjzpfcJYonf/
1951-52 ckESpfwGif tdk;a0r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ tdk;a0
r*¾Zif;wGif wuúodkvfzdk;ysdKuavmiftrnfjzifY aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJYonf/
xdkYaemuf ausmif;rSxGufí acsmufNrdKUtxufwef;ausmif;wGif txufwef;jy
q&mtjzpftrIxrf;onf/ q&ma':qifenf;jyausmif;wGif ordkif;bmomjy q&m
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? OD;vlaz0if;wuúodkvfwGif tcsdefjynfYq&mtjzpfvnf;aumif;
oifMum;ydkYcscJYonf/
xdkYaemufausmif;xGufí orm"d? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwdkufrsm;wGif
t,f'Dwmtjzpf trIxrf;aqmifNyD; e,l;wdkif;owif;pm? [Hom0wDowif;pm?
ae&Sif;? wkd;wufa&;? ol&d,owif;pmwkdufrsm;wGif owif;axmuftjzpf wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJhygonf/ owif;pmwkdufrsm; jynfolydkifodrf;onfYtcgü owif;pm
vkyfief;rS&yfem;NyD; awmifOuúvmyNrdKUwGifaexdkifum q&mOD;cdkifNrJtrnfjzifY
ausmif;zGifYum oifwef;rsm;ydkYcscJYonf/
OD;bdk;csdef (trfcd kifNrJ bdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfcd kifNrJ bdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfcd kifNrJ bdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfcd kifNrJ bdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfcd kifNrJ bdk;csdef)
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 143
1969 ckESpfwGif trSwf 163? tcef; (18) ql;avbk&m;vrf; ausmufwHwm;
NrdKUe,fwGif udk,fydkifenf;jyoiffwef;zGifYcJYonf/ xdkYaemuf oifwef;tm; ½kyfodrf;NyD;
rdom;pkESifYtwlaps;a&mif;csí toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKcJYonf/
wpfacwfwpfcsdefuausmfMum;cJhonfY orm"dowif;pmwGif owif;?
owif;aqmif;yg;ESifY acgif;BuD;ydkif;rsm; *sme,fr*¾Zif;rsm;wGif aqmif;yg;rsm;
a&;om;cJYol owif;pmq&m? t,f'Dwm OD;bdk;csdef (trfcdkifNrJbdk;csdef) onf 1992
ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 26 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm - 325/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm - 325/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm - 325/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm - 325/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm - 325/
144 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
a':rrcif (a':rrcif)a':rrcif (a':rrcif)a':rrcif (a':rrcif)a':rrcif (a':rrcif)a':rrcif (a':rrcif)
owif;pmq&mrBuD; a':rrcifud k rtlyifNrd KU
,pfrsdK;0efaxmufMuD; OD;qkom ESifY a':ñSmwdkYrS 1906
ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ i,fpOfu armfvNrdKif MunfYjrifwdkif
ESifY rEÅav;atbDtrfwdk YrSynmoif,lcJYjyD; wuúodkvfodk Y
roGm;rD armfvNrdKif armfwifvdef;rS q&mjzpfatmifcJYonf/ ausmif;q&mrvkyfjyD;rS
*syfqifaumvdyfodkY wufa&mufcJYonf/
a':rrcifonf i,fpOfuyif ynma&;ü jyKjyifvdkpdwfjzifY urÇmYynma&;
pmayrsm;udk rsufjcnfrjywf avYvm cJYoljzpfonf/ jyifopfpma&;q&mMuD;½l;ql;\
tDrDvD (Emile) ynma&;usrf;MuD;udk zwfonf/ a':rrcifonf tqdkygusrf;MuD;udk
1928 ckESpfrS pwifbmomjyefcJY&m 1931 ckESpfwGif bmomjyefqdk jyD;pD;oGm;onf/
tDrDvD\ ynma&;oDtdk&DrSm ]]uav;rsm;\ t&nftaoG;udk azmfxkwf
Edkif&rnf? vGwfvyfpGm awG;awmMuHqap&rnf? usyfusyfwnf;wnf;jzpfatmif
tESD;ESifYyif rxkwf&? El;nHYvGef;aom tdyf&mykcuf taEG;xnf rsm;ESifY csnfrxm;&?
vGwfvGwfvyfvyfvIyf½Sm;cGifhjyKxm;&rnf/}} [laom oabmrsm;ygonf/
1931 ckESpf? EdkifiHaygif;csKyf tpnf;ta0;MuD;rS yxrzJGYpnf; ac:,laom
*seDAmwGif usif;yrnfY urÇmYtrsdK;orD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&muf&ef a&G;cs,f
onfYtzJGUüvnf; a':rrcifyg0ifcJYonf/
1937 ckESpf? qm-ay:xGef;vufxufwGif tar&duefodk Y tm[m&
okawoetwwfoifMum;&ef yxrqHk; EdkifiHjcm;ynmawmfoiftjzpf a':rrcif
onf apvTwfjcif;cH&onf/ a':rrcifonf yifv,f&yfjcm;rS vma&mufynm
oif,l&onfjzpf&m tcsdefrjzKef;EdkifbJ neufoef;acgiftxd pmMunfYwdkufwGif
MudK;pm;yrf;pm; pmzwfcJhjcif;aMumifha':rrcifrSm (trftufpD) csDum*dk [laombJGYudk
xdkufxdkufwefwef &,lcJYonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 145
a':rrcifonf t*FvefodkYa&mufonfYtcg ynma&;pdwf"mwf ppfqifa&;
ESifY uav;oli,ft&G,ftvdkuf zGYHNzdK;a&;ynm&yfrsm;udk 1938 ckESpfrS 1939 ckESpf
txd oif,lavYvmcJYonf/ odkY&mwGif tpdk;&u a':rrcifoif,lavYvmcJYaom
ynm&yfrsm;udktoHk;jyK&ef r&nf&G,fbJ tvkyfray;EdkifaomaMumifY 1940 jynfYESpfwGif
udk,fydkif ]]ausmif;om;owif;pm}}]]ausmif;om;owif;pm}}]]ausmif;om;owif;pm}}]]ausmif;om;owif;pm}}]]ausmif;om;owif;pm}} udk wnfaxmifvdkufonf/ ausmif;om;
owif;pmudk 1940 jynfYESpf? Zefe0g&DvrSpwifí t*FgaeYwdkif; wpfywfwpfMudrf
xkwfa0cJYonf/
ausmif;om;owif;pm qdkonfYtwdkif; ausmif;om;rsm;ESifYqdkif&m ynma&;
wdk;wufzG,ftcsufrsm;? taMumif;t&moifcef;pmyHkjyifrsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;?
ausmif;owif;rsm;? ynma&;qkay;yJG? NydKifyJG? jyyJGrsm;? usef;rma&;oifcef;pm
enf;ay;vrf;ñTefcsuf? odrSwfzG,f&mrsm; ponfjzifY ausmif;ESifYausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
qdkifonfY ynm&yftaMumif;t&m tcef;u@rsm;om yg0ifa&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf apwem &nf&G,fcsuf aumif;aumif;oefYoefYjzifY xdktcsdefu
xkwfa0cJYonfY wpfckwnf;aom ausmif;om;owif;pmwpfapmif jzpfonf/
a'gufwmbarmfu Oya'jyKvTwfawmfrS EkwfxGufvdkufí 4if;\ae&m
(&rnf;oif;awmifydkif;) rJqE´e,ftwGuf a':rrcifudk trwftjzpfta&G;cH&ef
wdkufwGef;&mrS EdkifiHa&;wGif0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJYonf/ a':rrcifonf EdkifiHa&;ü
pdwfwuf<uvmcJYonf/ ygwDtoD;oD;rS 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifrnfY trwfavmif; (6)
a,mufESifY ,SOfNydKifcJY&m a':rrcifu ta&G;cHcJh&onf/ EdkifiHa&;onf tjrJwap
pdwfcsrf;omrIudk zefwD;ay;aomtvkyfr[kwf? uefYuGufvTmawGu wpfrsdK;? aiGukef
aMu;uscH&onfu wpfzHkjzpfonf/
t*FvdyfjyefvmjyD; qma':refprpf bk&ifcHvufxufwGif bk&ifYtwdkifyifcH
tzJGY zJGYpnf;&m a':rrcifudk qmay:xGef;u twdkifyifcHtzJGY0iftjzpf 2 ESpfcefYtyf
jcif;cHcJY&onf/
a':rrcifonf jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm;tzJGU? cd kudk;&mrJ YtrsdK;orD;rsm;
apmifYa½Smufa&;tzJGUwGif twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? a':jrpdef MuD;rSL;aom
146 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
trsdK;orD;aumifpDwGif trIaqmiftzJGY0ifwpfOD; tjzpfyg0ifcJYonf/ 1954 ckESpfrS
1958 ckESpftxd ½kyf½SifqifqmbkwftzJGY0if wpfOD;tjzpfyg0ifcJYonf/ a':rrcif
bDattrftufpD (csDum*dk) \ ausmif;om;owif;pmyHkESdyfwdkufrS ,leD,H a*Zuf
bm;rd(p) x&dAsL;(ef)a'vDESifY jynfolYtoH &efukef0DuvDrsm;udk ½dkufEdSyfcJYonf/
a':rrcifwnfaxmifcJYaom ausmif;om;owif;pmwGif ouf&G,fEke,fol
uav;rsm;twGuf EdkifiHjcm;owif;pmMuD;rsm;\ &TifaysmfzG,f qnf;yl;&efrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? avmu"mwfynmtcef; tar;tajz? usef;rma&;? yx0D? uAsm?
a'oEÅ&A[kokw? ya[Vd? wdkif;jynftwGufpGefYpm;vdkpdwf Mo0g'rsm;? EdkifiHjcm;rS
tm;uszG,f xif&Sm;aomausmif;om;rsm;? csdef;bmvdefausmif;? e,l;a,mufrS yJ&pfodkY
yxqHk;jzwfoef;oltaMumif; pojzifY vli,frsm;pGefYpm; tm;usatmif vrf;ñTefay;
a&;om;azmfjycJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpfwGif t*Fvdyfpmapmifudk xkwfa0cJYonf/
a':rrcifonf trsdK;orD;uavmiftzJ GU\ vufa[mif;yxrrlv
trIaqmifvlMuD;wpfOD;jzpfonf/ udk,fcE¨musrf;? tdrfwGif;rIodyÜHusrf;ESifY vlrIa&;
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; jyKpkcJYonf/
a':rrcifonf yxrqHk; trftufpfpD (csDum*dk) ausmif;q&m? owif;pm
t,f'Dwm? trsdK;orD;vTwfawmftrwf jzpfcJhjyD; &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;? pm 156-158/ apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;? pm 156-158/ apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;? pm 156-158/ apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;? pm 156-158/ apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;? pm 156-158/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 147
1922 ckESpfwGif zsmyH k NrdKUatbDtrfausmif;ü ausmif;pwifaecJhonf/
bdkuav;NrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rS 1927 ckESpfwGif owårwef;atmifjrif
cJhonf/ xdkUaemuf &efukefNrdKU trsdK;orD;ausmif;wGif 1932 ckESpftxd aecJhNyD;
e0rwef;txd ynmoif,lcJhonf/
a':rrav;onf owiff;pm? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;wdkYwGif pdwf0ifpm;olyDyD
]]rdef;uav;rsm; xdkacwfu Muufawmif½d kufonfudk}}]]rdef;uav;rsm; xdkacwfu Muufawmif½d kufonfudk}}]]rdef;uav;rsm; xdkacwfu Muufawmif½d kufonfudk}}]]rdef;uav;rsm; xdkacwfu Muufawmif½d kufonfudk}}]]rdef;uav;rsm; xdkacwfu Muufawmif½d kufonfudk}} owif;pmwpfapmifu
uJh&JhavSmifajymifonfhtwGuf 1936 ckESpfwGif a':rrav;u jyefvnfacsy&Sif;vif;
aomaqmif;yg;a&;cJhonf/ ]]trsdK;orD;rsm; PBuD;owfÓPf&SdMu&ef}}]]trsdK;orD;rsm; PBuD;owfÓPf&SdMu&ef}}]]trsdK;orD;rsm; PBuD;owfÓPf&SdMu&ef}}]]trsdK;orD;rsm; PBuD;owfÓPf&SdMu&ef}}]]trsdK;orD;rsm; PBuD;owfÓPf&SdMu&ef}} aqmif;yg;
jzifh jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif ]]&a0vIdif}} trnfjzifh azmfjyjcif;cHcJ h&mrS
t,f'DwmOD;cspfarmifESifh pwifoduRrf;cJhonf/
a':rrav;onf bdkuav;NrdKUwGifpmMunfhwdkufxlaxmifcJhonf/ 1935-
1936 ckESpfwGif bdkuav;NrdKU wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;0ifwpfOD;jzpfcJhonf/ 1938 ckESpfwGif
jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyf OD;cspfarmifESifh vufxyfcJhonf/ 1939
ckESpfwGif *sme,fausmfxkwfa0aomtcg xkwfa0oltjzpfwm0ef,lNyD; ]]*sme,fausmf
rrav;}}trnf pwifcH,l í0w¬Krsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ *sme,fausmfESifh
jynfolY[pfwdkifowif;pmrsm;\ t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif &GufcJhonf/
1941 ckESpf*syefacwfwGif xdyfwef;vQdKU0SufzufqpfqefYusifa&;? ajratmuf
vkyfief;t00udk cifyGef;jzpfolOD;cspfarmifESifhtwl aqmif&GufcJhonf/ *syefacwfwGif
yxrqHk;0w¬K&Snftjzpf ]]tjzL}} udka&;om;cJhaomfvnf; ppfNyD;acwfrS xkwfa0cJhonf/
olr 1944 0w¬Kudk t&ifxkwfa0cJhonf/ 1946 ckESpf? {NyDv 3 &ufaeYwGif
cifyGef;onf *sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmif uG,fvGefonf/ OD;cspfarmifuG,fvGefNyD;aemuf
a':rrav; (*sme,fausmfrrav;)a':rrav; (*sme,fausmfrrav;)a':rrav; (*sme,fausmfrrav;)a':rrav; (*sme,fausmfrrav;)a':rrav; (*sme,fausmfrrav;)
pma&;q&mrBuD; *sme,fausm frrav;trnfcH
owif;pmq&mr a':rrav;ud k bd kuav;Nr d K Ue,f ?
urmuvlaus;&Gmü tz a':qifbPf refae*sm OD;jym;csdK
ESifh trd a':uGDwdkYrS 1917 ckESpf? {NyDv 13 &ufaeYwGif
arG;zGm;onf/ trnf&if;rSm a':wifvIdifjzpfonf/
148 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
*sme,fausmfr*¾Zif;acgif;BuD;ydkif;udk trsm;qHk;a&;om;cJhonfhtjyif tywfpOfrjywf
xkwfa0cJhonf/
1947 ckESpfwGif trsdK;orD;uavmif&Siftoif; 'kwd,Ouú|ESifh uavmif&Sif
r*¾Zif;wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1948-1949 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH
pma&;q&mrsm;toif;Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
1955 ckESpf e,l;a'vDNrdKUtm&Swdkuf pma&;q&mrsm;uGefz&ifhodkY wufa&muf
cJhonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif tPkjrLqefYusifa&;uGefz&ifhudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf *syefEdkifiHodkY
oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ 1959 ckESpf? arv 14 &ufaeYwGif OD;atmifaZ,sESifh tdrfaxmif
jyKcJhonf/ xdkESpfrSmyifurÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&ufwGif OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;oltjzpf yg0if
cJhonf/
a':rrav;onf 1961-1962 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mpmayuvyf
twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1979 ckESpfwGif *syefEdkifiHü
jyKvkyfaom EdkifiHwumbmomjyefpmayNydKifyGJwGif EdkifiHaygif;pHkrS0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&m
pmtkyfa& (2000) ausmf&Sdonfhteuf aoG;0w¬K 1973 bmomjyefpmtkyfonf
yxrqk&&SdcJhonf/ 1980 jynfhESpf*syefEdkifiHtpdk;&u rl&if;pma&;q&mudk *kPfjyKonfh
taejzifh pmayoHwreftqifhjzifh *syefEdkifiHrS zdwfMum;ojzifh 1980 jynfhESpf?
atmufwdkbmv 2 &ufaeYrSpí 15 &uf oGm;a&mufcJhonf/
a':rrav;onf ]]vSwpfcdkif}}trnfjzifh r*¾Zif;? aqmif;yg;a&;cJhNyD;?
jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGifrl bdkuav;r wifvIdif? &a0vIdif? vSwpfcdkiftrnfwdkYjzifh
aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf/ *sme,fausmfxkwfa0aomtcg *sme,fausmf rrav;
trnf pwifcH,lí 0w¬Kaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ aemiftcg*sme,fausmf
rrav;[laom uavmiftrnfwpfckwnf;udkom qufvufoHk;pGJcJhonf/
a':rrav;onf pmayavmuüomru wdkif;&if;jrefrmaq;ynmavmu
wGifvnf; xif&Sm;cJh\/ wdkif;&if;jrefrmaq;ynmaqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf; a&;om;
cJhonf/ 1967 ckESpfwGif jrefrmhaq;ynmpmtkyfudk xkwfa0cJhonf/
1955 ckESpfwGif ]]rkef;ír[l}}pmtkyfjzifh 0w¬K&SnfpmayAdrmefpmrlqk&&SdcJhonf/
1963 ckESpfwGif ]]awG;wpdrfhpdrfh}}pmtkyfjzifh 0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyftrsdK;om; pmayqk&&Sd
cJhonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 149
a':rrav;\ ]]rkef;ír[l}}0w¬K&SnfrSm toGifrwl? p½dkufrwlaom
ZmwfaumifwdkYjzifh Zmwfvrf;qifxm;aom0w¬Kjzpfonf/ þ0w¬KwGif b0avhvmrI?
todtjrif&SdrIwdkYudk &oay:vGifatmif o½kyfazmfxm;onf[k rSwfom;&ygonf/
*sme,fausmfrrav;trnfjzifh a&;om;xkwfa0cJhaompmtkyfrsm;rSm-
urÇmajr0,f? pdwf? awG;wpdrfhpdrfh? ewfa&;i,fa&Tpm? rkef;ír[l? &ifeifhatmifarT;?
&ifrSwuf? a&Tvif;,kef? ½IrNiD;? avmuD&wem? olr? olvdkrdef;r? aoG;? [D½dk &SD;rm;?
tjzL? ta&SUESifhtaemuf? rmvm&D? olvdkvl? jrufuav;wpfyif? uRefrwdkU om;orD;
arG;pm;NyDqdkMuygpdkY ponfhpmtkyfrsm;jzpfonf/ a':rrav;onf pma&;q&m?
owif;pmq&mtjzpfomru wdkif;&if;aq;ynm&Siftjzpfvnf; xif&Sm;onf/
a':rrav;onf 1982 ckESpf? {NyDv 6 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef
onf/
uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-
48-49/48-49/48-49/48-49/48-49/
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-266-rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-266-rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-266-rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-266-rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-266-
267/267/267/267/267/
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)? pm-136-151/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)? pm-136-151/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)? pm-136-151/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)? pm-136-151/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)? pm-136-151/
(4) (4) (4) (4) (4) '*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955)? pm-293-311/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955)? pm-293-311/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955)? pm-293-311/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955)? pm-293-311/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955)? pm-293-311/
150 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;armifarmif (a'gufwmarmifarmif)OD;armifarmif (a'gufwmarmifarmif)OD;armifarmif (a'gufwmarmifarmif)OD;armifarmif (a'gufwmarmifarmif)OD;armifarmif (a'gufwmarmifarmif)
owif;pmq&m OD;armifarmif a'gufwm armif*rfukd
1925 ckESpf? Zefe 0g&Dv 11 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü
tza&SUaeBuD; OD;qifY ESifh trd a':at;wifwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;armifarmifonf bDwDtefausmif;rS q,fwef;
atmifjrifcJYonf/ rEÅav;OypmaumvdyfrS OypmodyÜHpmar;yGJudk t*Fvdyf? ocsFm?
½lyaA'ynmrsm;jzifY atmifjrifcJYonf/ ppftwGif; wyfrawmfodkY0ifa&mufcJYNyD;?
r*Fvm'Hkppfwuúodkvf pwkw¬ywfAdkvfoifwef; wufa&mufcJYonf/
[oFmwc½dkifESifY rsdK;cspfArmYwyfrawmfwdkif; (1) wdkYwGif awmfvSefa&;wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJYonf/ &efukefwuúokdvf rS 1946 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbGJUudk&&SdcJhonf/ 1949
ckESpfwGif bDt,fvfbGJUukd&&SdcJhonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf t*FvdyfpmXmewGif o½kyfjy
q&m? ArmYYacwfowif;pmwGif t,f'Dwm? ArmYrD;&xm;vufaxmuftwGif;0ef
wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
OD;armifarmifonf 1950 jynfhESpfwGif t*FvefEkdifiHodkY ynmawmfoif
apvTwfjcif;udkcHcJh&onf/ The Hgve NrdKU vifuGef;wnf;cdkcef;wGif zGifvSpfxm;aom
a&SUaetoif;odk Y 0ifa&mufcJ honf/ EdkifiHwum Oya'ynmoifausmif;odk Y
wufa&mufcJhonf/ 1956 ckESpf ZGefvwGif a[mfvefEdkifiH Utrecht wuúokdvfrS
L.L.D EdkifiHwumOya'bGJUudk &&SdcJhonf/ 1953 - 55 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&a&SUaetjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmif&if; Oya'ynmudk qnf;yl;avYvmcJYonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif Oya'
owif;axmufwm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhNyD; 1958 ckESpfwGif vufaxmufa&SUaecsKyf
tjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cHcJY&onf/ 1960 jynfYESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif EkwfxGufcJYonf/
OD;armifarmifonf &efukefwuúodkvfOya'r[mXmewGif EdkifiHwum Oya'
o½kyfjyq&mtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ 1960 jynfYESpfwGif EdkifiHa&;odyÜHESifY
ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;avYvma&;ynm&yfudk a,;vf wuúodkvfwufa&muf
avYvmqnf;yl;cJYonf/ &efukefa&SUaeaumifpDtzGJY0if? 1957 ckESpfwGif London
Daily, The Forgothen Army, Burma in the Family of Nations, Burma's Constitution
ponfY pmtkyfrsm; a&;om;cJYonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 151
OD;armifarmifonf 1960 jynfYESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif armfuGef;0if 'kwd,
tqifYudk csD;jrSifYjcif;cHcJY&onf/ 1962 ckESpfrSpí jrefrmYqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf tjrKaw
ygwDwGif ynma&;&maumfrwD0if? yxrtBudrfygwDnDvmcHwGif ygwDpnf;urf;
xdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwDOuú|? 'kwd,tBudrfwGif A[dktvkyftrIaqmifaumfrwD0if
tjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfwGif w&m;½Hk;csKyfw&m;olBuD;?
w&m;olBuD;csKyf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if? awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&tzGJY0if? w&m;a&;Xme
0efBuD;tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJYonf/
1974 ckESpfrSpí jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f? EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if?
1988 ckESpf? Zlvdkif 27 &ufaeYwGif jynfolYOya'tusdK;aqmiftzGJYOuú|tjzpf
xrf;aqmifcJYonf/
OD;armifarmifonf 1988 ckESpf? Bo*kwfv 19 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf
vrf;pOfygwDOuú|? EdkifiHawmfaumifpDOuú|? EdkifiHawmfor®wtjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhNyD;?
1988 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 19 &ufaeYwGif tem;,lcJYonf/
OD;armifarmifonf 1969 ckESpfwGif a'gufwmarmifarmif uavmif
trnfjzifYa&;om;cJYaom ]]jrefrmEdkifiHa&;c&D;ESifY AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;}} pmtkyfjzifY
EdkifiHa&;bmom&yfwGif trsdK;om;pmayqk&&SdcJYonf/
OD;armifarmifonf 'dkYjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHzGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk? EdkifiHawmf
vkyfBuHrI? aoG;eD (1946)? ouf&Sd&mZ0if (1956) ESifY om;armifppfonfodkY (1973)
wkdYudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJYonf/
OD;armifarmifonf 1994 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 2 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü
uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ?
pm 337-338/pm 337-338/pm 337-338/pm 337-338/pm 337-338/
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1995)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1995)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1995)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1995)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1995)/
152 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;armifarmifBuD; ('*kefewf&Sif)OD;armifarmifBuD; ('*kefewf&Sif)OD;armifarmifBuD; ('*kefewf&Sif)OD;armifarmifBuD; ('*kefewf&Sif)OD;armifarmifBuD; ('*kefewf&Sif)
pma&;q&m '*kefewf&SiftrnfcH owif;pmq&m
OD;armifarmifBuD;udk 1898 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 23 &ufaeYwGif
tz OD;&Sdef;? trda':ciftkdBuD;rS rEÅav;NrdKU atmifeef;&dyfom
&yf? ,Gef;wef;vrf;üarG;zGm;cJhonf/
OD;armifarmifBuD;onf 1904 ckESpfwGif ousoD[bk&m;ajrmufbuf&Sd
q&miHk\ausmif;ü ynmoif,lcJhonf/ 1907 ckESpfwGif ]]ÓPfus,ftkef;az}}0w¬K
udk pwifa&;om;cJhonf/ 1919 ckESpfwGif arNrdKU (jyifOD;vGif) tpdk;&aMu;eef;
tif*sifeD,m½Hk;ü pma&;vkyfcJhí aemifwGif tvkyfxGufNyD; &efukefodkYajymif;a&TUcJhonf/
OD;armifarmifBuD;onf 1926 ckESpfwGif '*kefewf&Sifuavmiftrnfudk pwif
toHk;jyKcJhonf/ 1930 jynfhESpfwGif ]]rif;uawmf}}Zmwfum;twGuf yxrqHk;
ZmwfñTef; a&;ay;cJhonf/ 1936ckESpfwGif ]]arm&d,aeYpOfowif;pm}} t,f'DwmcsKyf
tjzpf vkyfudkifcJhonf/
xdkYaemuf tvkyfrSxGufNyD;ynmqufvufqnf;yl;&if;? armf'ifbm;rm;
wdkif;owif;pmwGif vufaxmuft,f'Dwm? xdkYaemuf ysOf;rem;trsdK;om;ausmif;-
ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf &efukefodkYjyefvmNyD; '*kef
r*¾Zif;? A[dkodyÜHr*¾Zif;? wuúodkvfodyÜHr*¾Zif;? wdk;wufa&;r*¾Zif;? q,foef;*sme,f?
arm&d,aeYpOfowif;pm? &efukefaeYpOfowif;pmESifh pwl;'ifh0g;t*Fvdyfowif;pm
wdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf trIxrf;cJhonf/
OD;armifarmifBuD;onf &efukefNrdKUAk'bmomESifh urÇmhqufqHa&;tzGJUBuD;\
twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiH pma&;q&mtoif;Ouú|tjzpfvnf;
aumif; wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;armifarmifBuD;jyKpkcJhaompmtkyfrsm;rSm- tdrfaxmifOD;½IbG,fusrf;?
jcaoFhpdwf? jrefrmpmjyK pmqdkyk*¾dKvfausmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwdåaygif;csKyf (1955)? jrefrmh½dk;&m
qifwefqm (1964)? pmay0wfqH (1964-1971)? okwaMu;rHk (1966)?
udk,fwdkifa&;tw¬KyÜwåd? '*kefewf&Sif\ b0c&D;pOf (1974) wdkYudkjyKpkcJhonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 153
OD;armifarmifBuD;onf '*kefewf&Sifuavmiftrnfjzifh 1983 ckESpf okwya'
om (0dZÆmynm)bmom&yfwGif jrefrmh½dk;&m udef;*Pef;ocsFmpmtkyfjzifh trsdK;om;
pmayqk &&SdcJhonf/
1955 ckESpfu jrefrmpmjyK pmqdkyk*¾Kdvfausmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwådpmtkyfjzifh pmay
Adrmef okwya'omqk &&SdcJhonf/
OD;armifarmifBuD;onf 1989 ckESpf? arv 12 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü
uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-53-54/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-53-54/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-53-54/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-53-54/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-53-54/
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef/ pm-141-142/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef/ pm-141-142/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef/ pm-141-142/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef/ pm-141-142/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef/ pm-141-142/
154 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;armifvGif (jrrsK d;vGif)OD;armifvGif (jrrsK d;vGif)OD;armifvGif (jrrsK d;vGif)OD;armifvGif (jrrsK d;vGif)OD;armifvGif (jrrsK d;vGif)
pma&;q&m jrrsKd;vGif trnfcH owif;pmq&m
OD;armifvGifudk rEÅav;NrdKU? oD&da[rm&yfuGuf? yvdkif;&yfü
tzOD;rTef; (OD;&Tef;) trd a':qdkifwdkYrS 1902ckESpf? 'DZifbm
2 &ufaeYwGifarG;zGm;onf/ trnf&if;rSm armifvGifjzpfonf/
OD;armifvGifonf pdefYyDwmausmif;wGif rlvwef;ynm pwifoif,lcJhonf/
1919 ckESpfwGif owårwef;atmifjrifNyD; u,fvDausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TU ynm
oif,lcJhonf/ ausmif;rSxGufNyD; opfukefonfvkyfudkifcJhonf/ ,if;aemuf
OD;av;awmfol ausmufukefonfxHaexdkifNyD; ausmufukefonf0ifvkyf&if;ESifh
ausmufaoG;&onf/ OD;armifvGifonf t*Fvdyfpm a&;wwfzwfwwfaomaMumifh
OD;av;\ ausmufta&mif;t0,fESifhywfoufonfh jyifopfrSvmaompmrsm;udk
zwfay;&jcif;? jyefpm a&;ay;&jcif;udkyg wGJzufvkyfudkif&onf/
OD;armifvGifonf 1920 jynfhESpfwGif oHawmfqifhowif;pmü aqmif;yg;rsm;
pwifa&;om;cJhonf/ 1924 ckESpfwGif aomfur,f0w¬Kjzifh uavmiftrnfudk
jrrsKd;vGif[k cH,lum pmaye,fxJodkY ajcpHkypf0ifvdkufonf/ xdkESpfrSpNyD; 'kwd,
urÇmppfrjzpfrDumvtxd av;yJwef0w¬Krsm;udk ta&;tom;aumif;aumif;?
a&;tm;aumif;aumif;jzifh av;yJwef0w¬Kacwf xlaxmifol[kqdk&avmufatmif
atmifjrifcJhonf/
OD;armifvGifonf 1930 jynfhESpfwGif NAdwdoQbm;rm;ukrÜPDü ZmwfñTef;rsm;
a&;om;cJhonf/ 1950 jynfESpfwGif [pfwdkifowif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyfESifh txufArm
EdkifiH pma&;q&mrsm;toif;Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;armifvGifonf wpfvdrfESpfvdrf? a0hv,fv,f? vGrf;wajrUajrU0w¬Krsm;tm;
udk,fwdkif'g½dkufwmvkyfum ½dkuful;cJhonf/
OD;armifvGifonf 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&Snfaygif; (700) ausmfudk uavmiftrnf
cGJaygif; (100) ausmfjzifha&;om;cJhonf/
OD;armifvGif\ uavmiftrnftcsKdUrSm jrrsKd;vGif? ycef;om;? ykn? zdk;ref;?
rif;pEm? rif;wkef;armifynm? a&TpGefñdk? 0dZ,? omajAm? okawoD ponfjzifhjzpfonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 155
OD;armifvGif a&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;teuf tcsKdUudkazmfjy&vsif u½kPm?
auoD? umrydkif? udkrmC? udk;em&D? udk,fydkifvif? udk,f&Edk;? udk,fa&mpdwfyg?
usrsuf&nf? aus;Zl;&Sif? ausmf0buGef;? ausmif;olav;? apmifhawmfrl? cifvif&NyD?
cspfMupdkY? cspfpdkYvm;? cspfpcifp? cspforQudk? ajcmufjypfuif;? pmwdkpmp? apmifhawmfrl?
ppfaoG;[kef? pGJayghpGJaygh? q&mr? wckvyf? wpfnvHk;? wpfywf&pf? wa,moH?
awmfygwefyg? awmif;ñdkurdIif;? wdkYrsufvHk;? 'gtysKdwJh? 'kdYaumvdyf? 'dkYESpfudk,f? 'kdYzl;pm?
ea0wdrfawmif? aemifb0? EGJYqkd;? ESpfudk,fawGY? ESpfwpf&m? yvDtdk;r? ysKdatmufarh
w,f? Armr? bHkypönf; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
OD;armifvGifonf 1970 jynfhESpf? pufwifbmv 11 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;
NrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd?
pm 351-354/pm 351-354/pm 351-354/pm 351-354/pm 351-354/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) odrSwfzG,f&mud k,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;?odrSwfzG,f&mud k,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;?odrSwfzG,f&mud k,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;?odrSwfzG,f&mud k,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;?odrSwfzG,f&mud k,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;?
pm-302/pm-302/pm-302/pm-302/pm-302/
156 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;rsK d;ñGef Y (&efukefrsK d;oefY)OD;rsK d;ñGef Y (&efukefrsK d;oefY)OD;rsK d;ñGef Y (&efukefrsK d;oefY)OD;rsK d;ñGef Y (&efukefrsK d;oefY)OD;rsK d;ñGef Y (&efukefrsK d;oefY)
owif;pmq&m OD;rsKd;ñGefY (&efukef rsKd;oefY) udk 1928
ckESpf? pufwif bmv 5 &ufaeYwGif BudKUyifaumufNrdKUe,fü
OD;bdk;xGef;? a':jrpf wdkYrS zGm;jrifonf/ trnf&if;rSm OD;rsKd;ñGefY
jzpfonf/
OD;rsKd;ñGefYonf &efukefNrdKU? aomfrqifvrf;? bDtD;wDausmif;wGif pwif
ynmoif,lcJhonf/ 1945-46 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU? uHbJhwuúodkvf0ifausmif;rS
10 wef; atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1946-47 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfwGif yxrESpf
Oypmwef;udkvnf;aumif;? 1947 - 48 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,ESpfOypmwef;udkvnf;aumif;
oif,lcJhonf/
OD;rsKd;ñGefYonf 1946-1951 ckESpftxd &efukefNrdKU? a&0ef½Hk;wGif pma&;
tjzpftrIxrf;cJhonf/ 1951 ckESpfrS 1967 ckESpftxd &efukefNrdKU tar&duef
jyefMum;a&;XmewGif ,Ofaus;rIt&m&Sdtjzpfvnf;aumif;? tBuHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf
vnf;aumif;trIxrf;cJhonf/ 1968 ckESpfrS 1974 ckESpftxd pmaya&;om;jcif;?
ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm;yHkESdyfjcif;wdkYudk vkyfudkifcJhonf/ xdkaemuf 1975 ckESpfrS 1992
ckESpf uG,fvGefcsdeftxd *syefEdkifiH? ,dkrD,l&Dowif;pmESifh tDwvDEdkifiH tefqm
owif;Xmeudkudk,fpm;jyKaom owif;pmq&mtjzpf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKcJh
onf/
OD;rsKd;ñGefYonf jynfolYtusKd;jyKaqmif;ygrsm;udk owif;pm? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;
rsm;wGif tajrmuftjrm;jyKpka&;om;cJhonf/ vlopf jynfopf? urÇmwpfywf? usef;rm
&Tifvef; jynfhwufvrf;? *syefjrefrmcspfMunfa&;twGuf OD;wnfa&;om;aom
*syefb0"avh? udk,fawGY*syefrsufESmpmponfjziffh pmtkyf (11) tkyfjyKpka&;om;
cJhonf/ 1967 ckESpftwGuf trsKd;om;pmayqkudk ]]usef;rm&Tifvef;jynfhwufvrf;}}
pmtkyfjzifh (okwya'om) qk&&SdcJhonf/
OD;rsK d;ñGefYonf 1957 ckESpf tar&dueftpdk;&\ zdwfMum;csuft&
tar&duefodkY av;vMum avhvma&;c&D;oGm;cJhonff/ 1982 ckESpfwGif ,dkrD,l&D
owif;pm\ zdwfMum;csuft& *syefEdkifiHodkYoGm;a&mufcJhonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 157
OD;rsKd;ñGefYonf ruG,fvGefrD a&SUwef;a&mufwyfrawmfom;rsm;udk *kPfjyK
aomtm;jzifh trSwf (2) wyfrawmfaq;½HkBuD;wGif wufa&mufukoaeMuaom
vlemrsm;toHk;jyK&ef wefzdk;aiGusyf av;aomif;cefY&Sdaom aq;½HkoHk;ypönf;rsm;udk
vSL'gef;cJhonf/
OD;rsKd;ñGefYonf 1992 ckESpf? rwfv 10 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef
cJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1993) pm-276/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1993) pm-276/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1993) pm-276/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1993) pm-276/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1993) pm-276/
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;?
pm-284-285/pm-284-285/pm-284-285/pm-284-285/pm-284-285/
158 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;jroef; (jroef;wifh)OD;jroef; (jroef;wifh)OD;jroef; (jroef;wifh)OD;jroef; (jroef;wifh)OD;jroef; (jroef;wifh)
pma&;q&m jroef;wif htrnfcH owif;pmq&m
OD;jroef;udk 1929ck? arv 23 &ufaeYwGif yckuúLc½dkif? NrdKifNrdKUü
tz OD;aygwifhESifh trd a':vdIif wkdYrS arG;zGm;cJhonf/
OD;jroef;onf NrdKifNrdKU? wdkif;&if;jrefrm txufwef;
ausmif;ESifh yckuúLNrdKU jrefrmt*Fvdyf Ak'bmom txufwef;ausmif;wk d YwGif ynm
oif,lcJ honf/ 1947 ckESp fwGif wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJatmifjrifcJhNyD; 1948
ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfodkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/ 1954 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbGJY &&SdcJhNyD;?
1956 ckESpfwGif Oya'bGJY&&SdcJhonf/
OD;jroef;onf 1943 ckESpfwGiftm&Svli,ftzGJYodkYvnf;aumif;? 1944-45
ckESpfrsm;wGif zufqpfawmfvSefa&; ajratmufvIyf&Sm;rI? rEÅav;c½dkif txuf
jrefrmjynf zqyvtzGJYcsKyf? rEÅav;c½dkifuGefjrLepfygwDESifh? jrif;NcHc½kdif tvkyform;
or*¾? v,form;or*¾wdkYwGif tvkyftrIaqmiftjzpf 1945 ckESpfrS 1947
ckESpftxdaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif yckuúLc½dkif? ausmif;om;or*¾Ouú|
tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1950jynfhESpf pmayopfr*¾Zif;udk OD;aqmifxkwfa0
olrsm;wGif wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/
OD;jroef;onf urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&uf (jrefrmEdkifiH) tvkyftrIaqmif
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif; tvkyftrIaqmiftjzpf
vnf;aumif;? pma&;q&mtoif;\]]pmayr*¾Zif;}} wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;
aumif;? jynfawmfopf*sme,f t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/
1952 ckESpfwGif ]]wdk;wufa&; owif;pm}} EdkkifiHjcm;a&;t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumiff;
aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; A[dkaumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL;
tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhNyD;? 1958 ckESpf udkudk;uRef;wGif txdef;odrf;cHb0jzifhaecJh&onf/
1960 ckESpfwGif pma&;q&muvyf trIaqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1962 ckESpfwGif
pma&;q&mor*¾trIaqmiftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1963 ckESpf jynfolYwdk;wufa&;
ygwDay:vpfAsL½d ktzGJ Y0if jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ Y0ifESif h jynfolYaumfrwD
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 159
tzGJY0ifwdkYtjzpf yg0ifcJhNyD;? 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf txdef;todrf;cHb0jzifh udkudk;uRef;
wGif 1963 ckESpfrS 1972 ckESpftxd aecJh&onf/ OD;0if;OD; uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf
pEmr*¾Zif;wGif acwåvkyfudkifcJhonf/ 1961 ckESpfwGif qGD'ifEdkifiH? qdkAD,uf,leD,HESifh
w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufcJhonf/
OD;jroef;\ uavmifcGJrsm;rSm jroef;wifh? jroef;? armifopfwnf? apm,Grf;?
xufatmif? ararvdIif? rif;eE´m? &JatmifaZ? tkwfvSi,f? aZmwdu ponfwdkY
jzpfonf/ pmrsKd;pHkpmtkyfaygif; (100) cefY jyKpkcJhonf/ xif&Sm;aomvuf&mtcsKdUrSm
arwåmtoacsF? vdkufcJhawmhjreE´m? "m;awmifudkausmfírD;yifv,fudkjzwfrnf?
uRefawmfqufía&;csifaom0w¬Krsm;? arSmf½Hk kawmrSmarmvSNyD? yg&DusqHk;cef;?
a&TjynfawmfarQmfwdkif;a0;? avvGifhol? a&yGufyrm? acwfay:EdkifiHwum uAsm&Snf
oHk;yk'f? ESpfq,f&mpkEdkifiH&yfjcm;uAsmrsm;? ordkif;xJurEÅav;-rEÅav;xJuordkif;?
awmiforefa&Ttif;u avn§if;aqmfawmh wdkYjzpfonf/
trsKd;om;pmay bmomjyefqk& pmtkyfrsm;rSm ppfESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&; (1972)?
av½l;okefokef (1978)? cef;aqmifeD tdrfruf (1988)? okcNrdKUawmf (1992)? tcspf
rdk;aumif;uif (1995) wdkYjzpfMuonf/
OD;jroef;onf 1998 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 18 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU
jynfolYaq;½HkBuD;ü uG,fvGefonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 2? pm - 323 - 341/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 2? pm - 323 - 341/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 2? pm - 323 - 341/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 2? pm - 323 - 341/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 2? pm - 323 - 341/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) ewfEG,f? rdrdESif h pma&;q&mrsm;/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif h pma&;q&mrsm;/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif h pma&;q&mrsm;/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif h pma&;q&mrsm;/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif h pma&;q&mrsm;/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1999)? pm-241-243/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1999)? pm-241-243/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1999)? pm-241-243/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1999)? pm-241-243/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1999)? pm-241-243/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm - 29 - 32/jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm - 29 - 32/jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm - 29 - 32/jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm - 29 - 32/jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm - 29 - 32/
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) &mjynfhOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk? jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk? jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk? jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk? jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk? jrefrmpma&;q&m (100)?(100)?(100)?(100)?(100)?
pm-154-156/pm-154-156/pm-154-156/pm-154-156/pm-154-156/
160 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;jrifY ('g½kdufwmq&mjrifY)OD;jrifY ('g½kdufwmq&mjrifY)OD;jrifY ('g½kdufwmq&mjrifY)OD;jrifY ('g½kdufwmq&mjrifY)OD;jrifY ('g½kdufwmq&mjrifY)
owif;pmq&mOD;jrifYudk tz OD;omaAsmESifh trd
a':a&T&D wdkYrS wGHaw;NrdKUü 1898 ckESpf? {NyDv 19 &ufaeYwGif
zGm;jrifonf/ i,frnfrSm armifpHjrifhjzpfNyD; trnf&if;rSm
OD;jrif Y jzpfonf/ uavmiftrnfrSm 'g½d kufwmq&mjrifY
jzpfonf/
OD;jrifYonf wGHaw;NrdKU? vTpifydkif; OD;apmvdIifausmif;rS ckepfwef;atmifjrif
NyD;aemuf &efukefNrdKU ul&Sifausmif;wGif qufvufynmqnf;yl;onf/ i,fpOfuyif
tEkynm0goemxHkcJYNyD; qufvufynmqnf;yl;onf/ i,fpOfuyif tEkynm
0goemxHkcJYNyD; tpfr0rf;uGJ rdef;rrif;om; a':pdefrdk;ZmwfobifodkY0ifa&mufum
vufaxmufrif;om;b0rS tysdKawmfrif;orD;txd oif,lavYvmcJYzl;onf/
uAsmvuFmq&mBuD; bdkuav; OD;ouf&SnfxHwGif uAsmvuFmqnf;yl;cJYonf/
1921-22 ckESpf wpfrwfwef0w¬KacwfwGif OD;wkdif;ausmfuavmiftrnfjzifh
0w¬Krsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 1923 ckESpfwGif a&TOa'gif;½kyf&SifukrÜPDwGif 'g½dkufwmtjzpf
0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJYonf/
OD;jrifYonf ½kyf&Sife,frSxGufNyD; 1929 ckESpfwGif rEÅav; wkdif;cspfowif;pmü
vufaxmuft,f'DwmESifh rEÅav;r*¾Zif;wGif wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;
aumif;? 1931 ckESpfwGif oDaygNrdKUrS 15 &uf wpfBudrfxkwfa0onfY &wemoD[
*sme,fwGif t,f'DwmtjzpfvkyfudkifaepOf NAdwdoQbm;rm;½kyf&SifukrÜPDu jyefac:
ojzifY ½kyf&Sife,fokdY jyef0ifcJhjyefonf/
OD;jrifYonf 1938 ckESpfwGif w½kwfjrefrmvrf;rBuD;azmufvkyfcsdefwGif
jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm\ e,fjcm;c&D;oGm; owif;axmuftjzpfwm0ef,lcJY&onf/
1940 jynfYESpfwGif yJa&mYukrÜPDü 'g½dkufwmvkyfí 'dkYvlrsdK;ESifhewfaygif;pHk trnf&Sd
pmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJh&m tpdk;&\ odrf;qnf;jcif;cH&onf/
OD;jrifYonf ½kyf&SifavmuwGif&SdpOf ]]&*HkaAG}}? ]]aiGawmifol}} ponfY
&Srf;jynfe,faemufcHZmwfum;rsm;udk ½dkuful;cJYonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif;u
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 161
jrefrmYtvif;? ol&d,? ArmYacwfowif;pmrsm;twGuf zsmyHkowif;axmuf vkyfcJh
avonf/ ppftNyD; 1945 ckESpfwGif &efukefokdYvmí NrdKifjyZmwftzGJYü 'g½dkufwm
vkyfonf/ ol\xif&Sm;aomvuf&mrsm;rSm vlysdKUtdwfaqmif? tysdKacsmYenf;
edó&nf;? ewfESifY 0dZÆm? 'kdYvlrsdK;ESifh ewfaygif;pHk? &Srf;jynfaMu;rHk? ajrjrifYqDrS
aoG;csif;rsm; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
OD;jrifYonf OD;wkdif;vHk;ausmf (OD;wdkif;ausmf) ? [HomjrifY? 'g½dkufwmq&mjrifY
uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifY pmtkyfrsm;tjyif? aqmif;yg;aygif; (75) yk'fausmfa&;om;
cJYonf/
OD;jrifYonf &Srf;jynfaMu;rHkpmtkyfjzifY 1963 ckESpf tEkynmpmayqdkif&m?
jrefrmY,Ofaus;rIESifY tEkynmqdkif&m pmaypwkw¬qk&&SdcJYonf/
OD;jrifYonf 1970 jynfYESpf? arv 20 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef
cJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;?
pm 158-159/pm 158-159/pm 158-159/pm 158-159/pm 158-159/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) pHjywifOD;? jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;tbd"mef?pHjywifOD;? jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;tbd"mef?pHjywifOD;? jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;tbd"mef?pHjywifOD;? jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;tbd"mef?pHjywifOD;? jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;tbd"mef?
pm 238-240/pm 238-240/pm 238-240/pm 238-240/pm 238-240/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) &mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?100?100?100?100?
pm 23-24/pm 23-24/pm 23-24/pm 23-24/pm 23-24/
162 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;jrifhvdIif (rif;aqG)OD;jrifhvdIif (rif;aqG)OD;jrifhvdIif (rif;aqG)OD;jrifhvdIif (rif;aqG)OD;jrifhvdIif (rif;aqG)
owif;pmq&mOD;jrifhvdIifudk armfvNrdKifNrdKUü 1910
jynfhESpf? ZGefv 8 &ufaeYwGifarG;zGm;cJhonf/ i,fpOfuyif rdb
ESpfyg;uG,fvGefcJhonf/ zcifrSm yef;yJq&mBuD;jzpfonf/
i,frnfrSm armifcspfvdIifac: armifjrifhvdIifjzpfonf/
OD;jrifhvdIifonf yDrdk;eif;\ ]]yifeef;&HaqG i,fuRrf;aqG}} udk zwfrd&mrS
pma&;q&mjzpf&ef &nfpl;cJhonf/ 1935 ckESpf0ef;usif '*kefr*¾Zif;wGif ]]a&TNrdKifñGefU}}
uavmiftrnf,lNyD; ]]wpfoHk;vHk;}}pHkaxmuf0w¬Kudk pwifa&;cJhonf/ ]]&efolYarwåm}}
pkHaxmuf0w¬K? tdkifaq;a,mufz? tdkifv(zf),l? vlyg;0wJhtaumif ponfh[moESifh
tjcm;aom 0w¬Kwdk&Snfrsm;udk qufvufa&;om;cJhhonf/
1935 ckESpf? {NyDv 5 &ufwGif&efukefodkYajymif;cJhonf/ &efukefa&ausmf
&yfwGif oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtdrfiSm;í pkaeMuonf/ t&if;EDS;qHk;pmayrdwfaqGrsm;
xJrSm &JxGwf ( OD;aomf)? &Jordef (rCukefpHkqdkif&SifOD;bBudKif)? rif;atmifwdkY
jzpfMuonf/ &efukefa&mufprSmyif ]]c,frysKd}} vHk;csif;pmtkyfudk ODbqef;tif
qef;wdk;wufa&;0w¬Kwdkufu xkwfa0vdkufonfrS emrnf&vmNyD; tjcm;0w¬Kwdkuf
rsm;uvnf; tvkyftyfESHvmMuonf/
OD;jrihfvdIifonf AEKvowif;pmwGif q&mBuD;yDrdk;eif;t,f'DwmcsKyfvkyfpOf
wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhzl;onf/ wpfcgaomf q&mBuD;yDrdk;eif;a&;onfh
owif;pm tcef;quf0w¬K&SnfBuD;wpfyk'fwGif q&mBuD;½kwfw&ufrusef;rmcdkuf
0ifa&mufa&;om; ay;cJhzl;onf/
*syefacwfwGif yJcl;ausmufwef;? uGrfaygif&GmwdkYwGifaecJhonf/ armfvNrdKif
tpdk;txufwef;ausmif;&efyHkaiGwGif jyZmwf'g&dkufwmvkyfcJh&mrS vlBudKufrsm;NyD;
armfvNrdKif0ef;usifodk Y vSnfhvnfajzazsmfcJ h&onf/ Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h
tmZmenfBuD;rsm; usqHk;NyD;ptcsdefcefYü ol&d,owif;pmwdkufwGif vcpm;tjzpf
0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonf/ rMumrD EkwfxGufvdkufNyD; udk,fydkifMu,feDpmtkyfwdkufudk
wnfaxmifonf/ olbk igabmuf? vlcsif;rwl? "m; ('kwd,tBudrf) ESifh eifhuvJhpm;
wdkYudkxkwfa0cJhonf/ xdkumvrSmyif rusef;rrmjzpfvmonf/ wpfNydKifeufwnf;
vdkvdkyif t&if;ESD;qHk;pma&;q&m &JxGwfuG,fvGefoGm;jcif;? tcspfqHk;wl OD;atmifjrifh
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 163
(usdKu©rD qm;zdkydkif&Sif) &efukefrSarmfvNrdKifodkYtjyef (14-3-49) wGif av,mOf
ysufusuG,fvGefjcif; xkdYaMumifh pdwfESvHk;txl;xdcdkufaMuuGJcJh&onf/ odkYjzifh ]]1949
ckESpf? Zlvdkif 26 &ufaeYwGif aq;ukvmonfhq&mtwGuf aq;vdyf0,f&ef
aetdrfrSxGufoGm;&m ,aeYtxdaysmufqHk;}} cJh&awmhonf/
1935 ckESpfrS 1946 ckESpfxd xkwfa0cJhonfh pmayvuf&mrsm;teuftcsKdUrSm
c,frysKd? vlyg;0wJhtaumif? uRefruH? trm? &nf;pm;xm;csdef? tysKdav;eJYwl?
xdkoP²mef? ajzvnf;rajy? tdkifvyf(A),l? cspfEdk;a,mif? olcspfudk&Sm? odef;xD?
armifyGifhaumif; oef;oef;? vGrf;ydkatmif? tdkifaq;a,mufz? rEdkifiH? cspfwJhn?
paer? olbk igabmuf? aus;Zl;&Sif? yGifhcsdefwef? tydk;cHr? vif? aoG;? ppfajy;r? "g;?
tcspfESifhwdkif;jynf? uvJhpm;ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
1946 ckESpf rS olaysmufqHk;oGm;onfhtxd aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;wGif
tzufrwef? pma&;q&m? tazsmufr? pGJvrf;ol? MuHKavbHkabG? (vlcsif;rwl)
aphpyfa&;? olrodav? rdkuf½l;&J? rESif;qDponfjzifh0w¬K (36) yk'fa&;om;cJhonf/
,if;wdkYteuf "m;0w¬Kudk rsdK;jrifh&efaemif (1950)? vif (1951)? rEdkifiH0w¬Kudk
pGJpGJNrJNrJ (1952)? vlcsif;rwl0w¬Kudk MuHKavbHkabG (1953)? cspfwJhn0w¬Kudk
uBuD;a&u trnfrsm;jzifh ½kyf&Sif½dkufcJhMuonf/ "m;0w¬Konf jrefrmouú&mZf 1305
ckESpf? pma&;q&mtoif; 0w¬Kqkudk&&SdcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-
442-443/442-443/442-443/442-443/442-443/
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) jynfhpH k ? aysmufqHk;aeaompma&;q&m?jynfhpH k ? aysmufqHk;aeaompma&;q&m?jynfhpH k ? aysmufqHk;aeaompma&;q&m?jynfhpH k ? aysmufqHk;aeaompma&;q&m?jynfhpH k ? aysmufqHk;aeaompma&;q&m?
aoG;aomuf (ar-1951)? pm37-39ESif h69/aoG;aomuf (ar-1951)? pm37-39ESif h69/aoG;aomuf (ar-1951)? pm37-39ESif h69/aoG;aomuf (ar-1951)? pm37-39ESif h69/aoG;aomuf (ar-1951)? pm37-39ESif h69/
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3) armifoef;Ed kif? azaz rif;aqG? aoG;aomufarmifoef;Ed kif? azaz rif;aqG? aoG;aomufarmifoef;Ed kif? azaz rif;aqG? aoG;aomufarmifoef;Ed kif? azaz rif;aqG? aoG;aomufarmifoef;Ed kif? azaz rif;aqG? aoG;aomuf
(pufwifbm-1954) pm-69-73/(pufwifbm-1954) pm-69-73/(pufwifbm-1954) pm-69-73/(pufwifbm-1954) pm-69-73/(pufwifbm-1954) pm-69-73/
(4) (4) (4) (4) (4) armifoef;Ed kif? &JxGwfESif hrif;aqG?armifoef;Ed kif? &JxGwfESif hrif;aqG?armifoef;Ed kif? &JxGwfESif hrif;aqG?armifoef;Ed kif? &JxGwfESif hrif;aqG?armifoef;Ed kif? &JxGwfESif hrif;aqG?
aoG;aomuf (azazmf0g&D-1957) pm-42-44/aoG;aomuf (azazmf0g&D-1957) pm-42-44/aoG;aomuf (azazmf0g&D-1957) pm-42-44/aoG;aomuf (azazmf0g&D-1957) pm-42-44/aoG;aomuf (azazmf0g&D-1957) pm-42-44/
(5) (5) (5) (5) (5) atmifarmf (rif;aqGom;) rif;aqGb,frSmvJ?atmifarmf (rif;aqGom;) rif;aqGb,frSmvJ?atmifarmf (rif;aqGom;) rif;aqGb,frSmvJ?atmifarmf (rif;aqGom;) rif;aqGb,frSmvJ?atmifarmf (rif;aqGom;) rif;aqGb,frSmvJ?
½Ir0(ar-1960) pm-83-85/½Ir0(ar-1960) pm-83-85/½Ir0(ar-1960) pm-83-85/½Ir0(ar-1960) pm-83-85/½Ir0(ar-1960) pm-83-85/
(6) (6) (6) (6) (6) &mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpkjrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpkjrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpkjrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpkjrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpkjrefrmpma&;q&m
100? pm-45-47)/100? pm-45-47)/100? pm-45-47)/100? pm-45-47)/100? pm-45-47)/
164 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
owif;pmq&mOD;,karmifud k om,m0wDc½d ki f
MudKUyifaumufNrdKU? vSnf;wef;ü 1913 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 25
&ufwGif tb OD;om&ESifY trd a':rrMuD;wdkYrS arG;zGm;onf/
1932 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfodk Y wufa&muf
ynmoif,lcJ Yonf/ uGsefynmpepfuay;aombJGUud k r,lcsifawmY[kqdkum
1935 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfrSxGufcJYonf/
1931 ckESpfwGif '*kefr*¾Zif; t,f'DwmtzJGUwGifvnf;aumif;? 1938 ckESpfrS
1947 ckESpftxd jrefrmYtvif; owif;pmt,f'DwmtzJGUwGifvnf;aumif;
t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/
1947 ckESpf *syefacwfwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkufrS *syefwdk Y
zGifYvSpfaom *&dwfwm;at½Sowif;pmodkYa&TUí t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/
ppfMuD;jyD;p 1945 ckESpfwGif bm;rif;t*Fvdyfowif;pm? pD;yGm;a&;owif;pm
t,f'DwmtzJGYwdkYü t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1946 ckESpfrSpí 1960 jynfhESpf
txd &efukefowif;pmwdkufwGif wm0efcHyHkESdyfxkwfa0olESifY wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf
vkyfudkifcJYonf/
wpfcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifY OD;,karmifwdkY tMuD;tus,f pum;rsm;
cJYonf/ xdktcgu z.q.y.v taejzifY vuf½Hk;armfawmf,mOfESifY tjcm;
armfawmf,mOf vdkif;aygif;pHkwpfzJGYwnf; nDñGwfa&;twGuf wm0gvdef;&dS AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;tdrfü aqG;aEG;csdefjzpfonf/
AdkvfcsKyfu ]]cifAsm;wdkYr[kwfr[wfwmawGa&;w,f}} qdkum pwifjyD;
qlylawmYonf/ xdktcg OD;,karmifu ]]bmudkqdkvdkovJ}}vdkYar;onf/ AdkvfcsKyfu
]]rdrddudkvkyfMuHzdk Y MuHcJYw,fqdkwJYowif;udk cifAsm;a&;w,f? tJ'g[mrrSefbl;?
usKyfvdkwdkif;jynfeJY vlxkucspfwJYacgif;aqmifudk b,folu vkyfMuHzdkY MuHrvJ}}
ponfjzifYajymonf/
AdkvfcsKyfþuJYodkY ajymqdkjcif;rSm OD;,karmifvkyfudkifaom pD;yGm;a&;owif;pmrS
OD;,karmif (&efukefowif;pm OD;,karmif)OD;,karmif (&efukefowif;pm OD;,karmif)OD;,karmif (&efukefowif;pm OD;,karmif)OD;,karmif (&efukefowif;pm OD;,karmif)OD;,karmif (&efukefowif;pm OD;,karmif)
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 165
]]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk vkyfMuHzdkYMuHpnfcJYonfY}} owif;udk azmfjycJYaomaMumifY
jzpfonf/ OD;,karmifu t*Fvdyfvdkjyefajymonf/
]]uRefawmfwdkY[m b,fawmYrS rSm;wJYowif;udk ra&;bl;? rSefwmudk a&;w,f?
rSefwJYtaMumif;udkvnf; wpfaeYxGufay:vmygvdrfYr,f/ ray:vmcJh&ifvJ rSefwJY
twdkif; zGifhjyD;ajymygYr,f}} ajymí AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ESpfodrfYapcJYonf/
OD;,karmifonf '*kefr*¾Zif;t,f'DwmtzJGYwGifvnf;aumif;? at0rf;½kyf½Sif
toHzrf;? toHoGif;? ZmwfñTef;a&;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifjyD;aemuf
jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmodkY a&muf&dScJYonf/ OD;,karmifonf ½kyf½SifavmuESifY
qdkifonfhvkyfief;rsm;udk xl;jcm;pGmaqmif&GufcJYonf/
&efukefowif;pmwdkufwGif vkyfudkifaepOf 1952 ckESpfwGif OD;,karmifonf
tif'dkeD;½Sm;odkY wpfveD;yg;ESifY tar&duefEdkifiHodkY jrefrmEkdifiHowif;pmq&mtoif;
udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf av;vMumrQoGm;a&muf vnfywfcJYonf/ 1952 ckESpfrSmyif
tar&duefrS t*FvefodkYa&mufcJYonf/ pufwifbmv 30 &ufaeYwGif jyifopfEdkifiH
yg&DNrdKUodkYa&mufonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif ½k½Sm;EdkifiHodkY owif;pmq&mtzJGYESifY
vdkufygcJYonf/
OD;,karmifudk 1959 ckESpfwGif ta&;ay:pDrHrI ,m,Djyifqifcsuf tufOya'
yk'fr 5u (1) ct& zrf;qD;ta&;,lcJYonf/ &efukefowif;pmwdkufudkvnf; csdwfydwf
vdkufonf/ OD;,karmif arv 8 &ufaeYnwGif bm;vrf;tcsKyfaxmifüaecJYNyD;?
arv 9 &ufaeYwGiftxl;wef;&í &efukefaxmifBuD;odkY ajymif;aecJY&onf/
xdktcsdefu OD;,karmif\ axmifeHygwfrSm (1916) jzpfonf/
axmifwGif;ü trsd K;om;atmifyJ GaeYud kusif;ycJ Yonf/ axmifwGif;
trsdK;om;atmifyJGaeYudk Edk0ifbmv 24 &ufaeYwGifusif;y&m OD;,karmif obmywd
tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufjcif;cHcJY&onf/ usif;y&mtaqmifrSm &efukefaxmifMuD;
twGif;½dS tdyfaqmifeHygwf (5) wGifjzpfonf/ OD;,karmifu urÇmppfrsm;ESifY
jrefrmEdkifiHa&;ordkif;udk oHk;oyfa0zef ajymqdkcJYonf/ vli,fOD;pdk;rif;? &cdkif&HjzL
udkomxGef;? vli,fudkpdefvSESifY AdkvfrSL;cspfaumif;wdkYuvnf; rdefYcGef;ajymonf/
166 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
Edk0ifbmv 27 &ufaeYwGif axmifwGif;trsdK;om;aeY usif;yonfY trIudk
axmifydkif0efrsm;uppfjyD; avQmY&ufjzwfum rdk;MudK;wdkuf wpfv? wdkufydwf&uf
trdefYcsojzifY? OD;,karmif? OD;pdk;rif;? udkomxGef;? udkpdefvS? AdkvfrSL;cspfaumif;? udkodef;ZH
wdkY wdkufydwfcH&onf/ OD;,karmifwdkYu axmifrif;MuD;xH pmwif&efcGifYawmif;onf/
axmifydkif0efu jiif;onf/ xdkYaMumifY 'DZifbmv 1 &ufaeYwGif wdkufydwfcH&olwdkYu
vdkvm;csuf r&í tpmiwfcH qEjyumawmif;qdkMuonf/ xdkodkY tpmiwfcH&mwGif
OD;,karmifu t"duyg0ifcJYonf/ 'DZifbm 3 &ufaeYwGif AdkvfrSL; cspfaumif;
½H k;wuf&aomaeYjzpfonf/ Ad kvfrSL;cspfaumif;u &efukef ta&;yd kifc&d kif
&mZ0wfw&m;olMuD;tm; trsdK;om;aeYusif;yí axmifwGif;ü t,f'Dwm
OD;,karmifESifY olwdkYwdkufydwfcH&onf/ þodkYvkyfjcif;rSm rsdK;cspfpdwfudk csdK;ESdrf&m
a&mufaMumif; avQmufxm;um vTwf&ef ta&;qdkxm;onfYowif;udk owif;pmrsm;ü
zwf½I&onf/ 4if;aeY nae 5 em&D 15 rdepfcefYwGif OD;,karmifwdkY wdkufydwfcH&rIrS
vGwfMuaom owif;udk Mum;&onf/
OD;,karmif 'DZifbm 19 &ufaeYwGif axmifrSvGwfonf/ OD;,karmif
axmifxJwGif 7 vESifY 11 &ufMumcJYonf/ 1960 jynfYESpf? rwfv 30 &ufaeYwGif
&efukefowif;pm jyefvnfxGufvmonf/ t,f'DwmESifY yHkES dyfxkwfa0olrSm
OD;,karmifyifjzpfonf/
1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeY wyfrawmfrS tmPmodrf;,laomaeYwGif
&e fuke fowif;pmud k av;rsufE Sm naeowif;tjzpf xkwfa0cJ Yonf/
xdkESpfpme,fZif;aumifpDudk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&vufxufwGif zJGYpnf;&m
OD;,karmifrSm aumifpD0ifvlMuD; jzpfcJ Yonf/ pme,fZif;aumifpD Ouú|rSm
OD;xGef;azjzpfonf/
1962 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 31 &ufaeYwGif urÇmat;ukef;ajrü usif;yaom
owif;axmufrsm; &ufwdkoifwef;wGif OD;,karmifu owif;pmxkwfvkyfjcif;
taMumif;udk oifwef;ü ydkYcscJYonf/ aemifaomtcg OD;,karmifrSm pme,fZif;
aumifpD Ouú| jzpfvmcJYonf/ aemufqHk;wGif pmayvkyfom;tzJGYudk MudKqdkaomtm;jzifY
pme,fZif;aumifpDudk zsufodrf;cJhjyD; pmayvkyfom;tzJGYodkY0ifcJYonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 167
OD;,karmiftm; owif;pmwdkufMuD;wpfwdkufwGif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wm0ef
,lyg&ef wm0efay;tyfcJYaomfvnf;? &efukefowif;pmwdkuftay:ü oHa,mZOf
MuD;rm;vSaom OD;,karmifonf &efukefowif;pmwdkufydkif½Sif OD;atmifjrifESifYrcJGbJ
at;twl? yltrQ vkyfudkifvsuf&dScJhonfrSm &efukefaeYpOfowif;pm ydwfodrf;csdef
txdjzpfonf/
OD;,karmifonf &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ cspfMunfa&;MunfñTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD;rsm;\ cspfMunfa&;MunfñTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD;rsm;\ cspfMunfa&;MunfñTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD;rsm;\ cspfMunfa&;MunfñTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD;rsm;\ cspfMunfa&;MunfñTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD;rsm;\
olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGYtMuHK? pm 119-169/ olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGYtMuHK? pm 119-169/ olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGYtMuHK? pm 119-169/ olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGYtMuHK? pm 119-169/ olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGYtMuHK? pm 119-169/
168 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;a,m (aZ,s)OD;a,m (aZ,s)OD;a,m (aZ,s)OD;a,m (aZ,s)OD;a,m (aZ,s)
pma&;q&m aZ,strnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;a,mudk
1900 jynfYESpf? Zlvdkifv 1 &ufaeYwGif yJcl;wdkif;? ZD;ukef;NrdKUü
usufoa&aqmif a&TpvG,f& opfawm0efaxmufMuD;
OD;cv,fESifh trd a':a&TMudK;wdkYrS arG;zGm;onf/ OD;cv,frSm
ZD;ukef;? c&pf,mefESpfjcif;toif;awmfOuú|vnf; jzpfonf/
OD;a,marG;ptcsdefwGif ZD;ukef;NrdKUodk Y udkzdk;uGef;? raxG;av;wdkYZmwf
vma&muf ujyonf/ xdkZmwfudk tpJGjyKjyD; ]] zdk;uGef;}} [kac:a0:Muonf/
toufav;ESpf&dSygrS ]]armifa,m½I}} [laom trnfudk ay;onf/ armifa,m½Iudk
pmwwfapcsifvGef;tm;MuD;aomaMumifY toufav;ESpft&G,fuyif (ig;ESpftxd
rapmifYbJ) ausmif;xm;onf/ ZD;ukef;NrdKU? atbDtrftv,fwef;ausmif;ü jzpfonf/
armifa,m½Ionf yxrwef;wGif oHk;ESpf? 'kwd,wef;wGif q&mruvufrcH
ojzifY? wwd,wef;odkYausmfwufcJY&onf/ wwd,wef;wGif oHk;ESpfaejyD; pmar;yJG
0ifrajz? ausmif;emrnfysufrnfpdk;í pwkw¬wef;odkY wifay;cJYonf/ pwkw¬wef;wGif
oHk;ESpfaejyD;vnf; ratmif? av;ESpfajrmuf0ifajzrS atmifonf/ ig;wef;wGif
ESpfESpfae&onf/
ig;wef;wGif ESpfESpfaejyD;rS ajcmufwef;a&mufonf/ xdkYaemufwGifum;
om,m0wDtxufwef;ausmif;wGif wpfESpf? jynfNrdKUtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif
ESpfESpfae&onf/ 1920 jynfYESpfwGif q,fwef;pmar;yJGudk t*Fvdyf? yx0D?
usef;rmjcif;? oHk;bmom*kPfxl;jzif Y atmifjrifonf/ ausmif;aepOfuyif
ausmif;vufa&; pmrlr*¾Zif;ü t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ xdkpOfu
armifa,mtrnfoHk;cJYonf/ 10 wef;ratmifjrifrDuyif jrefrmpmayudk txl;
avYvmvdkufpm;onf/
xdkYaemufynmqufoifcGifYr&bJ zciftvkyfXme opfawmbufwGif
0ifvkyfrnfMuHpOf? jynfNrdKUwGif ausmif;aezufjzpfcJYaom OD;armifarmifuav;
(jrefrmtaqGukrÜPD) vmac:í '*kefr*¾Zif;wGif pwifvkyfudkifcJYonf/ '*kefr*¾Zif;
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 169
yxrpmapmifrSmyif Adkvf&efatmif0w¬Kudk a&;onf/ xdkYaemuf jrwfav;a&T"m;Adkvf?
vdkufawmfrIcJY? a&T*sdK;jzL0w¬Krsm;udk a&;om;atmifjrifcJYonf/ pma&;q&mb0
a&mufatmif qHk;roGefoifenf;vrf;ñTefMum;cJYolrsm;um; ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;?
v,fwDy@dw OD;armifMuD;? yDrdk;eif;? ausmif;q&mMuD; OD;bdk;opfwdkYjzpfonf/
'*kefr*¾Zif;wGif aZ,suavmiftrnfjzifY pwifa&;om;onf/ aZ,s
uavmiftrnfa&G;yHkrSmvnf; pm;yJG&Sd tbd"mefpmtkyfudkrMunfYbJ vSefjyD; pmtkyf
tay:vufaxmufum us&mpmvHk;udk uavmiftrnf[k t"d|mefjyKcJYonf/ xdktcg
(Victory) pmvHk;ay: vufaxmufrdjyD;? jrefrmrIjyKum]]aZ,s}}[k trnfa&G;cJYygonf/
'*kefr*¾Zif;udk tpJGjyKí '*kefaZ,s[k oHk;cJhjyD; xdkYaemufrS aZ,sjzpfvmonf/
'*kefr*¾Zif;wGif av;ESpfcJGtvkyfvkyfjyD;aemuf EkwfxGufcJYonf/ aZ,s
owif;pmudk udk,fwdkifxkwfonf/ owif;pm[k trnfay;xm;aomfvnf; wpfywf
wpfMudrfxkwf av;yJwef (wpfrwfwef) *sme,fjzpfonf/ udk;vavmuftMumü
&yfvdkuf&onf/
xdkYaemuf vef'eftwfr*¾Zif;? NAdwdoQbm;rm;r*¾Zif;? "l0Hr*¾Zif;? "l0H*sme,f
wdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf tqifhqifhaqmif&GufcJYzl;onf/ aZ,sonf 1947 ckESpfwGif
jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;XmeodkY 0ifa&muftrIxrf;jyD; ñTefMum;a&;0ef&mxl;jzifY tNidrf;pm;
,lcJhonf/ tNidrf;pm;,ljyD;aemufydkif;wGif ordkif;aumfr&Sif? ,Ofaus;rIaumifpD jrefrm
pmayjyKpka&;ESifY bmomjyefaumfr&Sif? pmayAdrmef qka&G;cs,fa&;tzJGY ponfwdkYwGif
yg0ifaqmif&GufcJYonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHpma&; q&mtoif;Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJY
onf/
1930 jynfYESpfwGif jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;Xmeu xkwfa0aom olMuD;a*Zuf
owif;pmwGif vufaxmuft,f'Dwmtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1939 ckESpf?
olMuD;a*Zuf&yfqdkif;oGm;onfYtxd tptqHk;vkyfudkifcJYonf/ a*Zufowif;pmwGif
0w¬Kwdkig;&mcefY a&;om;cJYonf/ aZ,suavmiftrnftjyif rif;vusfm? oDv0if?
'dk;uav;? uavmiftrnfwdkYudkvnf; oHk;cJYonf/
aZ,sonf tapmydkif;umvrsm;u 0w¬Krsm;udkom txift½Sm;a&;om;cJYol
jzpfonf/ ½kyf½SifZmwfñTef;tawmfrsm;rsm;udkvnf; emrnfrcHbJ a&;om;cJYonf/
170 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
aZ,s\aqmif;yg;rsm;onf pum;ajyt&majrmufonf/ uAsmt&omudkvnf;
cHpm;Mu&onf/ 1944 ckESpfwGif bif[m&m\ ]]edyGefpdwf"mwf}} pmtkyfudk
bmomjyefqdkcJYonf/
1924 ckESpfwGif q&maZ,sonf ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;\ orD;MuD;a':jr&D
ESifY tdrfaxmifjyKcJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpfwGif 0PÖausmfxifbJGYudkvnf;aumif;? 1955
ckESpfwGif oD&dysHcsDbJGYudkvnf;aumif;&&dScJYonf/ t*FvefEdkifiHESifY w½kwfjynfolYor®w
EdkifiHrsm;odkY cspfMunfa&;c&D;oGm;a&mufcJYonf/ 1961 ckESpfwGif pmayAdrmef
pmya'omqkudk ]]jrefrmhrsufyGifY}} (&Gm"avY? vl"avY) pmtkyfjzifY &&dScJYonf/ 1966
ckESpfwGif wuúodkvf pdwfMudKufjrefrmpmtwGuf jy|mef;cH&onf/
q&maZ,sjyKpkcJYaom pmtkyftcsdKUrSm pmwdkayp? pmawGUigawGY? pmobif?
aZ,spmwrf;? aZ,s0w¬Kwdkrsm;? aZ,s\pm? awmMuD;rm,m? edyGefpdwf"mwf?
ArmYta&;ESifY tEkynmtaoG;? ArmjynfwdkufyJG? rdef;r? jrESif;EG,f? jrefrmhrsufyGifh
(pm"avh)? jrefrmhrsufyGifY (&Gm"avY? vl"avY) rSwfwrf;0if ArmYta&;tcif;rsm;?
vl? odef;av;q,f? tPkjrLwdkYjzpfMuonf/
OD;a,m (q&maZ,s)onf 1982 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 4 &ufaeYwGif
&efukefNrdKU prf;acsmif;NrdKUe,f? csrf;omvrf;? tdrftrSwf (5) ü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;
pm 93-95/pm 93-95/pm 93-95/pm 93-95/pm 93-95/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)
pm 188-189 /pm 188-189 /pm 188-189 /pm 188-189 /pm 188-189 /
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef-2? pm 199-200/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef-2? pm 199-200/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef-2? pm 199-200/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef-2? pm 199-200/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef-2? pm 199-200/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;-2? pm29-31/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;-2? pm29-31/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;-2? pm29-31/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;-2? pm29-31/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;-2? pm29-31/
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) armifokw?pmqkdawmfrsm;twåKyÜwå d ?armifokw?pmqkdawmfrsm;twåKyÜwå d ?armifokw?pmqkdawmfrsm;twåKyÜwå d ?armifokw?pmqkdawmfrsm;twåKyÜwå d ?armifokw?pmqkdawmfrsm;twåKyÜwå d ?
pm 378-380/pm 378-380/pm 378-380/pm 378-380/pm 378-380/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 171
OD;a&T (vif;,kefarmifarmif)OD;a&T (vif;,kefarmifarmif)OD;a&T (vif;,kefarmifarmif)OD;a&T (vif;,kefarmifarmif)OD;a&T (vif;,kefarmifarmif)
pma&;q&m vif;,kefarmifarmif trnfcH owif;
pmq&m OD;a&Tudk rHk&GmNrdKUü tz OD;atmifodef;ESifh trd
a':vSMunfwdkYu 1925 ckESpf? {NyDv 7 &ufwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/
OD;a&Tonf rHk&Gmq&mvS jrefrmpmoifausmif;wGif
rlvwef;? rdw¬Dvm trsdK;om;ausmif;? a&TbdkNrdKU? csrf;omBuD; tvGwfynmoif
ausmif;ESifh &efukef pdefaygvfausmif;wkdYwGif tv,fwef;? &efukefNrdKUrausmif;wGif
txufwef; (1945-46 ) atmifcJhNyD;? &efukefwuúodkvfodkY wufa&muf ynm
qnf;yl;cJhonf/ xdkpOfu z-q-y-v tzGJ YcsKyfrS OD;aqmifcJhom taxGaxG
oydwfBuD;wGif oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifcJhonf/
odkY&mwGif oydwfvSef&ef qHk;jzwfcsufudk rauseyfojzifh wuúodkvfOypmtxufwef;rS
tNyD;tydkif ausmif;xGufcJhonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfrwdkifrDu rHk&Gmc½dkifwdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;wGif ]]ocifa&T}} tjzpf
vnf;aumif;? *syefacwf 1942-45 wGif rHk&Gmc½dkiftm&Svli,ftpnf;t½Hk;
twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947 - 57 ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif EkdifiHa&;orm;
tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1939 ckESpf eef;&if;0efOD;yk rHk&GmodkYwdkif;cef;
vSnfhvnfvmpOf oydwfxm;onfhta&;aMumifh 14 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif tzrf;cHcJh
&onf/ odkYaomf xdktrIudk axmif'PfpD&ifcsuf&mwGif toufrjynfhojzifh axmifus
rcH&bJ vGwfcJhonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif yk'fr 5 jzifh rHk&Gmaxmif? rEÅav;axmifrsm;ü
aecJh&onf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif awmcdkzl;onf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif &efukefaxmifrS
vGwfajrmufcJhonf/ xdkUaemuf EdkifiHa&;avmurS vHk;0tem;,lum pmayavmu
wGif;odkY ajcpHkypf0ifcJhonf/ 1957 ckESpfwGif pma&;q&mAef;armfwifatmif OD;pD;
xkwfa0aom ]]vif;,ke f*sme,f} } ü t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef,lc J h&mrS
]]vif;,kefarmifarmif]] [lí uavmiftrnf&vmcJhonf/ 1958 - 59 ckESpfwGif
oruf? owif;q&mr ponfh qdkAD,uf0w¬Krsm; bmomjyefjcif;jzifh pmaye,fwGif
ajccscJhonf/
172 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;a&Tonf vif;,kefowif;pm (1959)? vrf;pOfowif;pm (1960)?
Adkvfwaxmif owif;pm (1961)? armfuGef;owif;r*¾Zif; (1962)? csif;wGif;*sme,f
(1964)? ½Ia'gifh*sme,f (1968)? ½kyf&Sifowif;pOf (1979)? vHkrav;r*¾Zif; (1985)?
ponfwdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf 10 ESpfausmfrQaqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;a&Tonf urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&uf (jrefrmEd kifiH)? jrefrmEd kifiH
pmayjyefYyGm;a&;toif; (1960) ESifh trsdK;om;pmaynDñGwfa&;tzGJY (1962) ponfh
tzGJYtpnf;rsm;wGifyg0ifcJhonf/
OD;a&Tonf vHk;csif;pmtkyf (50) ausmffcefYa&;om;cJhonf/ xif&Sm;aom
pmtkyftcsdKUrSm tdkufcref;\ i&Jcef; (1965)? [pfwvm (1965)? uyfpx½dk (1966)?
aoG;pGef;aomaeY&ufrsm; (1966)? ,aeYurÇm (1967)? acsa*GAm;&m; (1967)?
[dkcsDrif; (1970)? arSmifrdkufaomaeY&ufrsm; (1971)? tufzfbDtdkifrIcif;rsm; (1971)?
wdkYjzpfonf/
OD;a&Tonf 2002 ckESpf? arv 25 &ufwGif &efukefNrdKUaetdrfü uG,fvGef
cJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (2003)? pm - 279 - 280/(1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (2003)? pm - 279 - 280/(1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (2003)? pm - 279 - 280/(1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (2003)? pm - 279 - 280/(1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (2003)? pm - 279 - 280/
(2) &mjynfh OD;pd k;ñTef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?(2) &mjynfh OD;pd k;ñTef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?(2) &mjynfh OD;pd k;ñTef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?(2) &mjynfh OD;pd k;ñTef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?(2) &mjynfh OD;pd k;ñTef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?
pm-127-129/ pm-127-129/ pm-127-129/ pm-127-129/ pm-127-129/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 173
OD;a&TMuL; (a&TMuL;)OD;a&TMuL; (a&TMuL;)OD;a&TMuL; (a&TMuL;)OD;a&TMuL; (a&TMuL;)OD;a&TMuL; (a&TMuL;)
olvnf;jzpfonf/ pmayta&;tom;wGif txl;0goemxHkolwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/
OD;a&TMuL;onf jrefrmpmayESifhpme,fZif;avmuwGif ajymprSwf jyKavmuf
atmif tqef;xGifolvnf;jzpfonf/ a'gif;zwfpmudk pwifwDxGif xkwfa0olvnf;
jzpfonf/
]]u-unpfayrSmjcpf}}]]u-unpfayrSmjcpf}}]]u-unpfayrSmjcpf}}]]u-unpfayrSmjcpf}}]]u-unpfayrSmjcpf}} paom pmrsm;ray:rD ]]bl;oD;EkEkrcl;&}}]]bl;oD;EkEkrcl;&}}]]bl;oD;EkEkrcl;&}}]]bl;oD;EkEkrcl;&}}]]bl;oD;EkEkrcl;&}}paom
a'gif;wHqdyfjrefrmpm (oli,fwef;rS owårwef;txd a'gif;wHqdyfygzwfpmtkyf)
udk wDxGifolrSm OD;a&TMuL; jzpfonf/
OD;a&TMuL;onf a'gif;wHqdyfjrefrmpmopfudk pwifxkwfa0&efBuHpnfcJhol
jzpfonf/ ta&;tom;tm;vHk;twGuf t*¾r[my@dw q&mBuD;OD;vif;u wm0ef
,lcJh&onf/
OD;a&TMuL;onf yxrurÇmppfBuD;rjzpfrDuyif &efukefNrdKUwGif vma&muf
zGifhvSpfaeaom *smrefpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;bufwGif tawmftweftawGUtBuHK
A[kokwrsm;&&SdcJhonf/ 1271 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKYbm;vrf; trSwf (50) wGif
]]a&TMuL;ukrÜPD}}[laomtrnfjzifh ukrÜPDzGif hvSpfcJ honf/ ,if;ukrÜPDonf
xD;vkyfief;? puf,ufuef;vkyfief;? ajrMoZmvkyfief;? t*Fvdyfpmudk pmay;pm,ljzifh
oifMum;jcif; ponfrsm;udkvkyfudkifcJhonf/
1273 ckESpf OD;a&TMuL;? q&mNrdKU? OD;a&TavS;wdkYoHk;OD;awGUqHkaqG;aEG;í
]]yd#uwfoHk;yHk jrefrmjyefrIudkoabmwlNyD;}} ]]yd#uwfoHk;yHkxkwfa0a&;ukrÜPD}}
wnfaxmifí a&TMuL;ukrÜPDudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;a&TMuL;onf rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf&Sdoljzpfonfhtavsmuf wdkif;jynf\?
todÓPf? ynmÓPfwdk;wufrIwdkYudkvnf; zGHUNzdK;apvdkoljzpfonf/ OD;a&TMuL;onf
owif;pmq&m? OD;a&TMuL;udk 1883 ckESpfwGif tz
OD;cifESifh trd a':*Grf;wdkYrS armfvNrdKifNrdKUü arG;zGm;onf/
OD;a&TMuL;onf &efukefaumvdyfwGif 0dZÆmwef;txd
wufa&muf ynmoif,lcJhzl;onf/ rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf xufoef
174 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
]]a&TMuL;yHkESdyfwdkuf}}[laomtrnfjzifh yHkESdyfwdkufxlaxmifcJhonf/ 1912 ckESpf
ZGefvwGif ]]jrefrmhtvif;r*¾Zif;}}onf a&S;,cifuxGufcJhaomr*¾Zif;rsm;ESifh rwlay/
a&S;,cifuxGufcJhaom r*¾Zif;rsm;rSm bmoma&;ESifhqHk;rpmrsm;? a&S;a[mif;
usrf;*efrsm;rS rSwfom;zG,f&mrsm;udkom xnfhoGif;apcJhonf/ OD;a&TMuL;\
]]jrefrmhtvif;r*¾Zif;}} rSmrl acwfopfÓPfopfrsm; yg0ifonfhtjyif? acwftajc
taeudkvnf; tenf;tusOf;xnfhoGif;yg&Sdaom r*¾Zif;jzpfojzifh atmifjrifcJhonf/
wpfvvQifESpfBudrfrQ xkwfa0EdkifcJhonf/ 1914ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif
yxrurÇmppfBuD;jzpfyGm;av&m OD;a&TMuL;onf jrefrmhtvif;r*¾Zif;tjyif ]]jrefrmh
tvif; ppfaMu;eef;owif;}} [laomtrnfjzifh &ufjcm;owif;vTmwpfapmifudk xdkESpf
Edk0ifbmvwGif xkwfa0cJhonf/ wpfEkdifiHvHk; 0,f,lzwf½IcJhMuonf/
1915 ckESpf? rwfv 15 &ufaeYrSpí ppfaMu;eef;owif;udk ]]jrefrmhtvif;
owif;pm}} [ktrnfajymif;í xkwfa0cJhonf/ jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmudk &ufjcm;
xkwfa0NyD;aemuf wpfESpfwGif ]]ar 15 &ufaeYudk owdjyKyg}} [laom aMumfjimtwGuf
tpdk;&utmrcHaiG ig;axmifusyf awmif;qdkjcif;cHcJh&onf/ aMumfjim&SifrSm pma&;
q&myDrdk;eif;jzpfí aMumfjim&Sifudk,fwdkifu rdrd\pmtkyfwpftkyfudk xdkaeYwGif
xkwfa0rnfhtaMumif; aMumfjimjcif;jzpfygonf[k &Sif;jyaomfvnf; ajz&Sif;r&jzpfNyD;
tmrcHaiG qHk;½HI;í owif;pmudk &yfpJxm;vdkuf&onf/
OD;a&TMuL;onf 1916 ckESpfwGif ausmufyHkESdyfynmoif&ef *syefEdkifiHodkY
xGufcGmoGm;onf/ vrf;c&D;wGif qdkif*HkNrdKUü pHaeawmfrlaom jrifuGef;rif;om;BuD;xH
0ifa&mufí jrefrmEdkifiHudk jrefrmrif;qufrsm;\vufodkY jyeftyfESHa&;twGuf wdkifyif
aqG;aEG;um *syefEdkifiHodkY c&D;qufvufxGufcGmcJhonf/
OD;a&TMuL;\&nf&G,fcsufrSm xdkpOftcgu t*Fvdyf- jyifopfwdkYuwpfzuf?
*smref-MopaMw;vswdkYuwpfzuf? ppfjzpfaeMuav&m jrefrmrsm;onft*FvdyfwdkY
bufrS aiGtm;? vltm;jzifhulnD½dkif;yif;vdkufvQif jrefrmjynfudkaus;Zl;wifaom
oabmjzifh jrefrmrif;rsm;vufodkY jyefay;aumif;&JU[k oabmydkufum jrif;uGef;
rif;om;BuD;xHrS udk,fpm;vS,fvTJ pmcRefawmfudk,laqmifNyD; *syefEdkifiH&SdNAdwdoQ
oHtrwfMuD; avmhurfeif[HESifh pum;qdkcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 175
OD;a&TMuL;\&nf&G,fcsufudk jrefrmjynf&Sd NAdwdoQtpdk;&wdkYonf t"dyÜm,f
wpfrsdK;aumufum OD;a&TMuL;tm; *syefEdkifiHrSjyefydkY&ef trdefUxkwfcJhonf/ *syef
EdkifiHrSjyefvmí puFmylEkdifiHta&mufwGif jrefrmjynfodkYjyefrvm&ef jynfESif'Pf
ay;jcif;cHcJh&onf/ OD;a&TMuL;onf pumFylwGif&SdpOf ]]pBwdwdkif;}}owif;pmwGif owif;
aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJh&m t,f'Dwmjzpfol at'AsLpwD;u t*Fvdyfpmta&;
tom; aumif;aMumif; csD;usL;jcif;cH&onf/
OD;a&TMuL;onf 1921 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfodkY jyefvnf0ifa&mufcGifh&cJhonf/
rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf jyif;xefolyDyD jrefrmjynfodkYjyefa&mufonfESifh avbmwDac:
vGwfvyfa&;owif;pm wpfapmifudk BudK;pm;xkwfa0cJhjyefonf/ tajctaeray;
ojzifh wm&SnfrcHbJ &yfpJoGm;cJh&onf/
OD;a&TMuL;onf 1924 ckESpfü &efukefjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUwGif vufaxmuf
twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf/ &Hzef&HcgtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;
aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;a&TMuL;onf rsdK;cspfpdwfxufoefum pmayjrwfEdk;olyDyD pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;
tjyif ]]jcaoFhwHqdyf}} jrefrmzwfpmESifh ]]a&TMuL;toHxGuf t*Fvdyf-jrefrmtbd"mef}}
wdkYudkvnf; a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/
urÇmESif htquftoG,fr&Sdaom jrefrmaus;vufawmolawmifom;
rsm;onf a&TMuL;jrefrmhtvif; ppfaMu;eef;owif;\ aus;Zl;aMumifha&S;OD;pGm urÇmESifh
qufrdMu&ayonf/
jrefrmpmayESifhjrefrmowif;pmavmudk tarSmifcGif;ítvif;aqmifay;cJhol
OD;a&TMuL;onf wGHaw;NrdKUodkYacwåoGm;a&muf&m oabFmay:wGif cvkwfwdkufí
ajczsm;wGif&&Sdaom'Pf&mrS tem0ifNyD; 1935 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) wuúod kvfwifc? jrefrmpmjrefrmrIud k jyKp kys d K ;wuúod kvfwifc? jrefrmpmjrefrmrIud k jyKp kys d K ;wuúod kvfwifc? jrefrmpmjrefrmrIud k jyKp kys d K ;wuúod kvfwifc? jrefrmpmjrefrmrIud k jyKp kys d K ;wuúod kvfwifc? jrefrmpmjrefrmrIud k jyKp kys d K ;
axmif acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;/ pm-114-126/axmif acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;/ pm-114-126/axmif acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;/ pm-114-126/axmif acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;/ pm-114-126/axmif acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;/ pm-114-126/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm- 318-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm- 318-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm- 318-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm- 318-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm- 318-
320/320/320/320/320/
176 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;av;armif (tmvHOD;vmb)OD;av;armif (tmvHOD;vmb)OD;av;armif (tmvHOD;vmb)OD;av;armif (tmvHOD;vmb)OD;av;armif (tmvHOD;vmb)
owif;pmq&m OD;av;armifud k o&ufc½d ki f ?
atmifvHNrdKU (,ciftmvHNrdKU) ü tz OD;ydkESifh trd a':yef;
wdkYrS 1899 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;av;armifonf atmifvHNr d K UwGif 10 wef;
atmifjrifcJYjyD; 1923-24 rSpí atmifvHNrdKU A k' ¨omoemjyKtrsdK;om;ausmif;
(B.T.N) wGif ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ *sDpDbDat tzJGYBuD;rS
(21) OD; EkwfxGufuGJjym;oGm;csdef taxmuftyHYrcHaom trsdK;om;ausmif;tjzpf
&yfwnfcJYonf/ xdkYaemuf &efukefodkYa&muf&dSvmjyD;? 0HomEk *sDpDbDattzGJUBuD;\
0HomEkowif;pmwGif wdkuftkyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ ,if;aemuf *sDpDbDattzJGYrsm; tpdwfpdwfuGJjym;Mu&m
OD;pdk;odrf; *sDpDbDatwGif ½Hk;tkyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? xdkYaemuf *sDpDbDat XmecsKyf
twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf 14 ESpf wdkifwdkif aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;av;armifonf *sDpDbDatodkY a'gufwmbarmf 0ifvmí arm&d,
owif;pmxkwfa0&mwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;? XmecsKyftwGif;a&;rSL;
tjzpfjzifYvnf;aumif;? 1938 ckESpftxd aqmif&GufcJYonf/ arm&d,owif;pmwGif
t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1924 ckESpfrSpí tmvHOD;vmbtjzpf
xif&Sm;cJYonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&jyD;aemuf ArmYacwfowif;pmwGif t,f'Dwm
tzJGY0ifwpfOD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;av;armifonf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;udk ArmYacwfowif;pmwGif 1956
ckESpf? ZGefv 16 &ufaeYrS pufwif bmv 29 &ufaeY txdumvtwGif; aqmif;yg;
½SnfMuD;taejzifY &ufjcm; a&;om;azmfjycJYonf/
OD;av;armifonf tpdk;&omoema&;XmewGif vufaxmufñTefMum;a&;0ef
tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifjyD; tNidrf;pm;,lcJYonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 177
OD;av;armif jyKpka&;om;cJYaom ]]jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;}} udk 1973 ckESpfu
pmayAdrmefxkwf jynfolYvufpJGpmpOftjzpf xkwfa0cJYonf/
OD;av;armifonf &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ / OD;av;armif? jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;ordkif;? pmayAdrmefxkwf/ OD;av;armif? jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;ordkif;? pmayAdrmefxkwf/ OD;av;armif? jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;ordkif;? pmayAdrmefxkwf/ OD;av;armif? jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;ordkif;? pmayAdrmefxkwf/ OD;av;armif? jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;ordkif;? pmayAdrmefxkwf
jynfolYvufpJGpmpOf/ jynfolYvufpJGpmpOf/ jynfolYvufpJGpmpOf/ jynfolYvufpJGpmpOf/ jynfolYvufpJGpmpOf/
178 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;vGif (bdk;0ZD&)OD;vGif (bdk;0ZD&)OD;vGif (bdk;0ZD&)OD;vGif (bdk;0ZD&)OD;vGif (bdk;0ZD&)
jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif a&S;tusqHk; xifay:
ausmfMum;cJYaom owif;pmq&m OD;vGifudk 1849 ckESpf (1210
ckESpf aESmif;wefcl;vqkwf 4 &uf) tr&yl&NrdKU? ykxdk;awmfMuD;
bk&m;teD; o&ufoHk;yift&yfü arG;zGm;cJ Yonf/ zcifrSm
yk*Hrif;\ aoewfpma&;MuD; rif;vS&mZmbJGYcH OD;xGef;ESifh trd aoewfpma&;uawmf
a':cdkjzpfonf/
OD;vGif\zcif rif;vS&mZmOD;xGef;onf ynmudktvGefvdkvm;oljzpfonf/
rdwfo*F[rsm;ESifY pum;0dkif;zJG Yajymwdkif; om;jzpfoludk tem;rSmac:xm;um
vlMuD;rsm;ajymonfudk em;axmifapygonf/ {nfYonfrsm;jyefoGm;onfYtcg
b,folub,ftaMumif;ajymonfqd k jcif;ud k zciftm;jyefajym&ygonf/
rSwfÓPfaumif;atmifusifhay;yHkjzpfonf/ tdrfrSmyif oif½dk;udk oifay;onf/
armifvGifuav;rSm ÓPfaumif;í rdbESpfyg;pvHk;u olYudkauseyfonf/ touf
13 ESpf t&G,fwGif rEÅav;cifruefwdkufü oDwif;oHk;onfY baxG;t&if;awmfol
OD;Zm*&xH rdbESpfyg;utyfonf/ OD;Zm*&rSm zcifrif;vS&mZm\ nDt&if;jzpfonf/
OD;vGifonfausmif;om;b0jzifY oHk;ESpftajccHpmayudk oif,ljyD;? touf
16 ESpfwGif omraPabmifudk wufcJYonf/ udk&ifr0wfrDuqdkvQif tazjzpfolu
om;udk ynmwwfapcsifvGef;í vlysdKaygufuav;jzpfonfh om;xHodkYvmjyD;?
]]igYom;'Dcsdwfykqdk;rsdK; 0wfcsifovm;? 0wfcsif&if ynmudkMudK;pm;? ynmwwfvdkY
vlawmwdk;&JwmeJY 'Dykqdk;rsdK;0wf&r,f}}[k csdwfykqdk;udkjyum ajymavY&dSjyD;? xdkcsdwfykqdk;
udk jyef,loGm;onf/
omraPabmifudkwufonfYtcg? cifruef wdkuftkyfq&mawmfu ÓPf
xufjrufonfY armifvGifowif;udk Mum;onfESifY omraPbJGUudk ½Sif0ZD&[k
ay;awmfrlonf/ t"dyÜm,frSm 0&ZdefvufeufuJYodkY ÓPfxufol [líjzpfonf/
udk&if0ZD&onf cifruefwdkuftkyfq&mawmfxHwGif oHk;ESpfcefY ynm
qnf;yl;jyD;? 19 ESpfom;t&G,fa&mufaomtcg o½kyfcJGESifh pmcsaumif;onf[k
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 179
ausmfMum;onhf awmifjyifbk&m;MuD;wdkufodkY cifruefq&mawmf\ cGifhjyKcsuft&
ajymif;a½TUynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/ udk&if0ZD&onf tm*HkaqmifonfYpmrsm;udk nwdkif;
nOfYeufoef;acgifwdkifatmif pmjyefavY&dSonf/ toHuvnf;aumif;? Xmefu½dkPf;
uvnf; usvSaomaMumifY udk&if0ZD&pmjyefonfudk wrifvmem;axmifMuolrsm;
&dSonf[k rSwfom;&onf/
udk&if0ZD& OmPfaumif;yHk? 0D&d,MuD;yHk? xufjrufyHkrsm;ESifY ywfoufjyD;?
bk&m;MuD;wdkuf yxrq&mawmf OD;Zm*&? q&mawmfOD;&efukef[kac:onfY OD;okZmw?
anmifuefq&mawmf OD;'DywdkYu tvGefcsD;rGrf;awmfrlMuonf/
udk&ifb0jzifY bk&m;MuD;ausmif;wdkufwGif 6 ESpfwkdifwdkif ynmqnf;yl;jyD;
udk&if0ZD&onf rEÅav;awmifajcrS opfqdrfYwdkufq&mawmfxH ajymif;a&TUjyD; ynm
oif,ljyefonf/ xdkrSwpfzef cifruefwdkuf? pukwdkuf? awmiforefwdkuf? a*G;csdKwdkuf?
q&mawmfrsm;xH enf;emedó, cHjyefonf/
udk&if0ZD&onf 10 ESpfcefY yd#uwfpmayudkoif,ljyD;? uAsmvuFmtp&dSonfY
qef;usrf;? tvuFmusrf;rsm;tjyif? avmuDqdkif&maq;usrf;? aA'ifusrf;? "mwfusrf;?
"r®owf? &mZowfrsm;udk avYvmqnf;yl;cJYonf/ udk&ifb0ESifYyif uAsmaygif;
tajrmuftjrm; a&;om;cJYonf/
13 ESpfom;t&G,frS bkef;MuD;ausmif;om;jzpf&aom udk&if0ZD&onf
ausmif;om;tjzpfjzifYoHk;ESpf? &SifomraPtjzpfjzifY q,fESpfausmf avmuD
avmukwå&m pmayynmqnf;yl;jyD; touf 26 ESpft&G,frSm &SifvlxGufvdkufonf/
udk&if0ZD&vlxGufjzpfonfh armifvGifonf OD;&D;awmfeYHomcHkrif;ESifYtwl a½SUzwf
pma&;tjzpfjzifY atmufjynfatmuf&Gmudk vdkufoGm;jyefonf/ þuJYodkY c&D;
oGm;&onfYtwGuf oYlrSmtzdk;rjzwfEdkifonfY a'oEÅ&A[kokwrsm; &&dSjyefygonf/
udk&if0ZD& vlxGufarmifvGiftaMumif;udk aumif;aumif;odol ajrmifvS
NrdKUpm; 0efaxmufOD;NcdrfYu uif;0efrif;BuD;\tultnDjzihf armifvGifudk 1866 ckESpf
wGif rEÅav;&wemyHkaejynfawmfowif;pmrSm pma&;awmf (t,f'Dwm) tjzpf
cefYxm;ay;cJYonf/ ajrmifvSNrdKUpm;0efaxmufOD;NcdrfYonf cifruefwdkuftkyfq&mawmf
OD;y@dw\wynfYjzpfonfYtwdkif; q&mawmfxHoGm;&if;jzifY udk&if0ZD&\taMumif;
180 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
aumif;aumif;odxm;oljzpfonf/ oluvnf; udk&if0ZD&udk A[kokw½SmrSD;&mwGif
ñTefMum;avY&dSolwpfOD;jzpfonf/
ajrmifvSNrdKUpm; 0efaxmufOD;NcdrfYu armifvGifudk uif;0efrif;MuD;xH tyfonfY
tcg trnfar;&m armifvGifyg[k ajymvdkufonf/ þwGif uif;0efrif;MuD;u rif;wkef;
rif;w&m;MuD;\ i,femrnfESifYwlaeonf[kqdkjyD; armifxif[k ajymif;ay;vdkufonf/
&wemyHkowif;pmudktkyfcsKyfaeolrSm w&kwfArmujym; rpöwmt[D;
jzpfonf/ rif;wkef;rif;w&m;MuD;u t[D;udk oHawmfqifY&mxl;ay;xm;ygonf/
rpöwmt[D;onf bmompHkwwfonf/ odk Yaomf Armpmta&;tom;wGifrl
acwftvdkufzwfcsifpzG,f&dSatmif ra&;Edkifay/
owif;pmwdkufwGif tvkyf0ifvkyfonfY armifxif\vpmrSm wpfvvQif
wpfq,fYig;usyfom jzpfayonf/ rpöwmt[D;u wdkufwGif tMuD;tuJjzpfonfY
wkdifatmif armifxif\ t&nftcsif;udkodvmí OD;pm;ay;ygonf/ xdkacwf
owif;pmzwfy&dowfu pdwf0iffpm;jyD; zwfcsifpzG,fa&;om;wwfonfY udk0ZD&\
pmrsm;aMumifY &wemyHkowif;pmudk vlMudKufrsm;vmonf/ rif;wkef;rif;BuD;uyif
armifxiftm; ac:,lMunfhNyD; csD;rGrf;cJhygonf/
wpfvwpfq,fYig;usyfjzifY tvkyfvkyfaeonfY armifxif\ t&nftcsif;udk
odaom vTwfpma&;MuD; OD;aomhu ]]'gavmufawmfwJYvludk? 'gavmufvcav;yJ
ay;xm;ovm;}} qdkjyD; raeEdkifí 0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufay;rS armifxif\vcrSm
wpfvajcmufq,fusyf&&dSvmcJYonf/ wpfywfwpfBudrf? wpfvav;Budrf xkwfa0
onfY &wemyHkaejynfawmfowif;pmudk *½kwpfpdku fzwfaeMuonfY uif;0efrif;BuD;?
a,mtwGif;0ef OD;bdk;vdIif? OD;NcdrfhponfYyk*¾dKvfrsm;uvnf; udk0ZD&\ pmayta&;
tom;udk csD;rGrf;Muonf/
udk0ZD&onf &wemyHkaejynfawmfowif;pmwdkufwGif wpfESpfausmf ESpf
ESpfcefYtrIxrf;jyD; 1869 ckESpfwGif vufarmif;rSm temaygufaomaMumifY t,f'Dwm
tjzpfrSEkwfxGufjyD; cifruefwdkufq&mawmfOD;y@dwxH jyefaecJYonf/ aemif
vufarmif;temaysmufaomfvnf; eef;wGif;a&;rsm;½IyfaxG;í owif;pmvGwfvyfcGifY
r&&dSaomtcg owif;pmwdkufwGif jyefrvkyfawmYbJ nDjzpfol armifqif? armifab?
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 181
(ynm&dSOD;ab) armifuGef;pif (ynm&Sd OD;uGef;pif) wdkYudk uAsm? vuFmESifY y&d,wåd
pmayudk oifMum;ay;&if; rEÅav;wGif okH;ESpfavmuf at;at;aecJYonf/
udk0ZD& pmra&;bJaejcif;rSm wdkif;a&;jynfa&;? eef;wGif;a&; tajc
taeaMumifY jzpfEdkifonf[k cefYrSef;Muonf/ rif;wkef;rif;ewf&GmpHjyD; oDaygrif;
eef;wufvmonfUtcg pma&;om;&mwGif us,fus,fjyefYjyefYvGwfvyfcGifYr&dSbJ
rif;rdzk&m;? rSL;rwfrsm;uvnf; a&S;uESifYrwlMuawmYonfYtwGuf owif;pmwdkufESifY
a0;a0;cGmjyD;aeonf[k ,lqMuonf/
om"utaxmuftxm;wpfckrSm udk0ZD&onf &wemyHkaejynfawmf
owif;pmwdkufwGif t,f'DwmvkyfaepOf pMuma'0Drdzk&m;MuD; ewf&GmpHuHukefaom
tcg udk0ZD&u pMuma'0Drdzk&m;MuD;taMumif; owif;pmxJuaeí zJ G YEJ G Y
a&;vdkufonf/
wpfaeY eef;wGif;odkYt0iftxGuf&dSjyD;? &wemyHkaejynfawmfowif;pm
wdkufESifYvnf; tquftoG,f&dSonfY cifcifBuD;qdkonfYtrsdK;orD; aygufvmjyD;
]]qifjzL&Sifrdzk&m;MuD; (pkzk&m;vwf\ r,fawmf) tv,feef;u ]]rif;wdkYowif;pm
uvJuG,f? aowJYvltaMumif;jzifY wzJG YwEJG Ya&;yg&JU? &SifaewJYvltaMumif;
a&;a&maygY}} [kajymonf/
xdktcg udk0ZD&u qifjzL&Sifr rdzk&m;MuD;taMumif; wzJGYwEJGY owif;pmxJrSm
a&;&jyefonf/ xdkaqmif;yg;xGufvmaomtcg qifjzL&Sifru udk0ZD&udk cgom
ydwftkyfpwJY t0wftxnfrsm;udk qkawmfvmbfawmftjzpf ay;awmfcJYonf/
udk0ZD&wdkYacwfu owif;pmrsm;wGif tmabmf? xifjrifcsufrsm; ta&;enf;jyD;?
olYacwfolYtcgu a&;[eftwdkif; vlMudKufatmifa&;&ygonf/ ya'o&mZfacwf\
tapmqHk; owif;pmvkyfief;jzpfonf/ udk0ZD&wdkYacwfu ArmEdkifiH EkdifiHa&;
qdkonfrSm eef;awmfxJrS EdkifiHa&;yifjzpfonfhtjyif taMumif;t&mu tvGefenf;NyD;
tcspfbGJUrsm;om ta&;rsm;cJYonf/
rif;wkef;rif;MuD;u udk0ZD&tm; oHawmfqifY&mxl;ay;rnf[k rdefYMum;cJYzl;
aomfvnf;? rif;ajymif;rif;vTJjzifY ygoGm;ír&awmY? udk&ifMuD;b0xJu vTwfawmf
w&m;olMuD;tjzpfa&mufatmif MudK;pm;rnfqdkonfh&nf&G,fcsufjzifY xHk;a[mif;
182 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
"r®owfrsm;udk qnf;yl;xm;cJYaomfvnf; ajymif;vJonfYtajctaetrsdK;rsdK;aMumifY
MuHwdkif;rajrmuf jzpfcJY&onf/ þwGif rEÅav;wGif oHk;ESpfaejyD;? qm;awmifrig;&GmodkY
ajymif;oGm;cJYonf/
bdk;0ZD&\ tavYtxwpfckrSm b,ft&yfodkYoGm;oGm;? olY pmaowåmMuD;
rsm;udk o,f,loGm;avY&dSonf/ tm;aevQif pmMunfYaewwfonf/ pm&Gwfaewwf
onf/ xdktcsdefu aejynfawmfuvmonfY bk&ifYowif;pmq&m OD;0ZD&onf
toufoHk;q,fausmfom&dSao;onf/ qm;awmifrig;&GmodkYa&mufvmonfESifY
Mum;Mum;orQ? jrifjriforQ vlrsm;u olYudk txifMuD;Muonf/ tcsdKUvl½dk;rsm;u
bdk;0ZD&\ aowåmMuD;rsm;ESifYywfoufí [dkawG;? 'DawG;? awG;Muonf/ bdk;0ZD&u
[dwfxkwfonfr[kwf/ pmay0goemMuD;olyDyD? olYyk&ydkufESifY aypmaowåmMuD;udk
b,foGm;oGm; ,loGm;jcif;jzpfonf/
bdk;0ZD& ppfudkif;qm;awmifrig;&Gmudk pa&mufjyD;wnf;cdkaepOf qm;awmifr
ig;&GmrSvlrsm;u olwdkY&GmwGif ynm&dSwpfa,muf tjrJ&dSaevQifaumif;rnf[k ,lq
Muonf/ bdk;0ZD&a&mufonfY &Gmwdkif;u bdk;0ZD&udk olwdkY&Gmom; jzpfapcsifMuonf/
þodkYjzifY rusnf;jzL&GmodkY 0ZD&a&mufoGm;onfhtcg rusnf;jzL&GmrS &Gmrd&Gmzrsm;u
olwdkY&GmwGif ynm&dSwpfOD;aevQif aumif;rnfqdkonfY&nf&G,fcsufjzifY tcsif;csif;
wdkifyifMujyD; touf 18 ESpft&G,fom &dSao;onfY rusnf;jzL&GmrS ausmif;'um
wpfOD;\orD; rodef;qdkonfY rdef;rysdKESifY xdrf;jrm;vufxyfay;vdkufMuonf/ xdktcsdef
bdk;0ZD&\ toufrSm 36 ESpf&dSjyD jzpfonf/
bdk;0ZD&onf rusnf;jzL&GmwGifraysmfí wpfESpfavmufMumaomtcg
a,mu©rrsm;ygac:jyD; qm;awmif&GmodkY ajymif;cJYonf/ ZeD;rodef;rSm wpfOD;wnf;aom
orD;jzpfí rdbrsm;uvnf;rcJGEdkif/ qm;awmifudk bdk;0ZD&oabmusonfrSm 'kwd,
e0a';\t&yf jzpfjcif;aMumifY[kqdk\/
bdk;0ZD&ESifYa':odef;wdkYrSm om;orD;av;a,mufxGef;um;cJYonf/ bdk;0ZD&
onf b,foGm;oGm; cJwHESifYpm&Gufuav;uawmY tjrJaqmifoGm;onf/ wpfckck
rSwfom;p&mawGYvQif rSwfom;xm;&efjzpfonf/ wpfjcm;olrsm;udkvnf; b,foGm;oGm;
cJwHESifY pm&Guf,loGm;&ef Mo0g'ay;avY&dSonf/ qm;awmifrSmaepOfu cJwHudkoHk;jyD;
ausmufyeH&Gmudk ajymif;vmaomtcg uefYulqHESifY unpfudkom udkifawmYonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 183
pma&;q&m r[maqG ausmufyeHvmjyD; bdk;0ZD&ESifY awGYqHkpOfu? bdk;0ZD&u
]]av;csdK;b,fESpfyk'f&ovJ}} [k ar;&m r[maqGu ]]300 avmuf&ygonf}} [k
ajzonf/ bdk;0ZD&u ]]pma&;wJYvl? uAsmvuFma&;wJYvl[m 'gavmufeJY rjzpf
ao;bl;}} [kqdkonf/ bdk;0ZD&onf tyk'faygif; (1700) avmuf tm*HkaqmifEdkif
onf[kqdkonf/
bd k;0ZD&onf ol Ypmrsm;ud k oljrwfEd k ;onf/ rEÅav;rS,lvmaom
pmaowåmMuD;rsm;udk rEÅav;rS qm;awmif? rusnf;jzL? anmifyif? usD;awm? tif;0?
awmifMum;? xef;zl;awmutp a&mufav&mo,foGm;jyD;? aemufqHk;ausmufyeH
txdo,f,lcJYonf/ aypmcsyfrsm;udk oludk,fwdkifa&eHokwfonf/ ]]bdk;twGuf
wpfyg;olrSm wm0efrydapeJY? vlqdkwmudk,fYudk,fudktm;udk;&w,f igYajr;&JU}}
[kajymavY&dSonf/ olYpmtkyfrsm;udk rMumrMum xkwfMunfYavY&dSonf/ olYpmrsm;rSm
xif;½SL;aowåmMuD;ESpfvHk;ESifY uRef;aowåmtvwfpm; wpfvHk;wdkYudk ausmufyeH&Gm
a½SUausmif;rSmaexdkifoGm;onfY ½SpfESpftwGif; bdk;0ZD&ESifYtwl awGYMu&onf/
'kwd,urÇmppfMuD;jzpfvmí rD;&xm;vrf;twdkif; ajrmufbufudk
wufajy;onfY w½kwfppffom;rsm;u ppfudkif;rSwpfqifY ausmufyeH&Gmudka&mufvmjyD;?
ausmif;xJwGif arTaESmuf&SmazGMuum? bkd;0ZD&\ pmaytajrmuftjrm;udk rD;½dIUypf
vdkufMuonf/
bdk;0ZD&onf 1298 ckESpf? waygif;vjynfYausmf 1 &uf (24-2-1937)
aeYwGif ausmufyeH&GmüuG,fvGefcJYonf/ ½kyfuvmyfudk ausmufyeH&Gma½SUausmif;
ab;&Sd azsmufqdyfyifMuD;em;rSmyif rD;oN*KØ[fvdkufonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) txufArmEd kifiHpma&;q&mtoif;?txufArmEd kifiHpma&;q&mtoif;?txufArmEd kifiHpma&;q&mtoif;?txufArmEd kifiHpma&;q&mtoif;?txufArmEd kifiHpma&;q&mtoif;?
pmaytiftm; (1970)? pm 45-81 /pmaytiftm; (1970)? pm 45-81 /pmaytiftm; (1970)? pm 45-81 /pmaytiftm; (1970)? pm 45-81 /pmaytiftm; (1970)? pm 45-81 /
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) owif;pmavmu? jrefrmEd kifiHowif;pmavmu? jrefrmEd kifiHowif;pmavmu? jrefrmEd kifiHowif;pmavmu? jrefrmEd kifiHowif;pmavmu? jrefrmEd kifiH
bmomjyefpmaytoif;? pm-316/bmomjyefpmaytoif;? pm-316/bmomjyefpmaytoif;? pm-316/bmomjyefpmaytoif;? pm-316/bmomjyefpmaytoif;? pm-316/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) armifokw? pmqkdawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd?armifokw? pmqkdawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd?armifokw? pmqkdawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd?armifokw? pmqkdawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd?armifokw? pmqkdawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd?
pm - 287-289/pm - 287-289/pm - 287-289/pm - 287-289/pm - 287-289/
184 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;vGef; (ocifudk,fawmfrd Iif;)OD;vGef; (ocifudk,fawmfrd Iif;)OD;vGef; (ocifudk,fawmfrd Iif;)OD;vGef; (ocifudk,fawmfrd Iif;)OD;vGef; (ocifudk,fawmfrd Iif;)
q&mBuD;ocifud k,fawmfrI di f;trnfcH owif;pm
q&mOD;vGef;udk 1875 ckESpf rwfv 23 &ufaeYwGif tz OD;pH'Gef;?
trd a':tkef;wdkYrS jynfc½dkif? a&TawmifNrdKUe,f 0g;v,f&Gmü
arG;zGm;cJhonf/
OD;vGef;\ i,fq&mrSma&Tawmif usD;oJav;xyf q&mawmfBuD;jzpfonf/
oDaygrif; ygawmfrrlrD rEÅav; jrawmifausmif;ü ynmqufvufoif,lcJhonf/
1247 ckESpf? oDaygrif; t*FvdyfvufodkYygoGm;csdefwGif OD;vGef;\toufonf 10
ESpfcefYrQom &Sdao;onf/ rif;rdzk&m;ESpfyg; t*FvdyfvufodkYygoGm;jcif;aMumifh
jynfoljynfom;wdk Y ,lusKH;r&jzpfcJ hMu&onf/ rsufjrifudk,fawGY jrif&aom
armifvGef;onf rcHcsifpdwf? rsKd;cspfpdwfrsm; þonfrSpí &ifwGif;ü udef;atmif;cJh
onf[kqdkvQif rSm;rnfr[kwfay/
jrefrmhxD;eef;uG,faysmufcJhonfhtcsdefrSpí OD;vGef;onf rEÅav;&Sdjrawmif
ausmif;wdkufü twnfwusraeawmhbJ acsmif;OD;? tvHk? rHk&Gm? aMu;rHk? bkwvif
paom t&yfrsm;odkY udk&ifb0jzifhvSnfhvnfí pmayoif,lcJhonf/ xdkpOftcguyif
arwåmpmrSwfwrf;rsm;udk a&;pjyKcJhonf[kqdkMuonf/ ,if;odkY tvHk? rHk&Gm? bkwvif
ponfwdkYü wpfvSnfh? rEÅav;ü wpfvSnfh pmayoif,laepOf touf 19 ESpft&G,fü
tzjzpfol OD;pH'Gef;uG,fvGefcJhonf/ ,if;aemufrMumrDyif i,fq&m&if;jzpfaom
usD;oJav;xyfq&mawmfBuD;vnf; ysHvGefawmfrl&Smonf/
OD;vGef;onf zcifr&Sdawmhojzifh cdkudk;&mrJhjzpfaomrdcifudkjyKpkvkyfauR;&ef
wm0ef&Sdvmonfhtavsmuf udk&ifb0rSwpfqifh &[ef;rwufEdkif&SmawmhbJ
vlxGufí &efukefodkYqif;vmum tvkyf&Sm&onf/ OD;vGef;onf a&S;OD;pGm ql;av
bk&m;teD; ZrÁLusufoa&pmyHkEdSyfwdkufü pmpDtvkyfudk&avonf/ xdkYrS wpfp
wpfpjzifh pmjyift,f'DwmjzpfvmcJhonf/ ZrÁLusufoa&wdkufü tvkyfvkyfaepOf
olwwfuRrf;aomynmjzifh uavmifprf;pjyKcJhonf/ xdktcsdeftcgrSm pyg;aps;
wufonfh acwftcgESifh BuHKBudKufaeojzifh jynfoljynfom;wdkY aiGp? a&Tp &Tifaeaom
tcgvnf;jzpfonf/ ZmwfyGJrsm;vnf; tvGefacwfpm;aeav&m OD;vGef;onf
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 185
uavmifprf;onfhtaejzifh jyZmwfpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;avonf/ oD&d"r®maomuZmwf?
ra[mo"Zmwf? Oyuqm0gZmwf paomjyZmwfaygif;rsm;pGm a&;om;cJhonf/
uavmiftrnfrSm ]]a&TawmifNrdKU q&mvGef;}} trnfjzpfonf/ OD;vGef;a&;aomjyZmwf
rsm;udk ½kyfao;OD;zl;ñdkESifh Zmwfq&mpdefuwkH;? OD;atmifAv? OD;bdkcefYwdkYu cif;usif;
jyoMuonf/ OD;vGef;a&;om;cJhaomjyZmwfrsm;teuf ]]a&Twd*Hkbk&m;trSL;udk
usm;tzl;wufjcif;}} jyZmwfonf ta&mif;&twGifqHk; jyZmwfpmtkyffjzpfonf
[kod&onf/
OD;vGef;onf ZrÁLusufoa&wdkufü vkyfudkifaepOf Munfhjrifwdkifolr&SifESifh
taMumif;ygcJhonf/ ZrÁLusufoa&wdkuf ydwfvdkuf&aomtcg OD;vGef;onf
&efukefwdkif;owif;pmwdkufodkYajymif;a&TUum jrefrmpmt,f'DwmtjzpfvkyfudkifcJhonf/
,if;odkYvkyfudkifaepOf tpdk;&pmawmfjyefXmeü tvkyf&Edkifaomfvnf; pmawmfjyef
NrdKUtkyfrsm;\vufpG Jrvkyfvdk[kqdkum jiif;y,fcJ honf/ OD;vGef;vkyfcJ haom
&efukefwdkif;owif;pmwdkufonf tpdk;&xHrS uefx½dkuf,lxm;aom ykvdyfa*Zuf
owif;pmudk &yfqdkif;vdkufaomtcg OD;vGef;onf armfvNrdKifodkYajymif;a&TUum
jrefrmwdkif;owif;pmwGif t,f'Dwmvkyfjyefonf/ OD;vGef;onf ]]armiform"d}}[laom
trnfjzifh aqmif;yg;rsm? uAsmrsm;udka&;pjyKvmcJhonf/ ,if;uAsmaqmif;yg;
rsm;onf xl;jcm;rI[lír&Sdao;bJ a&;½dk;a&;pOf ewfawmfvbGJU? uqkefvbGJYpaom
orm;½dk;usuAsmrsKd;? aqmif;yg;rsKd;omjzpfonf/ ,if;tjyif armfvNrdKif&mZ0if0w¬K?
uAsmom&? rOÆLusrf;? armfvNrdKifewfvrf;ñTefponfhwdkYudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJh
ao;onf/
1911 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUol&d,owif;pmwpfapmif ay:vmcJhonf/
xdktcsdefwGif q&mvGef;onf jrefrmwdkif;owif;pmrS tvkyfxGufí Zif;usKdufawmifü
rdrd0goemBuD;vSaomt*¾d&udk twefMumxdk;aecJhonf/ ,if;aemufrSZmwdjzpfaom
a&TawmifNrdKUodkYjyefa&mufí aexdkifcJhonf/ xdktcgol&d,owif;pmudkwnfaxmifol
wpfOD;jzpfol OD;vSazu q&mvGef;tm; ol&d,owif;pmwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf
0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&ef ac:,lcJhonf/ ol&d,owif;pmwdkufodkY a&mufaomtcg
tpwGifq&mvGef;[laom trnf&if;jzifhyif jrefrmenf;jzifhvkyfaom vufrIynmudk
azmfxkwfonfh ]]vufrIynm#Dum}} udka&;om;jyKpkcJhonf/
186 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
ol&d,owif;pmwdkufodkYa&mufaomtcg jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 0HomEkvkyfief;rsm;
vIyf&Sm;pjyKcsdefjzpf&m ZmwdrmefrsKd;cspfpdwfonf q&mvGef;ü jyefvnfay:ayguf
vmcJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí q&mvGef;onf þpdwf"mwfrsKd;jzifh uavmifudk
NrJNrHpGmudkifvsuf &yfwnfawmhtHh[k &nf&G,fcsufxm;&SdcJhonf/
q&mvGef;touf 40 t&G,f 1277 ckESpfü ZeD;jzpfola':&Sif uG,fvGeftedpö
a&mufcJh&m om;orD;ig;a,mufusefcJhonf/ tBuD;qHk;rSm 11 ESpft&G,fforD;jzpfNyD;?
ti,fqHk;rSm 11 vt&G,forD;jzpfavonf/ xdktcgrSpí pma&;&onfuwpfzuf?
om;orD;rsm;udk xdeff;odrf;&onfuwpfzufESifh yifyef;pGmb0udk ½kef;uefcJhonf/
odkY&mwGif pmta&;EdkifqHk;tcdkuftwefYumvjzpfí b0a&mifh&JrIudkauseyfESpfodrfh
cJhrdonf/ Mum#Dum? Adkvf#Dumaqmif;ygrsm;ESifh rSmawmfyHk0w¬Kqef;wdkYonf xdkumv
wGif ay:aygufvmcJhaompmrsm;jzpfavonf/
q&mvGef;onf Adkvf#Dumaqmif;yg;? uAsmrsm;rSpí]]rpöwmarmifrdIif;}}
[laomuavmiftrnfudk pwifoHk;pGJcJhonf/ ]]rpöwm}} trnfwyfíoHk;pGJ&jcif;
rSmvnf; xdktcsdefu ynmwwfjrefrmtrsKd;om;tcsKdUonf rpöwm[laom t*Fvdyf
toHk;tEIef;udk rdrdwdk Y\jrefrmtrnfa&SUwGifwyfí *kPfwifac:a0:Muaom
aMumifhyifjzpfonf/ q&mvGef;onf xdktjyKtrludk&GH&Smonfhtavsmuf csOfaygif
&Gufonf armifrdIif;0w¬KrSZmwfvdkufjzpfol vlvdrf? vlayG? vl,kwfrmarmifrdIif;\
trnfudk,lí oa&mfonfhtaejzifh rpöwmwyfum ]]rpöwmarmifrdIif;}} [laom
uavmiftrnfudk cH,ljcif;jzpfonf/
q&mvGef;onf ol&d,owif;pmwdkufü 1921 ckESpftxd jrefrmbufqdkif&m
t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ ol&d,r*¾Zif;xGufaomtcgüvnf; q&mvGef;
onf EdkifiHa&;aqmif;yg;? pD;yGm;a&;aqmif;yg;? ynma&;aqmif;yg; tp&Sdaom
aqmif;yg;rsm;pGmudka&;om;cJhNyD; EdkifiHa&;½kyfajymiffqHk;rcef;ü av;csKd;BuD;rsm;jzifh
a&;pyfoDuHk;cJhavonf/ yxrurÇmppfBuD;tNyD;wGif ]]ab? yk? ½Sdef}} ac: OD;bab?
OD;yk? OD;xGef;½Sdefwdk YEdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfjzifh [kr®½l;&rItwGuf bdvyfac:
t*FvefodkYoGm;Muaomtcg q&mvGef;onf a'gif;#Dumopfaqmif;yg;rsm;udk
a&;om;cJhonf/ NAdwdoQtpdk;&u jrefrmwdkYawmif;xm;aom [kr®½l;udkray;bJ?
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 187
'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk twif;xkd;ay;vdkufaomtcg q&mvGef;onf NAdwdoQ
t*FvdyfwdkYtay: ,HkMunfrIuif;vsuf pdwftysufBuD;ysufum ZmwdaoG;Zmwdrmef
ydkrdkwuf<ujyif;xefvmcJhonf/
1920 jynfhESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfyxrausmif;om; oydwfBuD;
ay:aygufvmNyD;aemuf trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpDudkzG J Ypnf;um A[ef;&yf?
a&Tusifausmif;wdkufwGif &efukefwuúodkvfESifhpifNydKif trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;udk
wnfaxmifcJhonf/ xdktrsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;wGif jrefrmpmayESifh jrefrm&mZ0if
udk ydkUcs&ef q&mvGef;tm; yifhac:aomtcg q&mvGef;onf ol&d,owif;pmwdkufrS
tvkyfxGufí pdwfa&m? udk,fygoGm;a&muff tm;ay;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ q&mvGef;onf
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jrefrm&mZ0ifydkYcsonfhtcg ZmwdrmefESifhrsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfudk
txl;ojzifhoGif;ay;cJhonf/ ,if;odkY pmayydkYcsaepOf e,fausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
rSefeef;&mZ0ifcsKyfudkjyKpkpD&ifí trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmfBuD;udk wnf;jzwfxkwfa0cJhonf/ arsmuf#DumESifh bGdKif;aumuf
#Dumaqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/
1923 ckESpfwGif trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;ysufaomtcg q&mvGef;onf
'*kefr*¾Zif;wdkufwGif t,f'DwmtjzpfvkyfudkifcJ honf/ ,if;'*kefr*¾Zif;wGif
ppfudkif;jyefrSmawmfyHkaqmif;yg;&Snfudk a&;om;cJhonf/ ,if;tjyif"r®apwD0w¬Kudk
vnf;aumif;? tDaemifeef;wGif;Zmwfopfudkvnf;aumif; pum;ajyESifhav;csKd;rsm;
a&mpyfum a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/ xdktcsdefwGif OD;bazwdkYOD;pD;aom (21)
OD;*d kPf;om;rsm;jzpfMuonfh 'd kiftmcDEd kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h rlv*sDpDbDat
0HomEkorm;wdkY rnDrñGwfjzpfvsuf&Sdaeonfudk q&mvGef;onf tvGefnDñGwf
apvdkaomapwem&S dcJ honf/ ol\apwemudk AE¨Kv*sme,fwGif acG;#Dum
aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;í azmfjycJhonf/ q&mvGef;onfrnfolYudkrQr,HkMunf?
rnfonhf0g'udkrQ tm;rudk;yJ rdrdwu,f,HkMunfESpfoufaom vrf;pOfaemufodkYom
udk,fEIwfESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;jzifh vdkufpjyKvmcJhonf/ q&mvGef;\vrf;pOfum;
vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;\vrf;pOfyifjzpfonf/ xdkpOftwGif; *VKefq&mpHacgif;aqmifaom
awmifolv,form;awmfvSefa&; ta&;awmfyHkBuD;ay:aygufvmcJh&m q&mvGef;onf
188 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
*VKefysH'DyeD#Dumudk a&;om;cJhonf/ wdk;wufa&;r*¾Zif;üvnf; &mZ0ifeDwdaqmif;yg;
rsm;udk a&;om;cJhjyefonf/
*VKefq&mpH ta&;awmfyHkpcef;odrf;oGm;aomtcg wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;ac:
vli,ftoif;wpfoif; ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ q&mvGef;onf wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;\
0g'wGif rdrdtBudKufudkawGYojzifh vli,fwdkY\ZGJowådudk oabmusESpfoufvmcJhonf/
xdkYaMumifhq&mvGef;onf 1296 ckESpf (c&pfESpf 1934ck) wGif vlod&SifMum;
wd k YArmtpnf;t½H k ;od k Y0i fc J honf/ oltoH k; jyKc J haom]]rpöwmarmifr I di f ; } }
uavmifudkvnf; y,fjzKwfum ]]rpöwm}} tpm; ]]ocifudk,fawmf}} wyfí ]]ocifudk,f
awmfrdIif;}}[k toHk;jyKcJhonf/ &J&Jawmuf#DumuAsmrsm;udkvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfjzpfvmaomtcg wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;0ifwdkYonf EdkifiHa&;
udkvQKdU0Sufaqmif&Guf&ojzifh q&mBuD;onfvnf; touft&G,fBuD;&ifhrS EdkifiHa&;
0&rf;ajy;ozG,f a&Smifwdrf;aecJh&onf/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf þodkY wdrf;a&Smifae&
onfudk q&mBuD;OD;vGef;oabmuscJhonf/ NAdwdoQwdkYjrefrmEdkifiHrS qkwfcGmoGm;aom
tcg q&mBuD;onf &efukefodkYjyefvmcJhonf/ *syefwpfacwfvHk; q&mBuD;onf ocif
rsm;ESifhtwlwdrf;&if;a&Smif&if; toufpGefYaqmif&GufcJhonf/ jynfolwpf&yfvHk;
*syefwdkYESdyfpufrIudk tvl;tvJcH&aomtcg q&mBuD;onf pdwfxJwGif rsKdodyfrxm;Edkif
awmhbJ ]]a[h armifatmifqef;? rif;wdkY yihfvmwJhbk&m;awG jyefydkYprf;ygOD;uGm}}
[kyif u½kPma'gaomjzifhajymqdkrdcJhao;onf/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;qHk;í 1947 ckESpfodkYa&mufaomtcg oltm;xm;&qHk;
jzpfaom AdkvdcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh acgif;aqmiftcsKdU usqHk;av&m oltvGef0rf;enf;
aMuuGJrdcJhonf/ trSwfw&jzpfap&ef ]]tmZmenfAdrmef#Dum}} udka&;í csD;usL;
rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/
þonfhaemufydkif;wGif q&mBuD;\touf 70 ausmfvmNyDjzpfí tdkrif;rpGrf;
jzpfvmonfhtavsmuf pma&;rIenf; yg;vmcJhonf/ uGrf;qHkjzifhuGrf;axmif;um
pm;aeonfursm;cJhonf/ aemufqHk;q&mBuD;\vuf&mum; 1950 jynfhESpf
xkwfa0aom ]]tdrfruf'd|HK#Dum}} yifjzpfonf/ odk Y&mwGif q&mBuD;onf
jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGufvnf;aumif;? urÇmh Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGufvnf;aumif;?
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 189
touft&G,fESifhrrQ tyifyef;cHumvSnfhvnfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ ,if;odkY aqmif&Guf
&if;ol0goemyg&m zufqpf#Dumr[med'gef;uAsm? urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;uAsm?
ocifudk,fawmfrd Iif;\ arwåmyw¬emuAsm ponfrsm;udkBudK;Mum;BudK;Mum;
a&;pyfzGJ YqdkcJ hao;onf/ q&mBuD;onf urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf Oa&myodk Y
vnf;aumif;? w½kwfEdkifiHodkYvnf;aumif; c&D;vSnfhvnfcJhonf/
1950 jynfhESpfwGif q&mBuD;tm; jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJYrS ]]tvuFmausmfpGm}}
bGJYcsDjr§ifhonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif qdkAD,uf ½k½SEdkifiHu ]]urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;qk}} csD;jr§ifhonf/
urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;qkESifhtwl q&mBuD;onf jrefrmusyfaiGwpfodef;ausmf qkaiG
&&SdcJhonf/ olYb0wpfavQmufvHk;ypönf;csrf;omrIudk tmomirf;irf;vdkvm;ol r[kwf
ojzifh q&mBuD;&&Sdaom ,iff;aiGusyfwpfodef;teuf usyfaiG&Spfaomif;udk
vSL'gef;vdkufonf/
1960 jynfhESpffwGif ta&SUbmvif? [rf;Awfwuúodkvfu q&mBuD;tm;
*kPfxl;aqmifyg&*ljzpfaom yDtdyf(csf)'DbGJY csD;jr§ifhcJhonf/
q&mBuD;onf pmayudka&;om;jyKpk½Hkomru tcsdef&orQtxl;avhvm
zwf½IcJhonf/ Am;eyfpmMunfhwdkuf (,cktrsKd;om; pmMunfhwdkuf) wGif&Sdaom pmtkyf
pmwrf;rsm;onf q&mBuD;rzwfzl;? rMunfhzl;onfhpmtkyfpmwrf;[lí r&Sdoavmuf
&Sm;yg;cJhonf[kqdkprSwfjyKMuonf/
q&mBuD;\trnfESifhq&mBuD;\pmrsm;onf wpfEdkifiHHvHk;ausmfMum;cJhonf/
rD;½SL;rD;wdkifyrmvif;xdefaeonf/ q&mBuD;onfum; rnfrQausmfMum;apumrl
pdwfBuD;0ifavhr&Sd? ywf0ef;usifavmuütjypfudkjrifaomfvnf; tjypfrwifvdk?
oem;wwfonf/ owåd&Sdoludkcspfwwfonf/ udk,fwdkifvnf;t&G,fESifhrrQowåd&Sdonf/
&wemoHk;yg;ü txl;Munfñkdonf/ bmoma&;udkudkif;½dIif;onf/ q&mBuD;onf
t&G,faumif;wkef; touf 40 cefYwGif ZeD;a':&Sif uG,fvGefaomtcg aemuf
tdrfaxmif rjyKbJaecJhonf/
acwftqufquf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif txl;yg0ifcJhaomq&mBuD;onf
jrefrmouú&mZf 1326 ckESpf? 'kwd,0gqdkv qef; 14 &uf (1964 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 23
&uf) touf 89 ESpft&G,fwGif rdrdaexdkif&m prf;acsmif;&yf? csrf;omvrf;aetdrfwGif
190 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
b0wpfyg;odk Yajymif;a&TUoGm;&Smonf/ q&mBuD;\½kyfuvmyfudk wcrf;wem;
jyifqifrGrf;rHNyD;vQif a&Twd*HkapwDawmfawmifbufrkcfajc&if; a&Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf;ab;
OD;Owåryef;NcH (,cifuefawmfrifyef;NcH) twGif; pkzk&m;vwf rdzk&m;BuD; *lAdrmef
teD;wGif *loGif;oN*ØK[fxm;avonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) wuúodkvfwifc? jrefrmpm jrefrmrIudk wuúodkvfwifc? jrefrmpm jrefrmrIudk wuúodkvfwifc? jrefrmpm jrefrmrIudk wuúodkvfwifc? jrefrmpm jrefrmrIudk wuúodkvfwifc? jrefrmpm jrefrmrIudk jyKpkysK d;axmif jyKpkysK d;axmif jyKpkysK d;axmif jyKpkysK d;axmif jyKpkysK d;axmif
acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;? pm-23-31/ 105 acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;? pm-23-31/ 105 acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;? pm-23-31/ 105 acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;? pm-23-31/ 105 acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;? pm-23-31/ 105
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 191
OD;vS (vlxkOD;vS)OD;vS (vlxkOD;vS)OD;vS (vlxkOD;vS)OD;vS (vlxkOD;vS)OD;vS (vlxkOD;vS)
pma&;q&m vlxkOD;vStrnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;vSudk
1910jynfYESpf? Zefe0g&D 19 &ufwGif yJcl;wdkif;? anmifav;yif
NrdKUrS av;rdkifuGm ppfawmif;jrpfurf;yg;ay:&dS ykpGefajrmif;&Gmü
tzukefonf OD;yk? trd a':cdkifwdkYrS arG;zGm;onf/ trnf&if;rSm
armifvSjzpfonf/
OD;vSonf ykpGefajrmif;&Gm tpdk;&ausmif;wGif av;wef;txd ynm
oif,lcJYNyD;? 1922 ckESpfwGif anmifav;yifNrdKU ½dkrefuufovpf omoemjyKausmif;ü
ynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1926 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU A[dktpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;ü
qufvufynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1930 jynfYESpfwGif q,fwef;pmar;yJG atmifjrif
cJhonf/ q,fwef;atmifjrifcJYjyD;aemuf pm&if;udkifpma&;oifwef;wuf&if;?
vli,frsm;MuD;yGm;a&;toif;\ owif;rsm;udk owif;pmwdkufrsm;odkY a&;om;
ay;ydkYonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif ol&d,owif;pmwdkuf OD;ykuav;xHrS owif;pm
ynmudk oif,lcYJonf/
1931 ckESpfwGif &efukefjrLeDpDy,fü &mjzwftifpyufawmftjzpf 0ifa&muf
trIxrf;onf/ wpfzufwGifvnf; vli,frsm; MuD;yGm;a&;toif;wdkufü pmMunfY
wdkufrSL;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifonf/ vli,frsm;MuD;yGm;a&;toif;u zGifYvSpfaom
nausmif;wGifvnf; pmjyonf/
1932 ckESpfwGif vli,frsm;MuD;yGm;a&;toif;u MuD;yGm;a&;vrf;ñTefr*¾Zif;
xkwfa0cJY&m ]]MuD;yGm;a&;armifvS}} uavmiftrnfudkcH,lí pmrsm; pwifa&;om;
onf/ 1933 ckESpfwGif MuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;udk udk,fwdkifOD;pD;xkwfa0onf/
xdkr*¾Zif;wGif acgif;MuD;ydkif;rsm;a&;om;cJYonfYtjyif pHvSay:? OD;t&d, ausmif;om;
[laom uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifY 0w¬Kaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJY&m MuD;yGm;a&; OD;vS[k
vlodrsm;cJYonf/
1937 ckESpfwGif yxrqHk;wnfaxmifaom pma&;q&mtoif;wGif
trIaqmiftjzpf pwifwm0ef,lonf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif a':trm (vlxka':trm)ESifY
tdrfaxmifjyKcJYonf/
192 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
1940 jynfYESpf jrefrmEdkifiHodkY 'kwd,urÇmppf ul;pufvmojzifY MuD;yGm;a&;
r*¾Zif;udk rEÅav;NrdKUodk Y ajymif;a&YTUxkwfa0cJYonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;ü
MuD;yGm;a&;yHkESdyfwdkuf wnfaxmifí udk,fwdkifa&;pmtkyfrsm;udk xkwfa0onf/ 1943
ckESpfwGif tm½Svli,ftoif; c½dkifOuú|tjzpf wm0ef,lcJYonf/ 1945 ckESpfwGif
txufArmEdkifiH z.q.y.v tzJGUü 0g'jzefYcsda&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJYonf/
1945 ckESpfwGif 15 &ufwpfMudrfxkwf vlxk*sme,fudk OD;pD;xkwfa0jyD;? 1946
ckESpf? {jyDv 19 &ufaeYrSpí vlxkowif;pmudk xkwfa0cJYonf/ xdktcsdefupí
vlxkOD;vS uavmiftrnfudkcH,lcJYonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif txufArmEdkifiH pma&;
q&mtoif; Ouú|ESifY wnfaxmifol jzpfvmonf/
1952 ckESpfwGif owif;pmq&m udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmif
pkodkYvnf;aumif;? w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHodkYvnf;aumif;? csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;
ESifY *smref'Drdku&ufwpfor®wEdkifiHodkYvnf;aumif; oGm;a&mufcJYonf/
OD;vSonf *syefacwftm½Svli,ftoif; c½dkifOuú|vkyfcJYaomaMumifY? 1945
ckESpfwGif NAdwdoQe,fcsJU\ tzrf;tqD;cH&jcif;tygt0if ig;Mudrfwdwd zrf;qD;cHcJY
&onf/
1953 ckESpfwGif z.q.y.v tpdk;&\ yk'fr (5) jzifY zrf;qD;jcif;cH&jyD;
axmifxJü oHk;ESpfausmfaecJY&cdkuf axmifustusOf;om;rsm;onf rnfodkYaomtajc
tae? rnfodkYaomtaMumif;rsdK;aMumifY &mZ0wfrIMuD;rsm;udk usL;vGefjcif;? ywfouf
jcif;rsm;jzpfcJY&onfudk acsmYarmYar;jref;rSwfom;cJYavonf/ axmifESifYvlom;
pmtkyfü axmifus (12) a,mufwdkY\ b0udk rdbrsdK;½dk;rSpí vlYb0a&mufvmyHk
ynmoif,lcJYyHk vlYavmuwGifMuD;jyif;vmcJY&yHk ponfwdkYYudk rl&if;twdkif; tao;pdwf
wifjyxm;onf/
OD;vStzrf;cH&vdkY vGwfvmjyD; axmifpmtkyfawG wpftkyfjyD;wpftkyf
xGufvmawmY vlawGt&ifurzwf&bl;wJY pmayawGrdkY vlawGu vufcHMudKqdk
Muw,f/ tJ'DawmY OD;vSudk axmifxJxnfYxm;olawGu? olwdk Yyd k Yxm;vdk Y
'DpmawGa&;Edkifwm olwdkYudkaus;Zl;wifzdkYaumif;w,f qdkwmrsdK;awGajymvdkY? OD;vSu
&,farmjyD; ]]cifAsm;wdkYvnf; wpfvSnfYoGm;aejyD; uRefawmfhvdk pma&;MuOD;aygU}} vdkY
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 193
ajymygw,f/ OD;vSrSm ]]owif;pmq&mtjrifawG trsm;MuD;&Sdygw,f/ 'gaMumifY
axmifxJwjcm;pma&;q&mawGa&mufwmeJYrwlbJ olYqDu axmifpmtkyfawG
xGufvmwmyg}} [k vlxka':trmu ajymMum;onfudk rSwfom;&onf/
1957 ckESpfwGif urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf oD&dvuFmEdkifiHodkY
oGm;cJYonf/ 1957 ckESpf pmayAdrmefpmya'omqkudk ]]axmifESifYvlom;}} jzifY&&dS
cJYonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif ]]avSmifcsdKifYxJuiSufi,frsm;}} pmtkyfjzifY ,leufpudkpD;yGm;
a&;ESifY vlrIa&;qk&&dScJYonf/ 1960 jynfYESpfwGif owif;pmq&m udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
t*Fvef? jyifopf? jynfaxmifpkor®w *smreDEdkifiHESifY *syefEdkifiHrsm;odkY oGm;a&muf
cJYonf/ 1962 ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;½Sm;EdkifiHodkY c&D;vSnfYvnfcJYonf/
OD;vSonf 1962 ckESpfrS tpjyKí jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om; yHkjyifrsm;
qufwdkufxkwfa0cJYjyD; tcsdKUudkEdkifiHjcm;bmomrsm;jzifY jyefqdkazmfjycJYonf/
1963 ckESpfwGif ]]&cdkifaus;vufyHkjyifrsm;}} pmtkyfjzifY pmayAdrmef uav;
vli,frsm;qdkif&m pmay'kwd,qk &&dScJYonf/
OD;vSonf owif;pmq&mtjzpfvnf;aumif;? pma&;q&mtjzpf
vnf;aumif;? xif½Sm;cJYoljzpfjyD; pmtkyfpmwrf;aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmudk jyKpka&;om;
xkwfa0cJYonf/
vlxkOD;vStrnfjzifY a&;om;cJYaom pmtkyfrsm;teuf tcsdKUudk azmfjy&vsif
qdkAD,uf½k½Sm; (1938)? xdyfqHk;odkY (1940)? ½TYHUESifYppfom; (1942)? yef;ESifYppfom;
(1942)? ponfYbmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;? avESifYtwl (1957)? axmifESifYvlom;
(1957)? avSmifcsdKifYxJrS iSufi,frsm; (1958)? tm;vHk;aumif;Mu&JUvm; (1959)?
ppftcspfESifY axmif (1960)? ppfjyD;paxmifwHcg; (1968)? ponfY axmiftawGU
tBuHKpmtkyfrsm;? owif;pmrsm;onford kif;ud kajymjyaeMuonf (1963)?
owif;pmrsm;ajymjywJY ppfwGif;jrefrmjynf (av;wJG) (1968)? owif;pmrsm;ajymjywJY
ppfjyD;p jrefrmjynf (1969)? ponfYordkif;ESifY owif;pmrSwfwrf;pmtkyfrsm; uRefawmf
jAL½dku&uf (1970)? uRefawmfpwD;yJGpm; (1970)? uRefawmfowif;axmuf (1971)?
uRefawmfjrif;orm; ponfYpmtkyfrsm;rSm xif½Sm;cJYonf/
OD;vSonf 1982 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 7 &ufwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
194 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
1991 ckESpfwGif jrawmifausmif;wdkuftwGif;ü a'gufwmoef;xGef;u vlxkOD;vS
trSwfw&opfyifESifY ausmufwHk;udk ausmufpmESifYtwl pdkufxlxm;½dScJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 64-66/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 64-66/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 64-66/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 64-66/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 64-66/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) vlxka':trm? vlxktrSwfw& vvlxka':trm? vlxktrSwfw& vvlxka':trm? vlxktrSwfw& vvlxka':trm? vlxktrSwfw& vvlxka':trm? vlxktrSwfw& vll ll lxkOD;vS (1994)/xkOD;vS (1994)/xkOD;vS (1994)/xkOD;vS (1994)/xkOD;vS (1994)/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1987) pm280-281/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1987) pm280-281/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1987) pm280-281/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1987) pm280-281/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1987) pm280-281/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 195
OD;vScif (qef;ñGef YOD;)OD;vScif (qef;ñGef YOD;)OD;vScif (qef;ñGef YOD;)OD;vScif (qef;ñGef YOD;)OD;vScif (qef;ñGef YOD;)
owif;pmq&m OD;vScifudk tz OD;armifcif? trd
a':jrwifwdkYu 1921 ckESpfrwfv 21 &ufaeYü [oFmw
NrdKUwGif arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;vScifonf [oFmwNrdKU atbDtrf txufwef;
ausmif;wGif 10 wef;txd ynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1943 ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpftwGif;
v,f,mESifY opfawmXme? tpdk;& pyg;0,f,la&;t&m&dStjzpf ykodrfc½dkifwGif
vkyfudkifcYJonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif &efukefodkY ajymif;a&TU aexdkifcJhonf/ 1951 ckESpfü
qef;ñGefYOD; (pmay? obif? ½kyf½Sif) r*¾Zif;udk wnfaxmifxkwfa0cJYonf/
xdkESpfwGifyif a&mifeDOD;pmaywdkufwnfaxmifí Aef;armfwifatmif\0w¬Krsm;udk
xkwfa0cJYonf/
OD;vScifonf ArmYacwfowif;pmwGif owif;axmuftjzpfvnf;aumif;?
taxmufawmfowif;pmwGif ½kyf½Sifowif;axmuftjzpfvnf;aumif;? ½kyf½Sif
atmifvH r*¾Zif;wGif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? wm0ef,l aqmif&GufcJYonf/
taxmufawmfjrwfvS? OD;vScif (qef;ñGefYOD;)? OD;jrwfvSponfYtrnfrsm;jzifY
pmayrsm; a&;om;cJYonf/ 1960 jynfYESpfwGif &wem½kyf½Sif ukrÜPDxlaxmifí
wifYvSay[ef? ocF? bk&m;pl;cspfyghr,f paom ½kyf½Sifum;rsm; ½kduful;cJYonf/
OD;vScifonf acwfrD"r®y' 0w¬Kawmf? ig;&mig;q,fvufa&G;pif0w¬K?
atmifjcif;½Spfyg;? Zdew¬yumoeDAk'¨0if½kyfpHk paombmoma&;pmayrsm;ESifY
&GufacgufjrpfoD;aq;enf; 1000? rD;zdkacsmifrS aq;pGrf;aumif; (y-'k)? aq;0g;ryg
usef;rmEkysdK touf½Snfenf;rsm;? b0udkpdefac:í urÇmausmfcJYolrsm;? ,aeY
&efukefponfY A[kokwjzpfzG,fpmtkyfrsm;tygt0if pmtkyftrsdK;aygif; (50) ausmfudk
udk,fwdkifa&;om;í qef;ñGefYOD;pmaywdkufrS xkwfa0cJYonf/
OD;vScifonf [oFmwtoif; (&efukef)wGif trIaqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;?
em,u tjzpfvnf;aumif; yg0ifjyD; vlrIa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;vScifonf 1992 ckESpf? rwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/
196 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
owif;pmq&m OD;vSxGef;jzLud k &cd kif jynfe,f?
ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,f? ykZGefajz&Gmü tzOD;aratmif trd a':a&TbHk
wdkYu 1901 ckESpf? rwfv 16 &ufaeYwGif arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;vSxGef;jzLonf ajrmufOD;NrdKU rlvwef;ausmif;wGif
pwifynmoif,lcJYonf/ xdkYaemuf ppfawGNrdKU? omoemjyK pufrIvufrIausmif;wGif
qufvufynmoif,lcJYonf/ wpfzef rdw¬DvmNrdKU? atbDtrf txufwef;ausmif;odkU
ajymif;a&TUí 10 wef;txd ynmoif,lcJYonf/
OD;vSxGef;jzLonf 0HomEk*sDpDbDat aeYpOfowif;pmwGif vufaxmuf
t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwGif vufaxmuf t,f'Dwm
ESifY owif;axmuftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1930 jynfYESpfrS 1940 jynfYESpftxd
aqmif&GufcJYonf/ xdkUaemuf 1942 ckESpfrS 1944 ckESpftxd {&m0wDwdkif;wGif
opfawmt&m&dStjzpf trIxrf;cJYonf/
OD;vSxGef;jzLonf 1945 ckESpfwGif txnfvkyfief; 0goemygol 35 OD;udk
pkpnf;í jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m &ufuef;toif;MuD;udk wnfaxmifjyD; Ouú|tjzpf
aqmif&GufcJYonf/ wdkif;wpfyg;om;rsm;ydkif ½dk;ukrÜPD? 0yfqiftifqef;ukrÜPDESifY
0dIufwa0;ukrÜPDpaom ukrÜPDrsm;rS txnft0wfrsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&ef vIHUaqmf
cJYonf/ OD;vSxGef;jzLonf &ufuef;vkyfief;udk em;vnfuGsrf;usifjyD; jrefrmY&ufuef;
vkyfief;udk tNrJwap tm;ay;aomaMumifY OD;vSxGef;jzL (&ufuef;) [líwGifcJYonf/
OD;vSxGef;jzLonf 1951 ckESpfwGif ausmufawmfawmifydkif; rJqE´e,fygvD
reftrwftjzpf ta&G;cH&onf/ wpfzef 1956 ckESpfwGif ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,fygvDref
trwftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrSmufcH&onf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif b@ma&;0efMuD;Xmeü
twGif;0eftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 1960 jynfYESpfwGif tdrfapmifYtpdk;&u
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGusif;y&m ajrmufOD; rJqE´e,frS ygvDreftrwfjzpfcJYonf/
1964 ckESpfwGif pufrIvufrIXme txl;t&m&dStjzpfvnf;aumif;?
&ufuef;ynmay;t&m&dStjzpfvnf;aumif;? aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1974 ckESpfwGif
OD;vSxGef;jzL (trsdK;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL)OD;vSxGef;jzL (trsdK;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL)OD;vSxGef;jzL (trsdK;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL)OD;vSxGef;jzL (trsdK;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL)OD;vSxGef;jzL (trsdK;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL)
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 197
ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,f rJqE´e,ftrSwf (1) rS jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufcH&jyD;? EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0iftjzpf wm0ef,lcJYonf/ 1978
ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0iftjzpfrS tjidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/ 1980 jynfYESpfwGif
EdkifiHh*kPf&nf (yxrtqifY) udk&&dScJYonf/
OD;vSxGef;jzLonf rdrdEdkifiHudk udk,fpm;jyKí jynfyEdkifiHrsm;odkYvnf; oGm;a&muf
cJY&m 1953 ckESpfwGif MopMwD;,m;EdkifiH? AD,memNrdKUüusif;yaom urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;
nDvmcHodkY wufa&mufcJYonf/ 1963 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&vufxufwGif
owif;pmq&mrsm;toif; udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf taemuf*smreDEdkifiHodkU oGm;
a&mufcJYonf/ 1966 ckESpfwGif [efa*&DEdkifiH Al'gyufNrdKUüusif;yaom EdkifiHwum
ukefpnfjyyJGMuD;odkY jrefrmEdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,ftzJGU0iftjzpf wufa&mufcJYonf/
OD;vSxGef;jzLonf 1960 jynfYESpfu trsdK;om;aeYpOf owif;pmudk udk,fwdkif
t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&Gufí xkwfa0cJYonf/ pmtkyfpmayrsm;udk a&;om;
jyKpkcJYaom pma&;q&mwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ a&;om;jyKpkcJYaom pmtkyfrsm;teuf
tcsdKUudkazmfjy&vsif ]]&cdkifjynfe,fpD;yGm;a&;b@mwdkuf}}? ]]uGsefawmfawmom;}} ?
]]&ufuef;ynmqdkif&m ud&d,mtajcjyordkif;}}? ]]vlYb0tESpfom&}}? ]]t&ufaMumifY
tyg,fruszdkY}} paom pmtkyfrsm;jzpfonf/
OD;vSxGef;jzLonf tzJGUtpnf;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcJY&m jynfolYaiGpm&if;
aumfrwD? Oya'jyKvTwfawmfqdkif&m tmrcHaumfrwDESifY 'Drdkua&pDa'oEÅ&
tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwDrsm;wGif aumfrwD0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1971 ckESpf zJGUpnf;yHk
tajccHOya'a&;qJGa&; aumfr&Sif tzJGY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1973 ckESpfjynfvHk;
uGswfqE´cH,lyJGaumfr&Sif tzJGY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;vSxGef;jzLu 1980 jynhfESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 24 &ufaeY &ufpJGjzifY ,lyDtdkif
OD;boef;\ b0tawGYtMuHK pmtkyftrSmpmwGif ]] owif;pmvkyfief;udk 0goem
ygolwdkYrSm ewfuawmfrsm;ESifY wlvSonf/ aiGaMu; &onfjzpfap? r&onfjzpfap
ewfqdkif;wD;ay;vQif ajcw&G&G? vufw&G&GjzifY ucsifMuonf/ owif;pm0goem
ygolwdkUonfvnf; tcaMu;aiGrnfrQ&ap? r&apta&; rpdkuf? Mum;orQowif;udk
198 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
oef;acgif,Htcsdefjzpfap? tcsdefra&G; a&;om;avY&dSMuonf}} [k ol\ owif;pm
orm;rsm;tay:tjrifudka&;om;cJYonf/
OD;vSxGef;jzLonf 1986 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 6 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü
uG,fvGefcJYonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-704odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-704odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-704odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-704odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-704
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 199
OD;vS'if (trsKd;om; OD;vS'if)OD;vS'if (trsKd;om; OD;vS'if)OD;vS'if (trsKd;om; OD;vS'if)OD;vS'if (trsKd;om; OD;vS'if)OD;vS'if (trsKd;om; OD;vS'if)
owif;pmq&m OD;vS'if udk 1911 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 26
&ufaeYwGif tz v,form;MuD; OD;bdk;oif;rS om,m0wDc½dkif?
ZD;ukef;NrdKUü zGm;jrifcJYonf/
OD;vS'ifonf t*Fvdyfjrefrm 10 wef;ESifY txufwef;
q&mjzpf pmar;yJGatmifjrifcJYonf/ ausmif;om;b0 1927-28 ckESpfcefYrSpí
ol&d,r*¾Zif;ESifY 'D;'kwf*sme,f? aumZmopf r*¾Zif;wdkYwGif uAsmESifY0w¬Kwdkrsm;
a&;cJYzl;onf/ xdkYaemuf 1930 jynfYESpfrSpí 'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif wlvuf[laom
uavmiftrnfjzifY aumfvHwpfckzGifYum txl;ojzifY EdkifiHa&;&mrsm;udk a&;om;
cJYonf/ ocif*Gwdk[laom Zmwfaumifwpfaumifudk zefwD;jyD;vQif EdkifiHa&;
oa&mfpmaqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf; oD;jcm;@wpfckzGifYí a&;om;cJYonf/
OD;vS'ifonf MuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;ü wm0wðomoGm;rSwfwrf;? t0DpdoGm;
rSwfwrf;aqmif;yg; jydKifyJGrsm;wGif qkrsm;&&dScJYzl;í q,foef;*sme,fwGifvnf;
OD;ematmuftw¬KyÜwdå aqmif;yg;qk &&dScJYzl;avonf/ 1934 ckESpfrSpí 'D;'kwf
*sme,fwGif t,f'DwmtzJGY0iftjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJYonf/ *syefacwfwGif
tm½Svli,f (ZD;ukef;) XmecJGü ÓPAvrSL;? umuG,fa&;rSL;ponfY wm0efrsm;udk
aqmif&Guf&if; zufqpfawmfvSefa&; ajratmufvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifcJYavonf/
ppfjyD;acwfwGif zqyv A[dkOD;pD;tzJGY0if jzpfvmonf/ 'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif qufvuf
aqmif&GufcJY&m t,f'DwmcsKyftqifYtxd wdk;jr§ifhcefYtyfjcif; cHcJY&onf/
OD;vS'ifonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY usqHk;onfYtcg zqyvtzJGUcsKyfwGif
jyefMum;a&;Xme twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efESifYtwl zqyv owif;pOf*sme,fESifY
vrf;ñTefaeYpOfowif;pmrsm;wGif OD;pD;t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&Guf
cJY&onf/
1949-50 jynfYESpfwGif trsdK;om;pmyHkESdyfwdkufudkwnfaxmifum udk,fydkif
yHkESdyfvkyfief;jzifY wdkif;jynftusdK;jyKpmayrsm; tqufrjywfa&;om; ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0
cJY&m pmtkyfaygif; 70 ausmfcJYonf/
200 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
1959 ckESpfwGif tdEd,EdkifiH r'&yfNrdKUwGifvnf;aumif;? 1960 jynfYESpfwGif
oD[dkVfEdkifiH udkvHbdkNrdKUwGifvnf;aumif;? usif;ycJYaom ukvor*¾vufatmufcH
,leufpudk pmayvkyfief;ESD;aESmzvS,fyJGrsm;odkY jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&muf
cJYonf/
1963 ckESpf trsdK;om;pmayqkudk rmudkyd kvdkpmtkyfjzifY bmomjyef
wwd,qkudkvnf;aumif;? 1964 ckESpf trsdK;om;pmayqkudk &wema&TajrpmtkyfjzifY
bmomjyef'kwd,qkudkvnf;aumif; &&dScJYonf/
OD;vS'if\ ausmfMum;cJYaom pmayvuf&mrsm;rSm or®wvifuGef;twGif;a&;?
aomrwft,f'Dqif? udkvefbwf? eef;ñGefYa'0D? jrefrmjynf0,f ESpfav;q,f
ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
OD;vS'ifonf &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 135-137/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 135-137/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 135-137/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 135-137/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 135-137/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 201201201201201
OD;vSab ('*kefvSab)OD;vSab ('*kefvSab)OD;vSab ('*kefvSab)OD;vSab ('*kefvSab)OD;vSab ('*kefvSab)
owif;pmq&m OD;vSab ('*kefvSab) udk 1899 ckESpf?
ZGefv 14 &ufaeYwGif yJcl;wdkif; a&wm½SnfNrdKUü tz OD;a&csrf;?
trd a':yef;OwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/ OD;vSabonf awmifilNrdKU
OD;vu©P aemfrefausmif;rS 1918 ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyfjrefrm
udk;wef; atmifjrifcJYonf/ 1920-21 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;NrdKU&dS or0g,rynmESifY
pm&if;ppfynmoifausmif;rS txufwef;or0g,rynmESif h pm&if;ppfynm
atmifjrifcJhonf rEÅav;wdkif; or0g,rtoif;wGif wJGzufpm&if;ppftjzpf aqmif
&GufcJYonf/ ygVdjrefrmynm&dSMuD; q&mOD;tdkxHrSvnf; ygVd? jrefrm? ysdKU? uAsm? pmay
cufqpfrsm;udk oif,lcJYonf/ 1924 ckESpfwGif a':wkwfESifY tdrfaxmifjyKjyD; jrpfom;
NrdKUwGif aexdkifonf/
OD;vSabonf opöm0g'Dowif;pmESifY rEÅav;xkwf or0g,r[dw*sme,f
wdkYwGif aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJYonf/ 1929 ckESpfwGif &efukefodkY a&mufvmjyD;?
'*kefr*¾Zif;ü t,f'Dwmtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJYum '*kefvSab trnfcHvsuf
aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ 1940 jynfYESpfwGif NAdwdoQbm;rm; ½kyf&Sifpmapmif
t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;vSabonf 1946-50 jynfYESpfwGif [Hom0wDowif;pm wJGzuft,f'Dwm
tjzpf trIxrf;cJYonf/ udk,fydkifyHkESdyfvkyfief;udk wnfaxmifonf/ 1971 ckESpfwGif
jrefrmpmaumfr&SiftzJGU0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1975 ckESpfwGif jrefrmpmaumfr&Sifudk
jrefrmpmtzJGU[k trnfajymif;aomtcg jrefrmpmtzGJU0iftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;vSabonf aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkaygif;um ]]pmwHcGef}} ]]a&TjynfwefeDwd}}
]]pmayESifY,Ofaus;rI}} ]]awG;ac:odjrifrI'óejrifuGif;}} trnf½dSpmtkyfrsm; xkwfa0cJY
onf/
OD;vSabonf 1986 ckESpf? Zlvdkif 9 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; / odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm; / pm 143/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm; / pm 143/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm; / pm 143/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm; / pm 143/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm; / pm 143/
202202202202202 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;vSaomif;onf zsmyHkNrdKUtrsdK;om;ausmif;? Ak'¨bmomrdef;uav;ausmif;?
zsmyHk tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;ESifY &efukefwuúodkvfwdkYwGif ynmoif,lcJYonf/
1938 ckESpfwGif zsmyHkNrdKUe,f 'dkYArm tpnf;t½kHk; twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpfaqmif&GufNyD;?
apwemh0efxrf; nausmif;q&m vkyfcJYonf/ 1939 ckESpfrS 1942 ckESpftxd a':qif
bPfwdkuf zsmyHkESifYbdkuav;NrdKUwdkYü pm&if;udkifpma&; vkyfcJYonf/ xdktcsdeftwGif;
NAdwdoQ awmfvSefa&;vIyf&Sm;rIwGif vQdKU0Sufyg0ifcJYNyD; 1942 ckESpfü zGJYpnf;onfY
bDtdkifattkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJY zsmyHkwGif wGJzufjyefMum;a&;rSL;? ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;
vkyfief;ü aZmufcsvkyfudkifcJhonf/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (vQdKU0Suf) ESifY qufoG,f
um *syefawmfvSefa&;vIyf&Sm;rIwGif yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJYonf/
OD;vSaomif;onf *syefzufqpfwdkY\ vkdufvHzrf;qD;rIudkwdrf;a&Smif&if; &efukef
NrdKUodkY 1944 ckESpfü a&muf&SdcJYonf/ zqyv tzGJYcsKyf\ wm0efay;csuft& *syef
awmfvSefa&; vkyfief;twGufpnf;½Hk;&ef 1945 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif &rf;NAJrS
ausmufjzL? ppfawGNrdKUrsm;odkYa&muf&SdNyD;? umvuwåm;NrdKU&Sd ocifodef;az (OD;odef;az
jrifY) &Sd&m pcef;odkYa&muf&SdcJYonf/ {NyDvwGif rHk&GmNrdKUokdY jyefa&mufNyD;? *syefawmfvSef
a&;vkyfief;twGuf t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;ESifYqufoG,fa&; wm0efudk,lcJYonf/ arvrS
ZGefvtxd rEÅav; zqyvESifY yckuúL zqyv tzGJYrsm;zGJYpnf;&mü yg0ifwm0ef,lcJY
onf/ 1945 ckESpf? ZlvdkifvwGif Auy A[dkaumfrwD0ifjzpfvmcJYonf/ 1947 ckESpf?
azazmf0g&DvwGif uGefjrLepfaeYpOfowif;pmESifY jynfolYtmPm *sme,f t,f'DwmtzGJY
0ifjzpfcJYonf/
OD;vSaomif;onf 1948 ckESpf? rwfv? 28 &ufaeYrS pufwifbmvtxd
Auy A[dkaumfrwD0iftjzpf &efukefc½kdif pnf;½Hk;vIyf&Sm;rI (ajratmuf) udkwm0ef,l
OD;vSaomif; (armifndK)OD;vSaomif; (armifndK)OD;vSaomif; (armifndK)OD;vSaomif; (armifndK)OD;vSaomif; (armifndK)
owif;pmq&m OD;vSaomif;udk zsmyHkNrdKUwGif 1917 ckESpf?
azazmf0g&D 21 &ufaeYü zsmyHkNrdKU? bdvpfpma&;BuD; OD;a,m?
a':pdefñGefYwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/ OD;vSaomif;onf trsdK;om;pmqkd&Sif
OD;odef;[ef (q&maZmf*sD) \ nDt&if;jzpfonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 203203203203203
aqmif&GufcJYonf/ xdkESpfpufwifbmvrS 1952 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dvtxd yk'fr 5
jzifY xdef;odrf;cHcJY&onf/ 1953 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvrS 1957 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvtxd
&efukefNrdKUü xkwfa0onfY jynfawmfopf*sme,fwGif OD;pD;t,f'DwmvkyfcJYonf/ 1956
ckESpfwGif zsmyHkawmifydkif;rJqEe,frS jynfolYvTwfawmf trwf (yrnw) tjzpfta&G;
cHcJY&onf/ urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&uf (ArmEdkifiH) ESifY jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif;
wdkYü trIaqmiftjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ ocifudk,fawmfrdIif; acgif;aqmifaom
jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;aumfrwD\ pnf;½Hk;a&;aumfrwDtzGJYü twGif;a&;rSL;wm0ef,l
cJYonf/ 1959 ckESpf? {NyDvwGif yk'fr 5 jzifY xdef;odrf;jcif;cH&NyD; 1960 jynfYESpf
arvwGifaxmifrSvGwfcJYonf/ 1960 jynfYESpf? Mo*kwfv 6&ufaeYrSpí xkwfa0cJY
aom vrf;pOf*sme,fESifY vrf;pOfowif;pmwkdYü t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf vrf;pOfowif;pm
wkduf ydwfonftxd vkyfudkifcJYonf/
OD;vSaomif;onf 1964 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvrS 1965 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvtxd
wHcGeftm;upm;*sme,fwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1965 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm
v 2 &ufaeYwGif ygwDXmecsKyfynma&;Xmeü pmjyK? pmjyKwm0efcH? usrf;jyKokawoe
t&m&Sdtjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1972 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYwGif
ygwDokawoeXme vufaxmuftxufwef; okawoet&m&Sdtjzpf wm0ef,l
xrf;aqmifcJYonf/
OD;vSaomif;onf vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOf owif;pmwGif 1969 ckESpfrS 1972
ckESpf ukefqHk;onftxd acgif;BuD;ydkif;rsm; a&;cJhonf/
OD;vSaomif;onf vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if 'kwd,tqifY? EkdifiHh*kPf&nf
'kwd,tqifh&&SdcJYonf/
OD;vSaomif;onf 1997 ckESpf? pufwifbmv? 10 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü
uG,fvGefcJYonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / zsmyHk t.x.u (1) &mjynfY r*¾Zif;? 2005 ? 'DZifbm/zsmyHk t.x.u (1) &mjynfY r*¾Zif;? 2005 ? 'DZifbm/zsmyHk t.x.u (1) &mjynfY r*¾Zif;? 2005 ? 'DZifbm/zsmyHk t.x.u (1) &mjynfY r*¾Zif;? 2005 ? 'DZifbm/zsmyHk t.x.u (1) &mjynfY r*¾Zif;? 2005 ? 'DZifbm/
204204204204204 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;vSatmif (taxmufawmfvSatmif)OD;vSatmif (taxmufawmfvSatmif)OD;vSatmif (taxmufawmfvSatmif)OD;vSatmif (taxmufawmfvSatmif)OD;vSatmif (taxmufawmfvSatmif)
pma&;q&m taxmufawmfvSatmif trnfcH owif;pm
q&m OD;vSatmifudk tz jrefrmwdkif;&if;aq;q&mMuD; OD;omwifY?
trda':arwdkYrS 1936 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYü wdkufMuD;NrdKU
wGif arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;vSatmifonf wdkufBuD;NrdKUESifY tif;pdefNrdKUe,f tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rsm;
wGif q,fwef;atmifjrifonftxd ynmoif,lcJYonf/ touf 17 ESpfom; t&G,frS
pwifí owif;pmavmu? pmayavmuodkY 0ifa&mufcJYonf/ pD;yGm;a&;owif;pm?
opömnae owif;pmESifY taxmufawmf owif;pmrsm;wGif owif;axmufrS t,f'D
wmcsKyftxd vkyfudkifcJYonf/ xdkYjyif OD;vSatmifonf tdk;a0*sme,fwGif t,f'Dwm
csKyftjzpf vnf;aumif;? aomif;ajymif;axGvmr*¾Zif;wGif wm0efcH t,f'Dwmtjzpf
vnf;aumif; wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;vSatmifonf &J&JawG;rnfh owif;*sme,fudk 1969 ckESpf? {jyDv 19 &uf
paeaeYrS 1972 ckESpftxd udk,fwdkifOD;pD; wm0ef,lxkwfa0cJYonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH
*sme,favmuwGif owif;*sme,fonf apmifa& 45000 txd pHcsdefwifxkwfa0EdkifcJY
onf/ onf;OD;yef;? owif;vTm? owif; r*¾Zif;wdkYudkvnf; OD;pD;xkwfa0cJYonf/
OD;vSatmifu ]]owif;onff ig;ESifhwl\/ ig;udk eHeufydkif;vwfvwfqwfqwf
tcsdefrSm pm;vQifpm;? rpm;vQif ykyfoGm;rnf/ owif;onfvnf; xdkenf;twljzpfyg
onf/ ylylaEG;aEG;pm;vQif pm;? rpm;vQif at;oGm;u t&omysufoGm;wwfonf}}
[lí ajymjyonfudk rSwfom;cJh&onf/
OD;vSatmif\ cH,lcsufrSm ]]owif;cspfwwfaom jynfoltm;owif;ay;a0&m
wGif uRefawmf tb,frQ avmbMuD;aMumif; trsm;odygonf/ owif;avmbwnf;
[laom xdkrD;yHkudk xm0&tvQHwnD;nD; awmufavmifaeap&ef aowpfyef ouf
wpfqHk;avmifpm rjywfxdk;rnfjzpfaMumif;? jyKcJYzl;orQ aumif;rI ukodkvfrsm;udk wdkif
wnfum opömqdkygonf/}}
xdkopömw&m;\ tusdK;aus;Zl;udk owif;cspfwwfaom jynfolrsm; tjypfuif;
uif;ESifY &Tifvef;csrf;ajrUpGm 00vifvif tvsOfrjywf pm;oHk;EdkifMuap&ef qE´jyK
ygonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 205205205205205
uRefawmfwkdY\ wpfckwnf;aomrlonf tvkyfvkyfonfh ½dk;om;? Ekd;Mum;?
MudK;pm;aom jynfoludk oefY&Sif;pGm tvkyftauR;jyK&efom jzpfygonf/ xdkrludk
taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif ]]twif;tzsif;ra&;? owif;om ay;ygrnf}}
xdkokdY owif;ay;&mwGif ]]cspfolukdromap&? rkef;oludkremap&}} [laom
uavmifusifh0wfudk cg;0wfykqkd;yrm NrJjrHJpGm qkyfudkifxm;rnfjzpfaMumif; uwd
ay;tyfygonf/
owif;[lonfrSm jynfoltMum;wGifom jzpfyGm;ay:ayguf&jrJjzpfí owif;
trSefukd jynfolodjrJ jzpfygonf/ xdkaMumifhrrSefowif;udk uRefawmfwkdY ra&;&Jyg/
rrSefaomowif;a&;ojzifh jynfol\ 'Pfcwfjcif;udk ao&rnfxufyif uRefawmfwkdY
aMumufygonf}} [líjzpfonf/
OD;vSatmifonf taxmufawmfvSatmif uavmiftrnfjzifh bmomjyef
pmtkyfrsm;? owif;aqmif;yg; rsm;pGmudka&;om;ouJhokdY vif;OD;uavmiftrnfjzifh
tcspf0w¬KtEkpmayrsm;pGmudkvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/
OD;vSatmif bmomjyefa&;om;xkwfa0cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;teufrS tcsKdUudk
azmfjy&vQif emZDy#dnmOfcH? rydkaMu; rvkdaMu;? tm&SrSm rNidrf;csrf;Ekdifyg/ t[m
bDvl;? tkwfMum;jruf? rGef½dk;? rD;yifv,faAGxJu y'kr®m? rkda&S'g,ef;\ tm&yftpöa&;
ppfyGJrSwfwrf;? &Spfpyfu*sifajcvnfol? jrefrmhawmwGif;rSm &uf 100? tm&yftpöa&;
6 &uf ppfyGJ? xD;ESifh tjcm;tdE´d,0w¬Kwdkrsm;jzpfonf/
OD;vSatmif\ owif;*sme,fESifh uRefawmfpmtkyfrSm 0w¬Kaumif;wpfyk'fukd
zwf½I&ouJhodkY pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpf½Hkru? owif;pmvkyfief;ukd avhvmvkdolwdkYtwGuf
A[kokwrsm;pGm jzpfapEkdifonf/
OD;vSatmifu owif;*sme,fESifh uRefawmfpmtkyfwGif ae0ifcsdefuefawmhyef;
(1) ü ]]½dk;om;aom? pdwfESvHk;aumif;&Sdaom? tusifhaumif;&Sdaom? tjypfuif;rJhaom?
wpfpHkwpfa,muf? ESpfpHkESpfa,muf? oHk;pHk oHk;a,muf? odkYwnf;rSr[kwfygvQif? &m
axmif aomif; odef;ruaom yk*¾dKvfMuD;i,fwdkYonf ....... owif; *sme,f\
udk,ftjyKtrl? EIwftjyKtrl? pdwftjyKtrlrsm;aMumifh pdwfqif;&Jjcif;? udk,fqif;&Jjcif;
rsm; jzpfcJhMurnfqkdjim;tHh ........ y'kr®mMumtiHkuJhodkY vuftpHkudk &Sdcdk;wifum?
xdjcif;oHk;yg;jzifh tMudrfMudrf uefawmhyef;qifygonf/
206206206206206 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
tusifhazmufjyefol? pdwfazmufjyefol? tusifh,kwfrmol? udk,fusKd;Munfhol?
bezl;odkufwl;ol? toHaumif;[pfol? tcGihfta&;&Smol? uyfyg;&yfyg;vkyfol?
a&omckdol? txufyifhatmufzdol? avmuudk vddrfnmol? opömrJhol? r,HkMunfbJESifh
a&SUwef;uwufjyD; vufoD;vufarmif;wef;ol? a&S;wpfrsKd;uG,f&mwpfrsKd; ajymwwf
olrSeforQwkdYonf owif;*sme,f\ uefawmhyef;qifjcif;ESifh vHk;0oufqkdifjcif; r&Sdyg/
,if;vlwef;pm;rsm;\ a&SUarSmufwGif b,faomumv a&mufa&muf
'l;axmufrnfr[kwf/ ]]'l;axmufonfqkdaom pum;vHk;udk owif;*sme,fonf?
rMum;pzl;cJh? aemifwGifvnf;Mum;zl;vdrfhrnf r[kwf}} [k azmfjya&;om;cJhNyD; aemufqHk;
tydk'fwGif ]]owif;*sme,f cspfolrsm;udk rwif;wdrf ra&mifh&JEkdifonfh &Sdcdk;jcif;jzifh
tMudrfMudrfOD;ESdrfcsvsuf}} [k azmfjyxm;onfudk rSwfom;&onf/
OD;vSatmifonf 1992 ckESpf? {jyDv 7 &ufaeYwGif &efukefjrdKUü uG,fvGefonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) taxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmf
(1972)/(1972)/(1972)/(1972)/(1972)/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) taxmufawmfvSatmif? pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ (1975)/taxmufawmfvSatmif? pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ (1975)/taxmufawmfvSatmif? pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ (1975)/taxmufawmfvSatmif? pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ (1975)/taxmufawmfvSatmif? pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ (1975)/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) jynfolwkdY\ pujynfolwkdY\ pujynfolwkdY\ pujynfolwkdY\ pujynfolwkdY\ pum;jyef (1974)m;jyef (1974)m;jyef (1974)m;jyef (1974)m;jyef (1974)
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 207207207207207
OD;0D&dausmf (omyg;)OD;0D&dausmf (omyg;)OD;0D&dausmf (omyg;)OD;0D&dausmf (omyg;)OD;0D&dausmf (omyg;)
owif;pmq&mOD;0D&dausmfudk tz OD;a'G;jrwf? trd
a':aroHjym wdkYrS 1916 ckESpfwGif MunfhjrifwdkifNrdKUe,f? OD;vleD
vrf;üzGm;jrifonf/ 1934 ckESpfwGif q,fwef;pmar;yJGudk
atmifjrifcJhNyD; 1934 ckESpfrS 1938 ckESpftwGif; xkwfa0aom
(Recorder Magazine) wGifuavmiftrnf ]]omyg;}}?(Tha Pa) cH,lNyD;? u&ifbmom
jzifh a&;om;cJhonf/ 1938 ckESpfwGif bDatbGJU &&SdcJhonf/
OD;0D&dausmfonf tvHku&ifNcHtwGif;&Sd yJcl;u&iftxufwef;ausmif;wGif
txufwef;jyq&mtjzpf pwifvkyfudkifcJhonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;\
EdkifiHa&;twdkifyifcHtwGif;0eftjzpf wm0eftyfESif; jcif;cH&onf/ 1947 ckkESpf? azazmf
0g&Dv 12 &ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhaomordkif;0if yifvHknDvmcHodkY autif,l udk,fpm;
jyK vli,facgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;? avhvmoltjzpfvnf;aumif; apvTwfjcif;
cH&onf/
wdkif;jyK? jynfjyKvTwfawmftrwftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr§mufcHcJh&NyD;? AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESifhwuG cspfcif&if;ESD;aom rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;tygt0if tmZmenfacgif;
aqmifrsm; vkyfBuHcH&NyD;aemufydkif;wGif wdkif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmftrwftjzpfrS Ekwf
xGufcJhonf/ 1948ckESpfwGif q&mBuD;onfEdkifiHa&;b0rS acwåtem;aecJhNyD; bD;vif;
NrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpf vufcHaqmif&GufcJhum
jynfolY0efxrf;b0odkY wpfzeful;ajymif;vmcJhonf/ 1949 ckESpf? autif,lwdkY
odrf;ydkufe,fajrtwGif; usa&mufoGm;ojzifh autif,lwdkYu q&mBuD;tm; oxHkc½dkif
ta&;ydkiftjzpfwm0efay;cJhonf/
OD;0D&dausmfonf 1954 ckESpfwGif aumfol;avtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJY\ EdkifiHjcm;
qufoG,fa&;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;vJxrf;aqmifcJh&NyD;? 1963 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 28 &ufaeY
wGif jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJtwGuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ wpfOD;wnf;
aom udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfwm0efay;tyfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ 1964 ckESpf? rwfv 12
&ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhaom awmfvSefa&;aumifpDESifh aumfol;av awmfvSefa&;
208208208208208 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
aumifpDwdkY Nidrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwfa&;xdk;yGJodkY w&m;0if udk,fpm;
vS,ftjzpfwufa&mufcJhonf/
OD;0D&dausmfonf 1964 ckESpfrS 1969 ckESpftxd vrf;pOfygwDXmecsKyfwGif
jynfyavhvma&;XmepkrSL;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cHcJh&NyD;? 1969 ckESpfrS 1976
ckESpftxd vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOfowif;pm (t*Fvdyf) wGif 'kwd, t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf
ajymif;a&TUwm0efay;tyfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ 1964 ckESpfrS 1969 ckESpftxd odyÜH? pD;yGm;a&;
ESifh EdkifiHwuma&;&m aqmif;yg;rsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzifha&;om;cJhonf/ EdkifiHawmfrS
EkdifiHh*kPf&nfbGJYwHqdyf yxrtqifh csD;jr§ifhtyfESif;jcif;cHcJh&onf/
OD;0D&dausmfonf &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / uefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm; tw¬KyÜwuefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm; tw¬KyÜwuefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm; tw¬KyÜwuefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm; tw¬KyÜwuefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm; tw¬KyÜwådå då då då d
(1361) pm-186-187/(1361) pm-186-187/(1361) pm-186-187/(1361) pm-186-187/(1361) pm-186-187/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 209209209209209
OD;0if;armif (rif;&Sif)OD;0if;armif (rif;&Sif)OD;0if;armif (rif;&Sif)OD;0if;armif (rif;&Sif)OD;0if;armif (rif;&Sif)
pma&;q&mrif;&SiftrnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;0if;armif
udk 1927 ckESpf? {jyDv 6 &ufaeYwGif tNidrf;pm;rD;&xm; oGm;vm
ydkYaqmifa&; c½dkif0ef OD;wifYESifY a':acsmwdkYrS &efukefNrdKUwGif
zGm;jrifcJYonf/
OD;0if;armifonf &efukefwuúodkvfwGif Oypmtxufwef;txd ynmoif,lcJY
&onf/ i,fpOfuyif yef;csDESifY pmayudk 0goemygcJY\/ 'kwd, urÇmppftwGif;
ArmYumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf tvHktajrmufMuD;wyfwGifvnf;aumif;? zufqpf*syef
awmfvSefa&;twGif; wdkif; (1) rif;vSpnfolwyf&if;? rif;½SifaemifwyfcJGwGifvnf;
aumif; wyfom;tjzpftrIxrf;cJYonf/
1946ckESpfwGif r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif 0w¬Kwdkrsm;a&;om;cJYí wm&mr*¾Zif;? ½Ir0
r*¾Zif;ESifY wdk;wufa&;owif;pmwdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/
xdkYaemuf wyfrawmfodkY 0ifa&muftrIxrf;cJYonf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif jr0wD
r*¾Zif;wdkufü t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif wyfrawmfrS
xGufítoHvTifhXmeü pmrljyKrSL;tjzpfxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ ,if;aemuf ½kyf½Sifvkyfief;
aumfydka&;½Sif;wGif wwd,taxGaxG refae*sm (½Hk;csKyf) tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJY
onf/
OD;0if;armifjyKpka&;om;cJYaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rSm cspf0Jv,f (1946)? &Guf0g
(1946)? arYbl;uJGYoufv,f (1948)? arwåma&vdIif;? uarÇmZoZif? cspfrdk;ndK?
rdk;eJYajr? rdk;vHk;ywfvnf tp&dSaom 0w¬K½Snfrsm;ESifY vufaqmifrGef? vrf;ay:rSmESifY
wpfcgwkef;u'dkY&Jabmf tp&dSaom0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyfrsm;jzpfonf/
OD;0if;armifonf vrf;ay:rSm pmtkyfjzifY 1962 ckESpf trsdK;om;pmayqkudk
0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyfqkjzifYvnf;aumif;? wpfcgwkef;u'dkY&JabmfpmtkyfjzifY 1963 ckESpfwGif
trsdK;om;pmayqk 0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyf 'kwd,qkudkvnf;aumif; &&dScJYonf/
OD;0if;armifonf 1986 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 7 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJYonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / '*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; (1972) pm 112'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; (1972) pm 112'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; (1972) pm 112'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; (1972) pm 112'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; (1972) pm 112
210210210210210 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;aomfZif (aomr)OD;aomfZif (aomr)OD;aomfZif (aomr)OD;aomfZif (aomr)OD;aomfZif (aomr)
owif;pmq&m OD;aomfZifudk ykodrfc½dkifa&MunfNrdKUe,f
Z&yfvSaus;&Gmü tzv,form;OD;&GufBuD;? trda':eufausmf
(r,feufausmf) wdkYrS 1913 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 21 &uf aomMum
aeYwGif zGm;jrifonf/ arG;csif;ig;OD;wGif'kwd,ajrmufom;jzpfonf/
i,femrnfrSm OD;[efwif? trnf&if;rSm OD;aomfZifjzpfonf/
OD;aomfZifi,fpOfuyif Z&yfvSaus;&Gm bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;ESifh [oFmwNrdKU
jrpfauG;q&mawmf OD;ynm0HowdkYxHü ynmoif,lcJhonf/ &[ef;bGJU &Sifaomrjzifh
&[ef;abmifodkY 0ifcJhNyD;aemuf 1933-40 ü rEÅav;NrdKUwGifbk&m;BuD;wdkuf? pukwdkuf?
taemufxD;vif;wdkuf? tr&yl&r*Fvm wdkufopfrsm;wGif y&d,wådpmayrsm;udkvnf;
aumif;? rdk;ukwfq&mawmfxHwGif y|mef;a'oemawmfudk vnf;aumif;? xD;vif;wdkuf
wGifaepOf ouúw? [if'D? A*FvDpmayrsm;udkvnf;aumif; vSnfhvnfoif,lcJhonf/
1940-45 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; rEÅav;NrdKUrS [oFmwNrdKUodkYjyefcJhNyD; &[ef;b0rS
vl0wfvJcJhonf/
OD;aomfZifonf 1949 ckESpf? arvwGif [oFmwNrdKUrSxkwfa0aom ]]vlxk
tmabmf}} owif;pmwGif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf okcrdeftrnfcHí aqmif&GufcJhonf/
1951 ck ZlvdkifwGif ]][oFmwaeYpOfowif;pm}} udk t,f'DwmOD;[efwif trnfjzifh
xkwfa0cJhonf/ 1954ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif [oFmwaeYpOfowif;pmudk jyefvnf
xkwfa0cJhaomfvnf; rwfvwGif &yfqdkif;oGm;cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf or0g,ruxkwfa0
onfh oufvsm r*¾Zif;pmwnf; (1959) tjzpfvnf;aumif;? wdkif;&if;ar*sme,f
wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;? oifhb0r*¾Zif;wGif tMuHay;t,f'Dwm
(1955-57) tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1959 ckESpfrS 1963 ckESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiHpmay
jyefYyGm;a&; (jrefpmjyefY) toif;wGif 'kwd,Ouú|? 1971 ckESpf jrefrmpmaumfr&Sif
tzJGY0if? 1983 ckESpfrS 1990 jynfYESpftxd jrefrmpmtzJGY0iftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif
cJYonf/
OD;aomfZifonf 1939 ckESpfxkwf *E¦avmur*¾Zif;ü ]] ½Sifaomrbdu©K}}
uavmiftrnfoHk;í ]]o&ufcsOf}} aqmif;yg;udka&;jyD; pmaye,fodkY0ifcJYonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 211211211211211
1951 ckESpf? arv 1 &ufrS 1952 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm 1 &uf aeYtxd wdkif;&if;ar*sme,f
wGif wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufpOf ]]aomr}} uavmiftrnfrS ]]OD;aomfZif}}
odkY ajymif;cJYonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí touf 83 ESpft&G,fuG,fvGefcsdeftxd 51 ESpfwdkif
wdkif pmrsdK;pHkjyKpkcJY&m vHk;csif;pmtkyfaygif; (70) wdwdxkwfa0cJYonf/
OD;aomfZif jyKpkcJYaompmtkyfrsm;teuf tcsdKUrSm jyZmwfordkfif; (1965)? uAsm
vrf;ñTef (1965)? rdvdE´yOöm (1965)? Zif;r,fjyef ( 1967)? pmO,smOf (1969)?
[dEL'óe (1970)? tbd"r®m (1970)? eef;pOfykpäm (1970)? jyZmwfuxm (1981)?
*DwOövD (1984)? 0drkwåd&o (1968)? pmaya&;om;&mtvuFm (1967) ponfY
pmay? ,Ofaus;rI? uAsm? bmoma&;usrf;rsm;rSm xif½Sm;onf/
OD;aomfZifonf pmO,smOfjzifY 1969 ckESpf trsdK;om;pmayqk (pmya'om)
jzifY &&dScJYonf/
OD;aomfZifonf 1990 jynfYESpf? pufwifbmv 13 &ufwGif &efukefNrdKUü
uG,fvGefcJYonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 331 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 331 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 331 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 331 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 331 -
332/332/332/332/332/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1991) pm 316 - 317/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1991) pm 316 - 317/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1991) pm 316 - 317/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1991) pm 316 - 317/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1991) pm 316 - 317/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) ewfEG,f? rdrdESif hpma&;q&mrsm;? pm 186 - 246/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif hpma&;q&mrsm;? pm 186 - 246/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif hpma&;q&mrsm;? pm 186 - 246/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif hpma&;q&mrsm;? pm 186 - 246/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif hpma&;q&mrsm;? pm 186 - 246/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) pma&;q&mBuD; OD;aomfZif (1907 - 1990)pma&;q&mBuD; OD;aomfZif (1907 - 1990)pma&;q&mBuD; OD;aomfZif (1907 - 1990)pma&;q&mBuD; OD;aomfZif (1907 - 1990)pma&;q&mBuD; OD;aomfZif (1907 - 1990)
uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;? vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOfuG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;? vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOfuG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;? vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOfuG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;? vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOfuG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;? vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOf
(23-9-90)/(23-9-90)/(23-9-90)/(23-9-90)/(23-9-90)/
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) armifxGef;0if; (odyÜHbGJU? "mwkaA') OD;aomfZifpmpkarmifxGef;0if; (odyÜHbGJU? "mwkaA') OD;aomfZifpmpkarmifxGef;0if; (odyÜHbGJU? "mwkaA') OD;aomfZifpmpkarmifxGef;0if; (odyÜHbGJU? "mwkaA') OD;aomfZifpmpkarmifxGef;0if; (odyÜHbGJU? "mwkaA') OD;aomfZifpmpk
pm&if; (1987)/pm&if; (1987)/pm&if; (1987)/pm&if; (1987)/pm&if; (1987)/
(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) &mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?
pm 68- 69/pm 68- 69/pm 68- 69/pm 68- 69/pm 68- 69/
212212212212212 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;aomif;ñGefY (a½Tydefaomif;)OD;aomif;ñGefY (a½Tydefaomif;)OD;aomif;ñGefY (a½Tydefaomif;)OD;aomif;ñGefY (a½Tydefaomif;)OD;aomif;ñGefY (a½Tydefaomif;)
owif;pmq&m OD;aomif;ñTefY (a&Tydefaomif;) udk 1908
ckESpfwGif 'g;ydefNrdKU? rtlpkydkifae ukefonf OD;cif? a':Ek,HkwdkYrS
arG;zGm;onf/
OD;aomif;ñGefYonf i,fpOfu &efukefNrdKU ta&SUydkif;
a&ausmfrufo'pf ausmif;wGifvnf;aumif;? NrdKUrtrsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;wGif
vnf;aumif; ynmoif,lcJYonf/ t*Fvdyfjrefrm q,fwef; pmar;yJGudk NrdKUrausmif;rS
atmifjrifcJ Yonf/ ausmif;aepOfausmif;om;a&;&mrsm;udk tm;wufoa&m
aqmif&GufcJYoljzpfonf/ uAsm? 0w¬K? aqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf; ausmif;om;b0uyif
pwifa&;om;cJYonf/ a&Tydefaomif; [laom uavmiftrnfudk ausmif;om;b0u
yif pwif,lcJYonf/ ausmif;ae&if; owif;axmufwpfydkif;jzpfum jrefrmYtvif;
twGuf ½kyf&Sifowif;axmuftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;aomif;ñGefYonf ausmif;rSxGufonfESifY jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif
vufaxmuft,f'Dwmtjzpf (1935 ckESpfrS 1948 ckESpftxd) aqmif&GufcJYonf/
1948 ckESpfrS 1952 ckESpftxd jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;
aumif;? uG,fvGefonfYtcsdeftxd wJGzuft,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJY
onf/ jrefrmYtvif; owif;pmwdkufwGif 1961 ckESpftxd 26 ESpfrQ wm0efxrf;aqmif
cJYonf/
OD;aomif;ñGefYonf 1953-54 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH pma&;q&mtoif; Ouú|
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1958-59 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mtoif;Ouú|
tjzpfvnf;aumif;aqmif&GufcJYonf/ ig;yg;oDv apmifYxdef;a&;tzJGY trIaqmif
vlBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; jyZmwftpnf;t½Hk; trIaqmifvlBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;
½kyf&SifqifqmtzJGUü pma&;q&mtoif;udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfvnf;aumif; yg0if
aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;aomif;ñGefYonf ½k&S? w½kwf? t*Fvef? jyifopf? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;? [efa*&D
tp&dSaom EdkifiHrsm;odkY owif;pmudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfvnf;aumif;? ,Ofaus;rI
udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfvnf;aumif; oGm;a&mufcJYonf/ NrdKUrausmif;om;b0uyif '*kef?
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 213213213213213
u0drsufrSef paom a&S;acwfpme,fZif;rsm;wGif 0w¬Kaqmif;yg;rsm;pGm a&;cJYonf/
½kyf½SifZmwfñTef;rsm;ESifY owif;pmtcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf; a&;om;cJYonf/
*syefacwfwGif *syeftpdk;&0g'jzefYjzL;a&;Xmeu xkwfa0onfY *&dwfwm;at&S
owif;pmwdkuf\ 1943 ck yxrtMudrf *&dwfwm;at&S pmayqkNydKifyJGwGif ]]Adkvf
at&S}} 0w¬KjzifY 0w¬Kyxr&&dScJYonf/ 1950jynfYESpf pma&;q&mtoif;u MuD;rSL;
usif;yaom pmqdkawmfaeY aqmif;yg;NydKifyJGwGif yxra&TwHqdyfqk&&dScJYonf/ xif½Sm;
aom pmtkyftcsdKUrSm cspforQudk? ok0PÖpED´? vlxl;vlqef;? ajrpmyif wdkYjzpfonf/
vlxl;vlqef;udk yJa&mY½kyf½SifukrÜPDu ½kyf&Sif½dkufonf/
OD;aomif;ñGefYonf 1961 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 9 &ufwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJY
onf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 455 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 455 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 455 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 455 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 455 -
456/456/456/456/456/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) &mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?
pm 32 - 33/pm 32 - 33/pm 32 - 33/pm 32 - 33/pm 32 - 33/
214214214214214 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;oeYf (oDv0)OD;oeYf (oDv0)OD;oeYf (oDv0)OD;oeYf (oDv0)OD;oeYf (oDv0)
pma&;q&moDv0trnfcH owif;pmq&mOD;oefYudk
1909 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 22 &ufaeY? aomMumaeYwGif rtlyif
c½dkif? yef;waemfNrdKUü tz OD;zdk;ESpf? trd a':eef;aomifwdkYrS
zGm;jrifonf/ zcifOD;zdk;ESpfonf tdE´d,EdkifiH? uvuwåm;&Sd
[efYwm;aumvdyfrS (Oypmwef;) atmifjrifcJhonf/ ajrydkif&Sif? qefpufydkif&Sif? ol&d,
owif;pm &S,f,mtpk0if wpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ OD;oefYonf arG;csif;av;a,muf
teuf tBuD;qHk;om;jzpfonf/ nDoHk;OD;rSmpma&;q&m ygvDref trwfa[mif;? OD;cefY?
0efBuD;csKyf\twGif;0efOD;aomif;? jrefrmEdkifiHtBuD;wef;0efxrf; OD;wifarmifwdkY
jzpfonf/
OD;oefYonf yef;waemfNrdKU OD;b[ef\jrefrmpmoifausmif;? 0dkiftrfbDat
tv,fwef;ausmif;? trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;ESifh &efukefwuúodkvfwdkYwGif ynm
oif,lcJhonf/ 1926ckESpfwGif yef;waemf trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;rS q,fwef;
atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1928ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfrS Oypmwef;atmifjrifNyD;aemuf
nDi,frsm;\ynma&;udkiJhí trsKd;om;ausmif;q&mtjzpf trIxrf;onf/ t*Fvdyf
jrefrmESpfbmomjzifh pme,fZif;rsm;wGifpma&;om;cJhonf/ 1930 jynfhESpf? rwfv
28 &ufaeYwGif txufwef;q&mjzpfvufrSwf& pmar;yGJü wpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif 'kwd,&
onf/
1934 ckESpfwGif yef;waemfNrdKUtxufwef;a&SUaeOD;oif;? aq;vdyfcHkydkif&Sif
a':aus;wdkU\orD; rodef;wifESifh xdrf;jrm;cJhonf/ 1928 ckESpfrS 1931 ckESpftxd
yef;waemftrsKd;om; txufwef;ausmif;wGif txufwef;jyq&mtjzpfvnf;
aumif;? 1931 ckESpfrS 1942 ckESpftxd yef;waemf trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;tkyf
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1942 ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpf (*syefacwf) wGif yef;waemfNrdKU?
tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwDtzGJY0if tjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmhynma&;pDrHudef;opfa&;qGJ
a&;aumfrwD twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947ckESpfrS 1948ckESpftxd
zqyvtzGJYcsKyf jyefMum;a&;t&m&Sdtjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1948 ckESpf? arv 1 &ufaeY
wGif jyefMum;a&;Xmevufaxmuf twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1949 ckESpf?
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 215215215215215
pufwifbmvwGif twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1954 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif
0efBuD;csKyf\ twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1955 ckESpfwGif pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIzlvHka&;
bkwftzGJU twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1957 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif
jrefrmEdkifiHqfdkif&mukvor*¾ tNrJwrf;udk,fpm;vS,f tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
OD;oefYonf EdkifiHh0efxrf;b0wGif EdkifiHawmfucsD;jr§ifhcJhaom 0PÖausmfxifbGJYudk
1949 ckESpfü vnf;aumif;? oD&dysHcsDbGJYudk 1953 ckESpfüvnf;aumif;? pnfolbGJUukd
1957 ckESpfüvnf;aumif;? r[moa&pnfolbGJUudk 1960 jynfhESpfüvnf;aumif;
toD;oD;&&SdcJhonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif rm&S,fwD;wdk;\ ,l*dkqvyf wHcGefbGJYwHqdyfcsD;jr§ifh
jcif; cHcJh&onf/
OD;oefYonf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;b0uyif 'óeduaA'toif;
twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? vli,frsm;BuD;yGm;a&;toif; &moufyeftoif;0if
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHynmjyefYyGm; a&;toif;0iftjzpfvnf;aumif; yg0ifcJh
onf/ trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpD ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfaumfrwD0ifvnf;jzpfcJhonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH bmomjyefpmaytoif;? jrefrmEkdifiHokawoetoif;? 'Drdkua&pDjyefYyGm;
a&;toif;? jrefrmEdkifiHurÇmha&;&maumifpDESifh 1952 ckESpfwGif½kyf&SifqifqmtzGJY
Ouú|tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;oefYonf 1961ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv (3) &uffaeYwGif jrefrmEdkifiH0efxrf;b0rS
ukvor*¾0efxrf;tjzpfajymif;um tjrifhqHk;&mxl;jzpfonfh ukvor*¾twGif;0efcsKyf
(tprf;) a&G;cs,fcefYtyfcH&onf/
1962 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (30) &ufaeYwGif ukvor*¾taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
yxrig;ESpfwm0efudk xrf;aqmif&onf/ 1967 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 2 &ufaeYwGif
'kwd,ig;ESpfwm0efudk qufvufta&G;cH&onf/ 1971 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 31 &ufaeY
wGif tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/
ukvor*¾twGif;0efcsKyfb0wGif urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;ydokumwpfOD;taejzifh
usL;bm;ta&;tcif;? qdkufy&yfjyóem? AD,uferfjyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;cJh&mwGif
xif&Sm;cJhonf/
216216216216216 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;oefYonf urÇmw0Srf;&SdwuúodkvftoD;oD;u *kPfxl;aqmift,fvft,f
vf'Da'gufwmbGJU (17) bGJY csDjr§ifhjcif;cHcJh&onf/ 1966ckESpf? pufwifbmv 26
&ufaeYwGifEdkifiHwumcspfMunfa&;? em;vnf;rI&&Sda&; BudK;yrf;csuftwGuf csDjr§ifhaom
ae½l;qk (½lyD;aiGwpfodef;) &&SdcJhonf/ qkaiGrsm;udk ukvor*¾EdkifiHwumqdkif&m
ausmif; &efyHkaiGodkYvSL'gef;cJhonf/
OD;oefYonf i,fpOfuyifpma&;pmzwf 0goemxufoefcJhonf/ b0&nfrSef;
csufrSm t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh pme,fZif;wnf;jzwfxkwfa0a&;jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfpm
ta&;tom;xl;cRefí pme,fZif;rsm;wGif t*FvdyfjrefrmESpfbmomjzifh pmay? ynm
a&;? EdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; rsm;pGma&;om;cJhonf/ yxrOD;qHk;yHkESdyfpmrludk
touf 15 ESpft&G,fwGif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;cJhonf/ 1925 ckESpf? pufwif
bmvxkwf ]]bm;rm;bdGKif;paumuf}} r*¾Zif;wGif azmfjycHcJh&onf/ t*Fvdyfjrefrm
ESpfbmomjzifhxkwfa0aom *E¦avmur*¾Zif; bmomjyefNydKifyGJwGif av;Budrfwdkifwdkif
yxrqk&&SdcJhonf/
jrefrmpma&;om;rIwGifvnf; OD;oefY\uavmifpGrf;udk ]]oDv0}} [laom
uavmiftrnfjzifha&;om;cJhaompmrsm;udk avhvmMunfhyguodEdkifayonf/ jrefrmh
tvif;owif;pm\ acgif;BuD;ydkif;a&;om;cJholrsm;txJwGif OD;oefYonfvnf; wpfOD;
tyg0ifjzpfcJh&m? 0efBuD;csKyf\ twGif;0efwm0efudk xrf;aqmifaecsdeftxd jrefrmh
tvif;owif;pm acgif;BuD;ydkif;udka&;om;cJhNyD; atmifjrifaomacgif;BuD;ydkif;a&;
q&mrsm;xJü wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfcJhayonf/
pma&;jcif;? pmzwfjcif;? tvkyfwGifarGUavsmfol OD;oefYonf tcsdefjynfh owif;
pmq&m? pma&;q&mjzpfzdkY BudK;yrf;&if; &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifodkY ra&mufEdkif&SmbJ
ol\tBuHtpnfrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; vkyfBuHcH&csdefü
ysufjym;oGm;cJh&aMumif;rSwfom;&onf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; vkyfBuHcH&onfh 1947 ckESpf? Zlvdkif
v 19 &ufaeY naeydkif;wGif OD;Eku OD;oefYtm;ac:,lNyD; jyefMum;a&;Xmeü
ñTefMum;a&;0eftjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef wm0efay;tyfvdkufonf/ ,if;odkYwm0ef
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 217217217217217
ay;tyfjcif;rcH&rDu OD;oefYonf r*¾Zif;wpfapmifxkwfa0&efpDpOfxm;onf [kod&
onf/
OD;oefYa&;om;jyKpkcJhaom pmtkyfrsm;teuf pmtkyftcsKd Yudkazmfjy&vQif
NrdKUjyajryHkrsm; (12) tkyf (1934)? EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;BuD;ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf (1934)?
ArmopfESifhynmopf (1945)? jynfawmfomc&D; (3) wGJ (1960)? OD;oeffY\pm (1967)
wdkYjzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh Toward World Peace, Speeches and Public State-
ments (1957-1963), Portfolio for Peace (1970) wdkYjzpfonf/
OD;oefYonf 1971 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 31 &ufaeYwGif ukvor*¾taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf&mxl;rS tNidrf;pm;,lNyD;aemuf ukvor*¾twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf wm0ef
tawGYtBuHKrsm;udk ]]urÇmhordkif;}} trnfjzifh pmtkyfESpftkyfa&;&ef tar&duef
jynfaxmifpkü qufvufaexdkifonf/ 1975 ckESpfwGif vkyfief;NyD;qHk;&ef&nf&G,fcJh
onf/ xdkYaemuf jrefrmjynfwGifjyefvnfaexdkif&efBuH&G,fcJhonf/
OD;oefYonf 1974 ckESpf? Edkif0ifbmv 25 &ufaeYwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
e,l;a,mufNrdKU udkvHbD,maq;½HkBuD;ü uifqma&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefcJhonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) cspfMunfa&; MunfñGefY? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGefY? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGefY? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGefY? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGefY? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\
olwdkYb0? olwkdYtawGUtBuHK? pm-1-19/olwdkYb0? olwkdYtawGUtBuHK? pm-1-19/olwdkYb0? olwkdYtawGUtBuHK? pm-1-19/olwdkYb0? olwkdYtawGUtBuHK? pm-1-19/olwdkYb0? olwkdYtawGUtBuHK? pm-1-19/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100? yxrwGJ? pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100? yxrwGJ? pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100? yxrwGJ? pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100? yxrwGJ? pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100? yxrwGJ? pm-
185-192/185-192/185-192/185-192/185-192/
218218218218218 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;oef;wifY ("l0H)OD;oef;wifY ("l0H)OD;oef;wifY ("l0H)OD;oef;wifY ("l0H)OD;oef;wifY ("l0H)
armfvNrdKifNrdKU? ½Sifr[mAk'aCmoausmif;ESifY tif;pdefNrdKU? tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;
wdkYwGif ynmoif,lcJYNyD;? 1925-26 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfodkY a&mufcJYonf/
1929- 30 jynfYESpfwGif 0dZÆmbJGU &&dScJYonf/
jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkuf\ e,fvSnfYowif;axmuftjzpf 1930 jynfYESpf
wGif aqmif&Gufí owif;pmavmuodkY 0ifa&mufcJYonf/ 1931 ckESpfwGif jrefrmh
tvif;owif;pmwdkuf\ e,fvSnfY"mwfyHkowif; axmuftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/
xdkYaemuf jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm\ &efukefowif;axmuf? bmomjyef t,f'Dwmjzpf
vmonf/ 1938 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm wm0efcHt,f'Dwmjzpfvmonf/
1933 ckESpfrSpí '*kefr*¾Zif;wGif "l0HuavmiftrnfjzifY 0w¬Kpwifa&;om;cJYonf/
tjcm;uavmiftrnfrsm;rSm ESif;qD? avayG? csdefcGif? rsufvHk;? a';a0g wdkYjzpfMuonf/
OD;oef;wifYonf 1937-38 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmü ]owif;
axmuf} trnf&dS tcef;quf0w¬K a&;om;cJYonf/ acwfopfowif;pmwGifvnf;
tcef;quf0w¬Ka&;om;cJhonf/ 1946-47 ckESpfwGif ta&SUwdkif;r*¾Zif;udk t,f'Dwm
tjzpf wm0ef,lxkwfa0cJYonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;rSEkwfxGufcJYonf/
ta½SUwdkif;r*¾Zif; &yfoGm;aomtcg jyefMum;a&;XmewGif e,fvSnfYvlrIqufqHa&;
t&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY usqHk;NyD;onfhaemufwGif
jyefMum;a&;XmerSEkwfxGufcJYonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&½kyf&SifESifY jyZmwfXmewGif
'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;0ef? nGefMum;a&;0eftjzpf 1953 ckESpftxd trIxrf;cJYonff/
1953 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&½kyf&SifESifY jyZmwfXmerS EkwfxGufcJYjyD;? &efukefowif;pm
ESifY ArmYacwfowif;pmwdkYwGif t,f'DwmtzJGY0iftjzpfaqmif&GufjyD;? ]avayG}
uavmiftrnfjzifY yifwdkifaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJYonf/
pma&;q&m"l0HtrnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;oef;wifYudk
1908 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 17 &ufaeYwGif jynfc½dkif? atmifvHNrdKUü
tNidrf;pm; ta&;ydkif OD;cufESifY a':rrBuD; wkdkYrSarG;zGm;onf/
OD;oef;wifYonf awmifilNrdKU? pdefvlYpftxufwef;ausmif;?
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 219219219219219
OD;oef;wifYonf ]avayG} aqmif;yg;rsm;aMumifY 1954 ckESpfwGif xdef;odrf;cHcJY&
onf/ xdkESpftukefwGif axmifrSvGwfNyD;? ]csdefcGif} uavmiftrnfjzifY ArmYacwf
owif;pmwGif aqmif;yg;rsm;jyefa&;cJYonf/ 1955-56 ckESpfwGif &efukefowif;pmESifY
ArmYacwfowif;pmwdkYwGif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf/
1956 ckESpf? {jyDv 13 &ufwGif jynfaxmifpkowif;pmwdkufudk pwif
wnfaxmifaomtcg jynfaxmifpk owif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyfjzpfvmonf/ xdkYaemuf
ydkif;wGif jynfaxmifpk? jrefrmYtvif;? [Hom0wD? rdk;BudK; ponfh owif;pmwdkYü
tcef;quf0w¬K½Snfrsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ vSsdKU0SufoJzdk? pHkaxmuf0w¬Krsm;udk t"du
a&;om;í &Hzef&Hcg &mZ0if0w¬Krsm;udkvnf; a&;om;avY&dSygonf/
OD;oef;wifYonf 1964 ckESpfwGif jynfaxmifpkowif;pmudk tpdk;&xHodkY
tyfvdkufonfY tcsdefrSpí 0w¬Ka&;q&mtjzpf &yfwnfvmcJY\/ 0w¬K½Snfaygif;
wpf&mausmfa&;om;cJY\/ rsm;pGmaom 0w¬KwdkYrSm t*¾ga0gavYpf? AmA&muufo&if;?
a'g&pfvpfpavESifY jyifopfpma&;q&m a*smY*sufa[;,m;wdkY\ 0w¬Krsm;udk rSD;aom
0w¬Krsm;jzpfonf/
OD;oef;wifYonf 1957 ckESpf pmayAdrmef0w¬K½Snfqkudk ]*Grf;yHk} 0w¬KjzifY &&dScJY
onf/ OD;oef;wifY\ xif½Sm;aom pmayvuf&mtcsdKUrSm rdkufcJxGef;a&T? rdkuf½l;&J?
*Grf;yHk? cifav;MuD;? jrwfav;? aZmf0if;? eef;xdkufwJY yef;rudk#f? pHy,f? cifESif;jzL?
udkbdk;od? wpfoufvHk;zHk;orQuHk;awmYrSay:? rvm? wpfudk,fawmf? cspfolYusdefpm?
aysmufaomol? jy'g;½Sif? vlopf? yef;em? ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
OD;oef;wifYonf jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkufwGif OD;cspfarmif t,f'DwmcsKyf
tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOfu OD;cspfarmif\vufatmufü t,f'DwmwpfOD;
tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaecJY&onf/ jrefrmYtvif;rS OD;cspfarmif EkwfxGufoGm;aom
tcgusrS t,f'DwmcsKyfwm0efudk OD;oef;wifYu,lcJY&onf/
OD;oef;wifY\vufxufwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmudk OD;apmtpdk;&u 15
&ufMumrQ ydwfypfcJY\/
xdktcsdefonf AdkvfatmifausmfudpöaMumifY a'gufwmbarmf\ nGefYaygif;tpdk;&
jyKwfusoGm;cJhjyD; OD;ykESifY OD;apmwdkYyl;aygif;jyD; tpdk;&tzJGUwufvmonfhtcsdefjzpfjyD;
220220220220220 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
xdktpdk;&tzJGYudk owif;pmrsm;u 0dkif;0ef;wkdufckdufcJYMuonf/
þtajctaersdK;wGif NAdwdoQrsufESmjzLvlrsdK; tdkifpDtufpfwpfOD;jzpfaom
rtlyifc½dkifta&;ydkif rpöwm0ufzfpwm; qdkolonf rtlyifc½dkifyef;waemfNrdKUe,f
rif;*½k&GmwGifwnf&SdonfY bk&m;wpfql\ y&0PftwGif;odkY bdeyfpD;í0ifa&mufcJY
onf/
xdkowif;udk wdk;wufa&;owif;pmu rsufESmzHk;wGif 6 vdkif; acgif;pnf;rnf;
MuD;jzifY azmfjycJYavonf/ ,if;owif;ay:wGif tajcjyKjyD; jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmu
1940 jynfYESpf Edk0ifbmv26 &ufaeYxkwf owif;pmacgif;MuD;ydkif; 'kwd,acgif;MuD;
owif;ESifY rSwfcsuftcef;ü ]tdkifpDtufpf} rsm;acgif;pOfjzifY jyif;jyif;xefxefa0zef
½Iwfcsa&;om;cJYonf/ ,if;a&;om;csufudktaMumif;jyKjyD;? eef;&if;0efOD;apm tpdk;&u
umuG,fa&;tufOya'yk'fr 34 (6) tufzfusLESifY umuG,fa&; Oya'yk'fr 41
(41) (bD) t& 1940 jynfYESpf? Edk0ifbmv 28 &ufaeYupí jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm
udk 15 &ufMumydwfypfvdkufonf/
jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm tydwfcH&jyD; aemufwpfaeY Edk0ifbmv 29 &ufaeYwGif
OD;oef;wifYonf eef;&if;0efMuD; OD;apmESifY oGm;a&mufawGYqHkcJYonf/
rtlyifc½dkifta&;ydkif rpöwm0ufzfpwmu 4if;\owif;udk a&;om;azmfjyrIESifY
ywfoufí wdk;wufa&;owif;pmwm0efcH t,f'Dwm OD;oef;xGef;xHay;ydkYvdkufaom
qJa&;wdkif;xGmxm;onfY pmwpfapmifudkvnf; OD;oef;wifYu ,laqmifoGm;jyD; OD;apm
udkjyocJYonf/
OD;apmu xdkrdwåLpmudk ,lxm;jyD; pHkprf;ppfaq;cJYonf/ rsufESmjzLta&;ydkifMuD;
udk,fwdkifa&;om;xm;aMumif; rSefuefaeí aemufav;ig;&uftMumwGif OD;oef;wifY
onf OD;apmESifYxyfrHawGYqHkcJYjyefonf/
OD;oef;wifYonf OD;apmESifY 'kwd,tMudrfawGY&aomtcgwGif OD;apmu jrefrmY
tvif;owif;pmudk 15 &ufMumvQif jyefxkwfa0Edkif&ef cGifYjyKrnf[k uwday;vdkuf
onf/
odkYaomfvnf; 11 &ufavmufMumvmonfYtcsdeftxd jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm
jyefxkwfa0Edkifa&;ESifYywfoufí OD;apmxHrS rnfonfYtaMumif;jyefcsufrS r&&dSao;
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 221221221221221
bJ&dSaeonf/ xdkodkY&dSaepOf wpfaeYaomnwpfnwGif OD;apmu 4if;\aetdrfodkY
vma&muf&ef OD;oef;wifYtm; zdwfac:vdkufavonf/
xdkYaMumifY OD;oef;wifYonf OD;apm\ aetdrfodkY oGm;a&mufcJYonf/ OD;apmu
OD;oef;wifhtm; vufcHawGYqHk&mwGif todoufaorsm;tjzpf [Hom0wDowif;pm
wdkufydkif&Sif jAdwdoQbm;rm;½kyf&SifukrÜPD (nGefYjrefrm) olaX;OD;ñGefY? jrefrmhtvif;
owif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyf OD;pdrf;? OD;bdk;b? paomrdwfaqGrsm;udk ac:,lxm;avonf/
OD;oef;wifYudkawGYaomtcg OD;apmu ]]rdrdudka0zefa&;om;csifovdk a&;om;
yg? rdrdaumif;wmvkyfvQifvnf; axmufcHyg? csDK;usL;yg? odkYaomf r[kwfrrSefaom
vkyfMuHowif;rsm;udkawmY ra&;ygESifY}} [k arwåm&yfcH ajymMum;jyD;aemuf OD;oef;wifh
xHrS uwday;xm;&efawmif;qdkavonf/
xdktcgOD;oef;wifYu OD;apmudk ]]a&;csifovdka0zef a&;om;yg[laom yxr
tcsufudk axmufcHaMumif; aumif;wmvkyfvQifaxmufcHyg? csD;usL;ygqdkaom 'kwd,
tcsufudkrlum; vufrcHEdkifaMumif;}} jyefajymavonf/
OD;apmu OFD;oef;wifY\ ajymqdkcsufrSm w&m;rQwjcif;r&dSbJ rw&m;yg[lí
jyefajymonf/ OD;oef;wifYu OD;apmonfvnf; owif;pmq&mwpfOD;jzpfaeí owif;
pm\oabmw&m;udk em;vnfxm;jyD; jzpfvdrfYrnfxifaMumif; ajymqdkum owif;pm
q&m\ usifY0wfESifY owif;\ oabmw&m;udk&Sif;jyonf/
OD;oef;wifY\ &Sif;jycsufxJwGif ]],ckOD;apmrSm wdkif;jynfu wifajr§mufxm;
onfY acgif;aqmifMuD; wpfOD;jzpfaeí wdkif;jynfaumif;aMumif;vkyfonfY tvkyfrsm;
udkom a&;om;ae&vQif owif;pm wpfapmifru? q,f apmifa&;vQifyif ukefEdkifrnf
r[kwfaMumif; ? eef;&if;0efBuD; OD;apmtaejzifY raumif;rIjyKvkyfvQif wdkif;jynf\
opömudkazmufzsufjcif;jzpfí azmfxkwfa&;om;vdkufvQif owif;wefzdk;&dSaMumif;}}
ponfwdkYyg&dSavonf/
xdktcg OD;apmu ]]OD;oef;wifY\ &Sif;jycsufrsm;udk vufcHygonf/ aumif;wm
vkyfí raxmufcHonfjzpfap? raumif;wmvkyfí a0zef½Iwfcsonfjzpfap? ta&;
rMuD;yg/ odkY&mwGif 4if;\taMumif;udk r[kwfrrSefbJ vkyfMuHa&;onfY owif;rsdK;udkrl
um; ra&;ygESifY}} [k xyfrHwifjy awmif;qdkjyefavonf/
222222222222222 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;apm\awmif;qdfkcsufESifY pyfvsOf;í OD;oef;wifYu ]]r[kwfrrSefonfY vkyfMuH
owif;rsdK;qdkonfrSm t"dyÜm,f us,f0ef;vSaMumif;}} udk&Sif;jyjyD;aemuf ol&d,owif;
pmMuD;\ t,f'DwmcsKyfMuD;vnf;jzpf? wdkif;jynf\ eef;&if;0efMuD;vnf;jzpfaeaom
OD;apm\ *kPfodu©m? vlusifY0wfESifY ywfoufaeonfY owif;wpfyk'fudk jrefrmY
tvif;owif;pm\ OD;wnfcsufESifYrudkufnDí rxnfYoGif;razmfjybJ csefvSyfxm;cJY
zl;aMumif;udk xkwfazmfajymjyavonf/
þodkY OD;oef;wifY\ zGifY[ajymqdkcsufrsm;udk Mum;&aomtcg OD;apmonf
idkifusoGm;cJYavawmYonf/ pdwfwGifvnf; xdcdkufoGm;yHk&ayonf/
OD;oef;wifYu uGsefawmfwdkYonf r[kwfrrSef vkyfMuHaom owif;rsdK;udk xnfY&ef
a0;pG? rSefuefaeygvsufESifY wdkif;jynftwGuf tusdK;rjrifaom owif;udk rxnfYoGif;
razmfjycJYaMumif;} xyfrHajymjyvdkufao;onf/
OD;oef;wifY\ zGifY[ajymqdkcsufrsm;aMumifY aemufxyfrnfodkYrQ arwåm&yfcH
rae&awmYbJ? OD;apmu 15 &ufapYonfYaeYwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmudk xkwfa0
cGifYay;vdkufavawmYonf/
þum;e,fcsJUacwftpdk;&ESifY owif;pmwdkY wdkufyJGwGif owif;pmbufu tEdkif
&½dScJYjcif;yif jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifayonf/
OD;oef;wifhrSm 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;ukd tjynfht0ay;ygrnf[lí a<u;aMumf
wufvmcJhaom y.x.p tpkd;&\ owif;pmrsm; vGwfvyfcGifhudk yxrOD;qHk;zdESdyfcsKyf
cs,fcJhonfhudpöwGif &J&J&ifh&ifh wkdufyGJ0ifatmifyGJcHcJhaom *g;'D;,ef; OD;pdef0if; (��������� �����) a&Tuavmifqk&\ OD;av;awmfolvnf;jzpfonf/
OD;oef;wifYonf 1989 ckESpf? ZGefv 10 &ufwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 60-62/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 60-62/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 60-62/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 60-62/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 60-62/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ (1990) pm224-225/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ (1990) pm224-225/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ (1990) pm224-225/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ (1990) pm224-225/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ (1990) pm224-225/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) cspfMunfa&;MunfnTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD; rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfnTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD; rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfnTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD; rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfnTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD; rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfnTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD; rsm;\
olwdkYb0? olwdkY tawGYtMuHK? pm 75-90/olwdkYb0? olwdkY tawGYtMuHK? pm 75-90/olwdkYb0? olwdkY tawGYtMuHK? pm 75-90/olwdkYb0? olwdkY tawGYtMuHK? pm 75-90/olwdkYb0? olwdkY tawGYtMuHK? pm 75-90/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) &mjynfY OD;pdk;nTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfY OD;pdk;nTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfY OD;pdk;nTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfY OD;pdk;nTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfY OD;pdk;nTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?
pm 28-29/pm 28-29/pm 28-29/pm 28-29/pm 28-29/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 223223223223223
OD;oef;armif (rEÅav;ol&d,oef;armif)OD;oef;armif (rEÅav;ol&d,oef;armif)OD;oef;armif (rEÅav;ol&d,oef;armif)OD;oef;armif (rEÅav;ol&d,oef;armif)OD;oef;armif (rEÅav;ol&d,oef;armif)
owif;pmq&m OD;oef;armifudk 1924 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv
6 &ufaeYwGif tz rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if? trd a':oufpkwdkYu
rEÅav;NrdKUwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/
OD;oef;armifonf 1946 ckESpfwGif bDatbGJU&&SdcJhNyD;? 1967
ckESpfwGif bDt,fbGJY &&SdcJhonf/ 1942 ckESpfwGif zcifuG,fvGefí rEÅav;ol&d,
owif;pmudk ppftNyD;wGif om;jzpfol OD;oef;armifu jyefvnfxkwfa0cJhonf/ 1945
ckESpf? rEÅav; z.q.y.v tzGJUwGif wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (2) tjzpfaqmif&GufcJh
onf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;oef;armifonf tdEd,? 'def;rwf? csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;? [efa*&D? ,l*dk
pvm;AD;,m; EdkifiHrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhonf/
OD;oef;armifonf 1949 ckESpfwGif uGefjrLepfygwD0iftjzpf ul;ajymif;í
awmcdkcJhonf/ 1956 ckESpfwGif tvif;0ifcJhNyD; owif;pmq&mtjzpf NAdwdef? MopaMw;
vs? puFmyl? a[mifaumifESifh w½kwfjynfolUor®wEdkifiHrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufcJhonf/
1962 ckESpfwGifrEÅav;NrdKU (84) vrf;? (21) vrf;ESifh (23) vrf;Mum; 'g;wef;&yf
wGifwnf&SdcJhaom ol&d,owif;pm&yfpJcH&onf/ OD;oef;armifonf 1986 ckESpfwGif
w&m;½Hk;csKyfa&SUaetjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;oef;armifonf 1996 ckESpfwGif jyifOD;vGifteD;pcef; aetdrfü uG,fvGefcJh
onf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 332aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 332aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 332aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 332aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 332
224224224224224 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;oef;a&T (oef;aqG)OD;oef;a&T (oef;aqG)OD;oef;a&T (oef;aqG)OD;oef;a&T (oef;aqG)OD;oef;a&T (oef;aqG)
pma&;q&moef;aqG trnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;oef;a&T
udk 1926 ckESpfwGif tzOD;baomif;? trda':wifwdkYu &efukef
NrdKU urm&Gwf üarG;zGm;cJhonf/
OD;oef;a&Tonf i,fpOfuwnf;uyif ausmif;p&dwfudk
udk,fwdkif&SmazGum udk,fxl;udk,fcRefynmoif,lcJholjzpfonf/ pHy,fyef;udk,fwdkif
oDuHk;a&mif;cJhzl;onf/ owif;pma&mif;cJhzl;onf/ yef;xdrfynmoif,lcJhzl;onf/
*syefacwfwGif *syefpmoif,lcJhNyD; *syefpum;jyeftjzpf weoFm&Dwdkif;tESHY a&mufzl;cJh
onf/ *syefacwfwGif i,ftrnf ]]oef;a&T}} udk ]]oef;aqG}} trnfajymif;onf/
odkYaomf trnfwGifjcif;r&Sd/ ]]ightouftpdwfus&if iga&;wJhpmawGudk yHkESdyfpmvHk;
tjzpfudk a&mufatmifvkyfr,f}} [ktouf 13 ESpfom;t&G,fuwnf;u BuHK;0g;cJh
onf/ *syefacwf vufa&;pmapmifwdkYü 0w¬Kwdk? uAsm ponfwdkY a&;aomtcg
]]rif;vGif}} uavmiftrnfwyfcJhonf/
ppfNyD;acwfwGif a&S;OD;pGmay:xGef;xif&Sm;vmMuonfY vli,fuavmif&Sifrsm;
wGif wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfcJYonf/ pma&;q&m 'g½dkufwm OD;okc\ ]]csrf;ompmapmif}}
rSaeíyxrqHk;vuf&m ]]cspfa<u;rajy}} ukd 1946 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D 30 &ufwGif
xkwfa0cJhonf/ wnf;jzwfol okcu ]]rif;vGif}} [laomuavmif trnfudkrBudKuf
ojzifY rdrdukd,fudk rdrdrSnfYxm;aom ]]oef;aqG}} trnfwyfcJYonf/ 0w¬KtzHk;wGif
]]okc\0w¬Kudk ESpfoufolwdkif; þ0w¬KudkrkcsBudKuf&rnf}} [k oabmyg&SdonfY
pmwef;uav;a&;xdk;xm;onf/ ]]cspfa<u;rajy}} onf Mum;zl;onfY EdkifiHjcm;rS tjzpf
tysufwpfckudk tajcwnfuma&;om;xm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ ]]cspfa<u;rajy}} 0w¬KjzifY
yifpwifausmfMum; vlBudKufrsm;vmcJY\/ þodkYjzifYtouf 20 t&G,fwGif pmay
avmuü pwifajccscJYavonf/
OD;oef;a&Tonf ]]cspfa<u;rajy}} xkwfa0NyD;aemuf ta&SUwdkif;r*¾Zif;wdkuf
wGJzuft,f'Dwm OD;pdefarmifxHwGif yHkESdyfvkyfief;ESifYqdkif&mrsm;udk avYvmqnf;yl;&if;
*sme,fausmfokdY 0w¬Kwdkuav;rsm; a&;om;ay;ydkYonf/ xdkYaemuf ta&SUwdkif;r*¾Zif;rS
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 225225225225225
xGufcJYum csrf;ompmapmifwGif okcESifYwGJzufxkwfa0onfY 1947 ckESpfrSmyif pmay
avmuxJokdY ajcpHkypf0ifcJhonf/
csrf;ompmapmifudk ½Ir0yHkESdyfpufwGif½kdufESdyfaepOf pmya'omudk ulnDvkyfudkif
ay;cJYonf/ csrf;ompmapmif &yfoGm;aomtcg pmya'omwGif pdwfa&mudk,fyg
jr§KyfESHvkyfudkifcJYjyefonf/ þwGif wifYw,fESifYawGYqHkcJY&mrS taemufwdkif;pmay avmu
ESifY qHkpnf;cJY&onf/ 0w¬Ka&;enf;twwfynmpmtkyfrsm;udkzwfcJY&onf/ wufwdk;ESifY
awGYqHkaomtcg urÇmY*E¦0ifpmtkyfrsm;ESifYqHk&jyefonf/ rMumrDyif ]]cspfoHk;vD}}
0w¬Kudk xkwfa0cJYjyef&m xdyfwef;odkYa&muf&Sdaponftxd atmifjrifcJYayonf/
tvGrf;0w¬Ka&;q&m[k todtrSwfjyK&awmYonf/
OD;oef;a&Tonf 1947 ckESpf ZGefv½Ir0r*¾Zif;pwifxkwfa0aomtcg ½Ir0
0dkif;awmfom;? 1947 ckESpf rwfvwGif ½Ir0vcpm;pma&;q&m? 1947 ckESpf atmufwdk
bmvukefwGif ya'omr*¾Zif;odkYa&mufjyefonf/ 1948 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif
aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;? 'DZifbmvwGif aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;rS jyefxGufum 1949 ck
Zefe0g&DvwGif ½Ir0ütvkyfjyef0ifcJYonf/ þokdYjzifYta&SUwdkif;r*¾Zif;? csrf;om
pmapmif? pmya'om? ½Ir0? ya'om? aoG;aomuf? bmomjyefr*¾Zif;? jr0wD? aomw
&Sif ponfYpmapmifr*¾Zif;BuD;rsm;wGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;oef;a&Tonf pD;yGm;a&;? a&SUaqmif? ArmYacwf? rdk;BudK;? aMu;rHkponfY owif;
pmrsm;wGifvnf; t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpf? jrefrmEdkifiH pma&;
q&m toif;pmayjydKifyGJwGif pmayqka&TwHqdyfcsD;jrSifYjcif; cHcJY&onf/
*Dwüvnf;pdwf0ifpm;av&m? wa,mxdk;uRrf;usifonfYjyif aw;oDcsif;rsm;
a&;zGJYcJYonf/ *Dweufoef udkapmndef;? atmifvif;wdkYESifY wGJzuftoHvTifYcJYonf/
]]vmvkvkai;}} ESifY ]]cspfwJYol&JU&ifcGif}} ½kyf&Sifrsm;wGif yg0ifo½kyfaqmifcJYonf/
&efuif;½kyf&Sif? &efukef½kyf&SifponfY ½kyf&SifukrÜPDrsm;wGif ½kyf&Sif0w¬KZmwfñTef;rsm;
a&;ay;cJYonf/ pmay? *Dw? ½kyf&Sif? tEkynme,fy,fwdkYwGif vlodrsm;xif&Sm;cJYonf/
vlwdkif;tay:apwemxm;wwfNyD;? aysmfaysmfyg;yg; aexdkifwwfoljzpfí vlwdkif;\
cspfcifav;pm;rIukd cH,l&olwpfOD;jzpfonf/
226226226226226 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;oef;a&T\ xif&Sm;aompmayvuf&mtcsdKUrSm cspfa<u;rajy? a<uvkonf;
i,fudk? cspfoHk;vD? arY&ufEdkifw,f? zkef;arYavovm;? jraoG;? aESmif;? oHomav
urf;wdkif? BuHKcJYw,f? wpfae0if? cspfxHwsm&Sif? cspfjcif;*½kPm? cspfrdjyefawmYvnf;?
cspfrdk;cspfajr? wpfoufvsm? awmpHy,f? wHkYum0#fwif? ydk;zsufwJYyef;? b,faomtcg
rS? ESif;<uif;tkHYys? ay:aev0,f? ,k? ykvJ? om;wdkY½kyf&nf? ca&mif;awm ponfwdkY
jzpfonf/
OD;oef;a&Tonf 1964 ckESpf? {NyD 14 &ufwGif tif;vsm;uefü a&epfuG,fvGef
cJYonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / &mjynfY OD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/ pm&mjynfY OD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/ pm&mjynfY OD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/ pm&mjynfY OD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/ pm&mjynfY OD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/ pm
133 - 136/133 - 136/133 - 136/133 - 136/133 - 136/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 227227227227227
OD;odef; (Z0e)OD;odef; (Z0e)OD;odef; (Z0e)OD;odef; (Z0e)OD;odef; (Z0e)
pma&;q&mZ0etrnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;odef;udk
qefukefonf tz OD;zdk;rif;ESifY trd a':jrwdkYrS 1911 ckESpf?
'DZifbmv 10&uf we*FaEGaeYwGif jynfNrdKU? BudK;wef;&yfü
arG;zGm;onf/
OD;odef;onf jynfNrdKUausmif;BuD;&yf&Sd OD;bdk;tdk jrefrm pmoifausmif;wGif pwkw¬
wef;txdynmoif,lNyD;aemuf 1920 jynfYESpfwGif jynfNrdKU trsdK;om;txufwef;
ausmif;odkYajymif;cJYonf/
13 ESpfom;t&G,f 8 wef;rSpí bm;rm;bdGKif; r*¾Zif;wGif ZmenfbGm;0w¬Kudk
pa&;cJYonf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;wGif 6 ESpfaeNyD; q,fwef;atmifpm&if;apmifYaepOf
1928 ckESpfwGif vef'eftwfr*¾Zif;ü Z0euavmiftrnfjzifY 0w¬Kwpfyk'fygcJYonf/
OD;odef;onf q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;ESifY yDrdk;eif;wdkY\ pmayrsm;udkESpfoufí
twk,la&;om;cJYonf/ umwGef;[defpGef;ESifYwGJí ]]vmr,fvmr,frMunf&JU}} oDcsif;
udko½kyfazmfonfYumwGef;½kyf&Sifudk wDxGifcJYonf/ vef'eftwf½kyf&SifukrÜPDwGif
jrESif;qD½kyf&Sifum;twGuf bdkuav; OD;ouf&SnfESifYwGJzufa&;cJYonf/ 1927 ckESpfwGif
q,fwef;atmifjrifcJhNyD; &efukefwuúokdvfokdY a&muf&SdcJhonf/ 1930 jynfYESpfwGif
&efukefwuúodkvfrS xGufcJYonf/ NAdwdoQbm;rm;½kyf&Sifü ZmwfñTef;a&;cJYonf/ ]]0dZ,
*sme,fwGJzufxkwfa0olESifY yk*HvufoD;pmapmif}} wGJzuft,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Guf
cJYonf/
OD;odef;onf 1935 ckESpfwGif jrefrmhaeYpOfowif;pmwGJzuft,f'Dwmtjzpf
aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1936 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwGifbmomjyefESifY
vufaxmuft,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; txl;
pmapmifwGif odMum;rif;OD;rmCpmajymifa&;cJYonf/ 1938 ck? arv 26 &ufaeYwGif
a':xm;td (0g) xm;ESifY vufxyfcJY&mom;orD; 6 OD;xGef;um;cJYonf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif
ol&d,r*¾Zif;wGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfwm0ef,l vkyfudkifcJYonf/
1942 ckESpfwGif pma&;q&mr*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ pma&;
q&mtoif;twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ *syefEkdifiHtwGuf ouFef;0wf
228228228228228 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
[mo0w¬Kwpfyk'fa&;ay;cJhonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif Z0e*sme,fpwifxkwfa0cJhonf/
bk&ifcH qma':refprpf jyefvmjcif;udk oa&mfí bk&ifcH0w¬K a&;om;cJhonf/ 1947
ckESpfwGif Z0eowif;pmudk xkwfa0cJhonf/ *sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmifESifYwGJí pma&;
q&mpmapmiftrSwf 2 wGif OD;odef; (Z0e) trnfjzifh wGJzuft,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkif
cJYonf/ *sme,fausmf? 'D;'kwf*sme,fESifY tdk;a0 aeYpOfowif;pmwdkYwGif t,f'Dwm
tjzpfvkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif AD,ifemüusif;yaom tm&S tmz&du pma&;
q&mrsm;ta&;ay: nDvmcHwufcJYonf/ 1955 ckESpfrS 1958 ckESpftxd uav;
*sme,fESifY jr0wDr*¾Zif;wdkY\ wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf xrf;aqmifcJYonf/ 1958
ckESpfwGif aMu;rHkowif;pmtpk&SifjzpfcJYí yifwdkifaqmif;yg;&Siftjzpf aqmif;yg;rsm;udk
wm0ef,la&;om;cJYonf/ aomMumpmapmifwnfaxmif&mwGif yg0ifcJYonf/
1961 ckESpfwGif pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m OD;odef;azjrifYESifYtwl *syefjynf
wGifusif;yaom tm&S-tmz&du pma&;q&m nDvmcHodkYwufa&mufcJYonf/ 1962
ckESpfwGif udkif½dkwGif usif;yaomtm&S? tmz&du pma&;q&mrsm; 'kwd,tBudrf
nDvmcHodkY wufa&mufcJYonf/ 1963 ckESpfwGif jynfvHk;uRwfowif;axmuf oifwef;
ydkYcscsuf? owif;pmynmESifh ukd,fawGUowif;pmynmaumufEkwfcsufaqmif;yg;?
urÇmat;owif;axmufnDvmcHwdkYwGif a[majymcJYonf/ 1964 ckESpfrSpí aMu;rHk
owif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1972 ckESpfwGif aMu;rHkowif;pm
t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfrStNidrf;pm;,lcJYonf/
OD;odef;onf 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; zufqpfqefYusifa&;o½kyfazmf0dZ,
jyZmwfwGif ta&;ygaom Zmwfaqmiftjzpfyg0ifcJY&mrSpí pma&;q&mtoif;
jyZmwfrsm;wGif xif&Sm;aomZmwfaqmifwpfOD;jzpfvmonf/
pmayavmuokdY 1924 ckESpfwGif pwif0ifa&mufcJhNyD;aemuf tcspf? tvGrf;?
pHkaxmufESifY [mo0w¬Krsm; a&;om;cJYonf/ 1935 ckESpf aumvdyfausmif;om;0w¬K
udka&;om;NyD;aemuf? 1938 ckESpfwGif aumvdyf*sydk;? 1939 ckESpfwGif 'dkYausmif;om;0w¬K
rsm;udk qufvufa&;om;cJYonf/
OD;odef;onf [mo0w¬Krsm;tjyif taxYtaigUpmrsm;a&;om;jcif;jzifYvnf;
xif&Sm;cJYolwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/ tygyHkajymr,f? OD;av;ajymr,f? Z0epmajymifwdkY
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 229229229229229
onf pma&;q&mZ0e\ xif&Sm;aompmtkyfrsm; jzpfonf/ v,f,mvkyfom;b0
o½kyfazmfjzpfaom a&T0gqef (1945) 0w¬Konfvnf;xif&Sm;onf/ qdk;ay trnf&Sd
vli,fZmwfaqmifwpfOD;udk t"duZmwfaqmifjyKvsufa&;zGJYaom qdk;ay0w¬Krsm;
onfvnf;ausmfMum;onf/
OD;odef;onf ruG,fvGefrDuav;wGif rdrd\ukd,fa&;tw¬KyÜwådudk 1980 jynfYESpf
{NyDvrSpí aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;ü a&;om;cJYonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;umvtxd
a&;xm;aompmpkudk 1983 ckESpfwGif Z0e\ Z0e[laom trnfjzifY pmtkyffxkwfa0cJY
onf/
OD;odef;\ uavmifcGJrsm;rSm - ya&mfzufqmZ0aempuD;? armifodef; (jynf)?
&wemodef;? OD;odef; (Z0e) wdkYjzpfonf/
OD;odef;xkwfa0cJYaom pmtkyfrsm;teuftcsdKUrSm - "mwfyHkynm(1930)?
aumvdyfausmif;om; (1935-37)? aumvdyf*sydk; (1938)? wdkYausmif;om; (1939)?
olykefr (1940)? þ½ly (1940)? olUr,m; (1942)? ouFef;0wf (1943)? tysdKppfygyJ
&Sif? OD;av;yHkajymr,f (1945)? a&T0gqef (1945)? qm,dke,m; (1946)? 'dk;0rf;uD;
(1948)? tygyHkajymr,f (1949)? ta&SUqDuaveDMurf; (1952-bmomjyef)? tm&yf
tpöa&;ESifY aqG;aEG;yGJ (1978)? um;xJu rdef;uav; (1975)? uRefawmYvif
(1965)? ZrÁLwvl (1977) ESifY Z0e\ Z0e (1983) wkdYjzpfonf/
OD;odef;onf 1983 ckESpf? rwfv 8 &ufaeYwGif &efukefaq;½HkBuD;ü uG,fvGef
onf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-172-173/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-172-173/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-172-173/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-172-173/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-172-173/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) &mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/
pm 54-56/pm 54-56/pm 54-56/pm 54-56/pm 54-56/
230230230230230 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;odef;az (odef;azjrifh)OD;odef;az (odef;azjrifh)OD;odef;az (odef;azjrifh)OD;odef;az (odef;azjrifh)OD;odef;az (odef;azjrifh)
pma&;q&modef;azjrifhtrnfcH owif;pmq&mOD;odef;az
udk ppfudkif;wdkif;? rHk&Gmc½dkif? bkwvifNrdKU ü ajrwdkif;pma&; OD;b?
a':jrifhwdkYrS 1914ckESpf Zlvdkif 10&ufaeY wGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/
i,frnfrSm armifjrarmifjzpfonf/ t*Fvdyf jrefrmausmif;wGifrl
armifodef;azjzpfonf/
OD;odef;azonf bkwvifNrdKU OD;zdk;OmPfausmif;wGif rlvwef;ynmudkvnf;
aumif;? rHk&GmNrdKUtrsKd;om;ausmif;ESifh Ak'¨bmomausmif;wdkYwGif txufwef;ynm
oif,lcJhonf/ 1932ckESpfwGif rHk&GmAk'¨bmomtxufwef;ausmif;rS 'orwef;udk
jrefrmpmESifh ocFsm*kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhonf/
OD;odef;azonf 10 wef;atmifjrifNyD;aemuf 1932-33 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;Oypm
aumvdyfodkY ynmoif,l&efa&muf&Sdvmonf/ ,if;rSwpfqifh &efukefwuúodkvfodkY
ajymif;a&TUynmoif,lcJh&m 1935ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbGJY&&SdcJhonf/ 1935 ckESpfü wuúodkvf
ausmif;om;or*¾ (w.u.o) wGif trIaqmifwpfOD;jzpfvmNyD;? udkvkdeDynma&;udk
oydwfarSmuf&ef vIHYaqmfolwpfOD;tjzpfyg0ifcJhonf/ 1936ckESpf 'kwd,ausmif;om;
oydwfarSmufaomtcg OD;odef;azonf oydwfarSmufacgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfvmcJh
onf/ 1936 ckESpfwGif wdkYArm tpnf;t½Hk;odkY0ifa&mufcJhNyD; wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1937-38 ckESpfwGif e*g;eDpmtkyftoif; ynma&;tzGJYi,ftrI
aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdktcgrSpí ociftrnfudkcH,lum
ocifodef;azjzpfvmonf/
OD;odef;azonf 1938ckESpfwGif tdEd,EdkifiH umvuwåm;wuúodkvfodkY wuf
a&mufí Oya'ynmESifh r[m0dZÆm (ygVd) udkoif,lqnf;yl;&if; b*Fvm;jynfe,f
ausmif;om;tzJGYcsKyf twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJh onf/ ,if;odkYynmoifMum;
aepOf ]]wufbkef;BuD;}} 0w¬Kudka&;om;cJh&m ajymifajrmufaom0w¬KjzpfcJhonf/
bkef;awmfBuD;avmuwGif tawmfyif*,uf½dkufcJh\/ ql;avbk&m;vrf; (bk&ifr
yef;NcH) ,ckAEKvyef;NcHaxmifh&Sd jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwdkufudk &[ef;ysKdrsm;0dkif;&H
<ua&mufvmcJhMu\/ owif;pmtoD;oD;wGifvnf; wufbkef;BuD;0w¬Ka&;ol odef;az
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 231231231231231
ESifh&[ef;awmfrsm; rcHr&yfEdkifonfhtaMumif;rsm; xnfhoGif;azmfjycJh&m &uftawmf
Mumanmif;oGm;onf/ ,if;tcsdefupNyD; udkodef;az trnfa&SUwGif ]]wufbkef;BuD;}}
trnfwyfum ]]wufbkef;BuD; odef;az}}[kxif&Sm;vmcJhonf/
,if;aemuf wufbkef;BuD;odef;azonf oydwfarSmufausmif;om;0w¬K&SnfESifh
tjcm;aomaqmif;yg; tajrmuftjrm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 1936 ckESpfavmufuyif
owif;pmq&mtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ yxrqHk; 'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif aqmif;yg;&Sif
tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif owif;axmuftjzpfjzifhvnf;
aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;odef;azonf 1936 ckESpfwGif tdE´d,jynf vufuaemif;NrdKUüusif;yaom
tdEd,uGef*&ufnDvmcHodkY owif;axmuftjzpfwufa&mufcJhonf/ 1939-40 jynfh
ESpfwGif ]]a,muFsm;*kPf&nf}} ½kyf&Sif'g½dkufwmESifh jrefrmh½kyf&SiftcsdKUwGif 'gf½dkufwm
tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1941 ckESpfwGif OD;apmbdvyfoGm;jyZmwfudk ]]waumif
<uuf}} uavmiftrnfjzifha&;cJhonf/ 1941-42 ckESpfwGif zufqpfqefYusifa&;
tiftm;pkrsm;\ pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;wGif
wufbkef;BuD;odef;az (c) ocifodef;azonfjrefrmjynfü r&SdbJ tdEd,jynfüom&Sdae
onfursm;cJhonf/ EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD;tjzpf awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pk\ pnf;½Hk;a&;
rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1942 ckESpfapmapmydkif;wGif tdEd,jynfESifh w½kwfjynfodkY
oGm;a&mufcJhonf/
OD;odef;azonf 1945 ckESpfwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD\ taxGaxGtwGif;
a&;rSL;jzpfvmcJhNyD;? z?q?y?v tzGJYcsKyfwGif yxrqHk;zGJYpnf;aom OD;pD;tzGJY0ifwpfOD;
tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif z?q?y?v tzGJYcsKyfwGJzuftwGif;a&;
rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhNyD; trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmif
aom Mum;jzwftpdk;&tzGJYwGif v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ESifh opfawm0efBuD;tjzpf yg0if
aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS EkwfxGufcJhonf/ bJvm;
a&;obifopfudkwDxGifjyocJhNyD; pdrf;a&mifpdktrnfjzifh nDñGwfa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;
obifopfudk wifqufcJhonf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif ol\odef;aztrnfudk rdciftrnf
]]jrifh}} jznfhum ]]odef;azjrifh}}[k ajymif;vJac:wGifvmcJhonf/
232232232232232 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;odef;azonf 1952 ckESpfwGif jynfolYnDñGwfa&;ygwD taxGaxGtwGif;
a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1956 ckESpfwGif bkwvifNrdKUe,f yrnwtrwftjzpf
ta&G;cH&NyD; yrnw acgif;aqmifygvDreftrwftjzpf 1960 jynfhESpftxdaqmif&Guf
cJhonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif Adkvfwaxmifowif;pmudk OD;aqmifxkwfa0cJhNyD; Adkvf
waxmifowif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyfESifh tkyfcsKyfrI'g½dkufwmtjzpf jynfolydkiftodrf;cH&
onfhtxd aqmif&GufcJhonf/ ,if;aemufydkif; Adkvfwaxmifowif;pmwGif yifwdkif
aqmif;yg;&Siftjzpf aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf/
OD;odef;azonf 1956-57? 1957-58? 1962-63 ESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;
q&mtoif; OuúX tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&ufESifh jrefrm
w½kwfrdwfaqGjzpftoif;wdkYwGif yg0ifcJhonf/
OD;odef;azonf pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&mESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;tjzpf tdEd,
EdkifiH? w½kwfEdkifiH? tD*spfEdkifiH? t*Fvef? *syef? AD,uferf? tar&duef? ½k&Sm;? ta&SU
*smrPD? ½lar;eD;,m; ponfhEdkifiHrsm;odkYoGm;a&mufcJhonf/
1933 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv ol&d,owif;pmyg ]]rEÅav;tifwmrD'D,dwf ac:
Oypmausmif;ü tydkjrefrmpm oifjyydkYcsoifhjcif;}} aqmif;yg;rsm;onf OD;odef;az\
yxryHkESdyfpmrljzpfonf/ 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&Snf? aqmif;yg;? c&D;oGm;pmay? tw¬KyÜwåd?
EdkifiHa&;pmayESifh pmaya&;&mrsm;pGma&;om;cJhonf/
OD;odef;azonf 1958 ckESpfwGif ]]ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfhyrm}} jzifh pmay
Adrmef 0w¬K&Snfqk&&SdcJhNyD; ]]0daoowdkif;ordkif;tp}} jzifh 1967 ckESpf? trsKd;om;pmay
(pmya'om) yxrqkudkvnf;aumif;? 1968 ckESpfwGif ]]oDwmNyHK;}} 0w¬K&Snfjzifh
trsKd;om;pmay (0w¬K&Snf) pwkw¬qk&&SdcJhonf/ 1943 ckESpfwGiftdEd,EdkifiHü t*Fvdyf
bmomjzifh What Happened in Burma (Myanmar) ESifh Over The Ashes wdkYudka&;om;
xkwfa0cJhonf/
OD;odef;azonf odef;azjrifhuavmif trnfrsm;tjyif? 0aeiab? odef;ae
EG,f? wuúodkvftausmh? wpfaumif<uuf? OD;ausmufvHk;? odef;az? wufbkef;BuD;
odef;az? armifwl ponfhuavmiftrnfrsm;jzifhvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/
OD;odef;az\ xif&Sm;aompmtkyfrsm;rS tcsdKUudkazmfjy&vQif q&mvGef;
tw¬KyÜwåd? wufbkef;BuD;? wufacwfewfqdk;? OD;apmAdvwfoGm;jyZmwf? Zmwfq&m
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 233233233233233
OD;zdk;pdef? ppftwGif;c&D;onf awmfvSefa&;umv EdkifiHa&;tawGYtBuHKrsm;? ta½SUu
ae0ef;xGufonfhyrm? ausmfNidrf;? 0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyf? 0daoowdkif;ordkif;tp? wdkufyGJ0if
pmrsm;? oDwmNyHK;? wpfckaomaiG&wkobif? 60 ausmfrSa&;aom 0w¬Krsm;? uRefawmf
wdkU rGefjrefrm? wdkufyGJ0ifpmrsm;? oDwmNyHK;? wpfckaomaiG&wkobif? uRefawmfwdkUrGef
jrefrm? cspfMunfa&; c&D;onf? EkwifESifhaqGNidrf; b,folrSefovJ? ae&pfawmh
acwfa[mif;? jynfolUnDñGwfa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&; oabmw&m;rsm;? yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
a,musmf;wdkYtaMumif;? bHk0g'ESifhwdkYArm? jrefrmpmaytaxGaxG jyóem? oydwf
arSmufausmif;om;? olwdkYvifr,m; (34) ESpf? tnmjyef? taemufudk avQmufygvdkY
ta½SUudkwJharQmfvdkuf&if? tPÖ0gc&D;onfESifh ykvJa'0D ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
OD;odef;azonf 1962 ckESpfwGif ,Ofaus;rIaumifpDtzGJY0iftjzpf yg0ifaqmif
&GufcJhonf/ 1970 jynfhESpfwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtwdkifyifcHtjzpfjzifhvnf;
aumif;? 1973 ckESpfwGif jynfvHk;uRwfqE´cH,lyJG aumfr&SifvlMuD;tjzpfjzifYvnf;
aumif;? yxrtMudrf jynfolYvTwfawmfESifYjynfolUaumifpD tqifYqifYa&G;cs,f
wifajr§mufyJG usif;ya&;aumfr&SifvlMuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;odef;az\ ]]ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfYyrm}} 0w¬Kudk ½k&Sm;bmomodkYvnf;
aumif;? a&eH0w¬KwdkESifY aiGpdefavSavSmf&if;wufusdK;jcif; 0w¬KwdkYudk ½k½Sm;ESifU *smref
bmomodkYvnf;aumif; jyefqdkcJYonf/ ol\ aemufqHk;vuf&mrSm 1977 ckESpf?
Edk0ifbmvESifY 'DZifbmvxkwf ½Ir0r*¾Zif;wGif ]]bdk;bdk;ESifY bGm;bGm;tcspfyGm;}} 0w¬K
½SnfESifY ]]olwdkYvifr,m; 34 ESpf}} 0w¬K½SnfwdkYjzpfonf/
OD;odef;azonf 1978 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D 15 &ufwGif &efukefü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm248-249/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm248-249/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm248-249/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm248-249/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm248-249/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 68-70/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 68-70/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 68-70/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 68-70/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 68-70/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) &mjynfYOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?
pm 75- 77/pm 75- 77/pm 75- 77/pm 75- 77/pm 75- 77/
234234234234234 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;odrf; (wdk;wufa&; OD;odrf;)OD;odrf; (wdk;wufa&; OD;odrf;)OD;odrf; (wdk;wufa&; OD;odrf;)OD;odrf; (wdk;wufa&; OD;odrf;)OD;odrf; (wdk;wufa&; OD;odrf;)
owif;pmq&m OD;odrf;udk 1916 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 5 &uf
aeYwGif yJcl;wdkif;? a&TusifNrdKUe,fuGrf;qdyf&Gmü tz OD;tHk;oGifESifY
trd a':zGm;wifwkdYu arG;zGm;onf/
OD;odrf;onf 1932-33 ckESpfwGif 10wef;atmifjrifNyD;?
e,l;bm;rm;t*Fvdyf owif;pmwGif t,f'DwmtzGJY0iftjzpfpwifvkyfudkifonf/
xdkYaemuf ociftzGJYokdY0ifí ociftrnfcH,lcJYonf/ OD;odrf;onf e,l;bm;rm;
t*Fvdyfowif;pmrS OD;xGef;oef; OD;pD;aom wdk;wufa&;r*¾Zif;ESifY wkd;wufa&;owif;
pmwdkufodkY a&TUajymif;í wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Guf&if;? e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;?
wkdif;cspfjynfcspf pdwfxufoefa&;rsm;udk vIHUaqmfa&;om;cJh&m wkd;wufa&;OD;odrf;[l
aom trnf&&SdcJYonf/
OD;odrf;onf a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD; &efukefNrdKUokdYcsDwufcJYaom 1300 jynfYESpf
ta&;awmfyHkatmifjrifa&;udk q,foef;wuúodkvfqkNrdKif? jrefrmYtvif;OD;cspfarmif?
wufbkef;BuD;odef;az (odef;azjrifY) wdkYESifYtwl wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;odrf;onf 1940 jynfYESpfwGif ta&SUwkdif;jyóempmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0
cJYonf/ xdkpmtkyfonf urÇmYtajctae? jrefrmhtajctaersm;udk wifjyí jynfol
vlxktwGif; e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;pdwf"mwfrsm; ay:aygufap&ef aoG;xdk;vHIYaqmf
a&;om;xm;aompmtkyfjzpfojzifY OD;odrf;onf NAdwdoQudkvdkeDtpdk;&\ owday;
Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif; cHcJY&onf/
OD;odrf;onf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGif wdkif;av;ü wm0ef,lcJYonf/ jynfolYppf
Ouú|? EdkifiHa&;rSL;ESifY taxGaxGXmeBuD;rSL;tjzpfvnf; aqmif&GufcJYonf/ zuffqpf
awmfvSefa&;tNyD;wGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ qif;rvm;pm&if;0if EdkifiHa&;orm;tjzpf
0&rf;xkwfjcif;udkcHcJY&onf/ xdkYaemuf ppfBuD;tNyD;wGif OD;odrf;onf tm&Svli,f
tpnf;t½Hk;udk emrnfajymif;xm;aom ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m vli,frsm;tpnf;t½Hk;\
tzGJYcGJ odrfjzL wdkufe,fOuú|ESifY &efukefc½kdifOuú| tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1985) pm255-256/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1985) pm255-256/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1985) pm255-256/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1985) pm255-256/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1985) pm255-256/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 235235235235235
OD;odrf;armif (oHawmfqifY - OD;odrf;armif)OD;odrf;armif (oHawmfqifY - OD;odrf;armif)OD;odrf;armif (oHawmfqifY - OD;odrf;armif)OD;odrf;armif (oHawmfqifY - OD;odrf;armif)OD;odrf;armif (oHawmfqifY - OD;odrf;armif)
owif;pmq&m OD;odrf;armifudk 1898 ckESpfwGif rtlyifNrdKU
tydkif? rvufwdk&GmBuD;wGif ausmif;'g,um &GmolBuD; OD;bdk;q,f?
a':r,frSDwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;odrf;armifonf &efukefwGifynmoif,laepOf 1920
jynfYESpf? &efukefwuúodkvf tufOya'udk taMumif;jyKí wpfEdkifiHvHk;ausmif;om;
oydwfarSmuf&mwGif yg0ifcJYonf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;ay:aygufvmaomtcg
MunfhjrifwdkifwGif uG,fvGefol tmZmenf trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; ocifjrESifYtwl
ausmif;q&mwpfOD;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJYonf/
OD;odrf;armifonf 1924 ckESpfwGif Mu,fwHcGefowif;pmwdkufrSwpfqifY ol&d,
owif;pmwdkufodkY ajymif;a&TUtrIxrf;onf/ 1930 jynfYESpfywf0ef;usifwGif &Jjrefrm
pmtkyfudka&;om;jyKpkcJYonf/ rif;&JausmfpGm? &mZ"d&mZf? r[mAE¨Kv? bk&ifYaemif?
tavmif;bk&m;[laom jrefrmol&Jaumif;0w¬Krsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ owif;pm q&m[l
aomtrnfjzifY owif;pmynmESifYywfoufaom ynmay;pmtkyfudk jrefrmbmom
jzifY yxrOD;qHk;jyKpk xkwfa0cJYonf/
OD;odrf;armifonf *syefacwf yxrqHk; pmqdkawmfaeYudk usif;yEdkif&ef BudK;yrf;
olwpfOD;jzpfNyD; pmqdkawmfaeYudk pwifusif;y&mwGifyg0ifcJYonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;
q&mtoif; yxrqHk; Ouú|? owif;pmq&mtoif; Ouú|? jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
yHkESdyfxkwfa0olrsm; or0g,rtoif; Ouú| ponfjzifY pmaye,fESifY ywfoufaom
tzGJYtpnf;rsm;wGif wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJYonf/ ppfNyD;acwfwGif oHawmfqifYowif;
pmudk pwifxlaxmifcJYolvnf; jzpfonf/
OD;odrf;armifonf 1959 ckESpfwGif oufqdkif&mrS wm0efay;csuft& jr0wD
r*¾Zif;wGif 2 ESpfwdwd t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfwm0ef,lcJYNyD;? tNidrf;pm;,lcJYonf/
OD;odrf;armifESifYywfoufí arYr&Edkifatmif xl;jcm;aomtusifYwpfck&Sdonf/
,if;um;tjcm;r[kwf ]]rD;cJjymzHk; jzpfaeaom b0wlpma&;q&mynm&Sifrsm;ESifY
tvm;tvm&Sdolrsm;udk pmaypifjrifYwGif xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vmatmif pGrf;aqmif
ulnDí xrf;ydk;o,faqmifwwfaomtusifYyifjzpfonf[k}} qdkprSwf jyKcJYMuonf/
236236236236236 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;odrf;armifjyKpka&;om;cJYaompmtkyfrsm;rSm &Jjrefrm? rif;&JausmfpGm? r[m
AEKv? bk&ifYaemif? tavmif;bk&m;? Anm;EGJY? &mZoBuFef? owif;pmq&m? *D&d&wem
aqmif;yg;r[m? yefawmfOD;? omoemigomjyK&vQif udk,fawGY,dk;',m; ausmfyk*H?
a&Tjynfom,mtjznfYcHpm? bdk;&mZmtw¬KyÜwåd? yk*Hacwf,Ofaus;rI? yJcl;r[mapwD
ordkif;? yifwdkifpHESifYol&Jaumif;? &efukef&mZ0ifordkif;? &Jwyfordkif;(pmrl)? vufzuf
&nfMurf;0dkif;? &m*AGuftdkif? odef;ckepfaxG(0w¬K)? vl½ku©pdk;? a*smf*RwfwJYarar ponfwdkY
jzpfonf/ aemufqHk;jyKpka&;om;cJYaompmtkyfrSm &efukefordkif;jzpfonf/
OD;odrf;armifonf 1966 ckESpf? pufwifbmv? 2 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJYonf/
ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; / armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd? pm -347-348?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd? pm -347-348?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd? pm -347-348?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd? pm -347-348?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd? pm -347-348?
OD;odrf;armif? jrefrmYol&Jaumif;/OD;odrf;armif? jrefrmYol&Jaumif;/OD;odrf;armif? jrefrmYol&Jaumif;/OD;odrf;armif? jrefrmYol&Jaumif;/OD;odrf;armif? jrefrmYol&Jaumif;/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 237237237237237
OD;at;armif (vif;,kefopfvGif)OD;at;armif (vif;,kefopfvGif)OD;at;armif (vif;,kefopfvGif)OD;at;armif (vif;,kefopfvGif)OD;at;armif (vif;,kefopfvGif)
pma&;q&mvif;,kefopfvGiftrnfcH owif;pmq&m
OD;at;armifudk {&m0wDwdkif;? anmifwkef;NrdKUwGif tz ukefonf
BuD; OD;zdk;vl? trda':ESif;OD;wdkYu 1917 ck? pufwifbmv 9
&ufaeYü arG;zGm;cJhonf/
OD;at;armifonf anmifwkef;NrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif t|rwef;
txd ynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ OD;at;armifonf ppfrjzpfrD armfvNrdKifNrdKUrSxkwfa0aom
]]acgif;aqmif}} owif;pmwGif e,fowif;axmuftjzpfaqmif&GufcJhNyD;? 1947 ckESpf
wGif ]][Hom0wD}}ESifh]]Armhacwf}} owif;pme,fowif;axmuftjzpf aqmif&GufcJh
onf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif &efukefodkYa&muf&SdcJhNyD;? ]] vif;,kefowif;pm}} wGif tvkyf
orm;owif;axmuftjzpfvkyf&mrS ]]vif;,kefopfvGif}} [laomuavmiftrnfudk
,lcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf vif;,kef*sme,f? jynfawmfopf *sme,f? vlxk*sme,fwdkYwGif
t,f'DwmtzGJY0iftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ ½Ia'gifh*sme,fwGifvnf; t,f'DwmtzGJY0if
wpfOD;jzpfcJhonf/
*syefacwfu oHjzLZ&yf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyf&modkY acR;wyfESifhtwla&muf
&SdcJhojzifh oHjzLZ&yf rD;&xm;vrf;azmuf&mwGif BuHKawGYcJh&aomacsmufcsm;zG,fzufqpf
i&Jcef;tjzpfysufrsm;udk r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif aqmif;yg;? 0w¬Ktjzpfvnf;aumif;?]] aorif;
wrefvrf;ay:0,f}} pmtkyfudkvnf;aumif; a&;om;xkwfa0cJh onf/ 1950 jynfhESpf
pma&;q&mtoif;ESpfywfvnf pmayjydKifyGJwGif 0w¬Kwdkqkudk ]]wdkYaus;&Gm}} 0w¬Kjzifh
&&SdcJhonf/ 1952 ckESpfrS 1986 ckESpftxd vHk;csif;pmtkyf (66) tkyf a&;om;cJhonf/
1962 ckESpfwGif ]]oDwmaomifajcOD;}} vHk;csif;0w¬Kjzifh 0w¬K&SnftrsKd;om;pmay
qk&&SdcJhNyD;? 1968 ckESpfwGif ]],dk;',m;jrefrmrD;&xm;vrf; udk,fawGUacR;wyfrSwfwrf;}}
pmtkyfjzifh pmya'omtrsKd;om;pmay 'kwd,qk&&SdcJhonf/ 1971 ckESpfwGif ]]"r®
0dvmo}} 0w¬Kjzihf 0w¬K&Snf trsKd;om;pmayqk&&SdcJhonf/
OD;at;armifonf 1957-58 ckESpfwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH pma&;q&m
toif; tvkyftrIaqmif tjzpfwm0ef,lcJhonf/
238238238238238 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;at;armif jyKpkcJhaompmtkyftcsdKUrSm bHkuRef? aorif;wrefvrf;ay:0,f?
aomif;'FDygajr? "r®&ud©w 0w¬Krsm;jzpfonf/ ]] ,dk;',m;jrefrmrD;&xm;vrf; udk,fawGY
acR;wyfrSwfwrf;}} pmtkyfudk*syefEdkifiH ]] rDeDcsD owif;pmwdkuf}} rS *syefbmomjzifh
yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/
OD;at;armifonf oDwmaomifajcOD;0w¬K&Snfudka&;om;&mwGif ]]jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rxifr&Sm;ausmcdkif;xm;jcif; cHaeMu&&Smaom vlwef;pm;wdkYtm;
*kPfjyKa&;om;onf[k yGifhvif;pGm &nfñTef;azmfjyxm;onf/ a&vkyfom;rsm;onf
tvkyftudkiftm;jzifh ig;zrf;í toufarG;Mu&aomfvnf;? ,if;wdkYwGif tjcm;olrsm;
uJhodkYyif oem;Muifemwwfaom arwåm? u½kPm? rk'dwm ponfh jA[®pdk&fw&m;wdkYjzifh
xHkonfhESvHk;om;rsm;&SdaMumif;? olwdkYb0rSm taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm ig;ñSDeHYzHk;vTrf;ae
aomfvnf; ESvHk;om;wGifrl arT;MuLvsuf&SdaMumif; ZmwfaqmifwpfOD;jzpfol ydkufolBuD;
om; wHigzavmif;pdefyGifhujyxm;avonf/}} tqifhtwef;jrifhaomb0 o½kyfazmf
0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfaMumif; rSwfom;&onf/
OD;at;armifonf 1993 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 21 &ufaeYwGifuG,fvGefcJhonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / '*kkefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm105-107/'*kkefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm105-107/'*kkefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm105-107/'*kkefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm105-107/'*kkefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm105-107/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 239239239239239
OD;atmifaqGonf 1940-42 ckESpfwGif ig;odkif;acsmif;NrdKU trsdK;om;ausmif;
wGif vnf;aumif;? 1946-47 ckESpfwGif &efukefA[dktpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;wGif
vnf;aumif;? 1947-48 ckESpfwGif &efukefjynfolYodyÜH tvGwfynmoifausmif;wGif
vnf;aumif;? 1949-50 ckESpfwGif &efukefa&ausmf rufo'pfausmif;wdkYwGif
wuúodkvf0ifwef;txd ynmoif,lcJYonf/
1950-51 ckESpfwGif pD;yGm;a&;owif;pm bmomjyeft,f'Dwm? 1952 ckESpf
wGif uavmifopfr*¾Zif;? pmayopfr*¾Zif;? aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;wdkYü t,f'Dwm?
1953 ckESpfrS 1961 ckESpftxd wdkif;&if;ar*sme,f t,f'Dwm? 1961 rS 1963
ckESpftxd tvGwfynmoifausmif;q&m? 1969 ckESpfwGif jzLeDndKjym r*¾Zif;wm0efcH
t,f'Dwm? 1969 rS 1972 ckESpftxd tdk;a0*sme,ftkyfcsKyfrI t,f'Dwmtjzpf
aqmif&GufcJYonf/ jynf[def;ausmftrnfjzifYvnf; vu©PmaA'if a[majymcJYonf/
OD;atmifaqGonf 1949 ckESpfrSpí ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;ESifY pma&;oydwf
umv vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;wGif yg0ifcJYonf/ A[dktpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;ESifY jynfolYodyÜH
tvGwfynmoifausmif;wdkYwGif ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;ü omreftrIaqmifESifY 'kwd,
Ouú| wm0efrsm;udk,lcJYonf/ 1952 ckESpf uavmifopftzJGY wnfaxmifolrsm;wGif
yg0ifcJYonf/ 1952-63 ckESpf? jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif;trIaqmif? 1956-
62 ckESpf? jrefrmEdkifiH uAsmq&m toif;csKyfOuú|ESifY 1962 ckESpfwGif jynfolYuAsm
toif; Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkYoGm;a&muf
cJYjyD;? wyf½SuifYNrdKUü usif;yaom tm½Stmz&du pma&;q&mrsm; nDvmcHodkY jrefrm
EdkifiH uAsmq&mtoif; udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&mufcJYonf/
OD;atmifaqG (a'gif;EG,faqG)OD;atmifaqG (a'gif;EG,faqG)OD;atmifaqG (a'gif;EG,faqG)OD;atmifaqG (a'gif;EG,faqG)OD;atmifaqG (a'gif;EG,faqG)
pma&;q&ma'gif;EG,faqGtrnfcH owif;pmq&mOD;atmif
aqGudk {&m0wDwdkif;? omaygif;NrdKUü tz &mZ0wf0efaxmuf
OD;bxdef? trd a':zkef;&defwdkYrS 1931 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 16 &ufwGif
arG;zGm;cJYonf/ trnf&if; armifatmifomrS armifatmifaqG[k
trnfajymif;cJYonf/
240240240240240 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
½Ir0½kyf½SifrS a&T&ifodrf;opf? vkvifi,faoG;? ty,f&wem? acR;uav;wpdkY
wpdkY? vlYraem? pMu0Vm ½kyf½SifrS Zmcef;qD; aemufuG,frSm Zmwfum;rsm;wGif ZmwfydkY
o½kyfaqmifwpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifcJYonf/
1946 ckESpf? A[dktpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;om;b0uyif ausmif;eH&Huyf
pmapmifü ]]a'gif'if}} trnfjzifY uAsmpa&;cJYonf/ 1948ckESpfwGif [Hom0wDowif;
pmESifY tdk;a0owif;pmwdkYü ]]a'gif;EG,faqG}} trnfjzifY uAsmrsm; pwifa&;om;cJY
onf/ ]]paearmifayG}}? ]]a'gif'JwGefY}}? ]]avOa'gif;}}? uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifYvnf;?
[morsm;a&;cJYonf/ wdkif;&if;ar*sme,fwGif ]]ZifOD;}} trnfjzifY uAsmrsm;a&;cJYonf/
xif½Sm;aomvuf&mrsm;rSm uAsmykvJuHk;? ykvJyef;? avmursufuef;? avmu
opömudk½SmazGjcif;? uvsmrdrdrkef;? rdk;aomufvuFmyef;? cspfolYrsufESmuAsmpuf0dkif;?
ponfYuAsmvHk;csif;rsm;? oifbmuAsma&;rnfenf;? uAsmoabmw&m;pmtkyf?
0uFyguAsmvrf;? rdk;qefaomrdk;? tonf;ESifYxyfwl? uAsmvGwfterf;? rvGrf;aom
Mur®maESmif;? paom0w¬K½SnfMuD;rsm;ESifY vrif;udkoufaowdkif? r[m&efolawmf
paom0w¬Kwdk aygif;csKyfpmtkyfrsm;jzpfonf/ ½kyf½Sif ZmwfñTef;rsm;vnf; a&;cJYonf/
OD;atmifaqGonf 1985 ckESpf? rwfv 22 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJY
onf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm-190/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm-190/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm-190/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm-190/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm-190/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3) pm183-185/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3) pm183-185/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3) pm183-185/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3) pm183-185/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3) pm183-185/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) &mjynfh OD;pdk;nGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)?&mjynfh OD;pdk;nGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)?&mjynfh OD;pdk;nGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)?&mjynfh OD;pdk;nGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)?&mjynfh OD;pdk;nGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)?
pm 164-165pm 164-165pm 164-165pm 164-165pm 164-165
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 241241241241241
OD;atmifjrif (NrdKUrarmif)OD;atmifjrif (NrdKUrarmif)OD;atmifjrif (NrdKUrarmif)OD;atmifjrif (NrdKUrarmif)OD;atmifjrif (NrdKUrarmif)
pma&;q&mjrKdUrarmiftrnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;atmif
jrifudk 1904 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 4 &ufwGif NrdwfNrdKU? uefzsm;&yfü
tz orm;awmfBuD; OD;oifESifY trd a':omndrf;wdkYrS arG;zGm;
onf/
OD;atmifjrifonf t*Fvdyfjrefrm 10 wef;ESifY tv,fwef;q&mjzpfatmifjrif
NyD;onfYaemuf &efukefNrdKU? NrdKUrausmif;ü 10 ESpfrQausmif;q&mtjzpf trIxrf;cJY
onf/
OD;atmifjrifonf 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;rwdkifrD avmuom&aeYpOfowif;pmü
nt,f'DwmESifY EdkifiHjcm;owif; bmomjyeft,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmY
aZ,smaeYpOfowif;pmü EdkifiHjcm;owif;bmomjyef t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;
aqmif&GufcJYonf/ ol&d,owif;pm? jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm? AEKv*sme,f? 'D;'kwf
*sme,f? wdk;wufa&;r*¾Zif;wdkYü aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJYonf/ AEKv*sme,fü jrefrm
wpfApf[laom okwya'omtcef;udk wm0ef,lcJYonf/ q,foef;r*¾Zif;? q,foef;
*sme,f? q,foef;&ufjcm; owif;pmESifh q,foef;aeYpOfowif;pmrsm;ukd ukd,fwkdif
wnfaxmifxkwfa0í t,f'DwmvkyfcJhonf/ q,foef;[laom trnfudk,ljcif;rSm
xdkpOfu jrefrmjynfü&SdaomvlOD;a& 14 oef;teuf? EdkifiHjcm;om; 4 oef;udkz,fí
jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;q,foef;wdkY\ todÓPfESifY pm;0wfaea&;wdk;wuf&ef &nfoef
jcif;aMumifYjzpfonf[k qdkonf/ q,foef;\a<u;aMumfoHrSm]]acwfBuD;udktwif;
ajymif;rnf}}[líjzpfonf/
OD;atmifjrifonf NrdKUrarmif uavmiftrnfjzifY jrefrmwdkY\ trsdK;om;a&;?
pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&;wdkYESifY pyfvsOf;onfYacgif;BuD;rsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifY a0zefcsufrsm;
udk a&;om;cJYonfYtwGuf t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;tcH&qHk; owif;pmq&m
rsm;teuf wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/ owif;pmxkwfa0rItwGuf tmrcHawmif;cH
jcif;cH&ojzifY aiGrwifEdkifaomaMumifY q,foef;aeYpOfowif;pmudk ydwfvdkuf&NyD;
aemuf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0ifpmtkyfrsm;jzpfaom pmtkyfjzLpmpOfrsm;udk a&;om;
xkwfa0cJYonf/ ]]aoG;eDNydKifyGJ}} onf xl;jcm;aompmtkyfrsm;teuf wpftkyfjzpfonf/
242242242242242 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
t*Fvdyftpdk;&u xdkpmtkyfrsm;udk awGY&mae&modrf;ap[k trdefYxkwfonf/
xdkrQru umuG,fa&;Oya'jzifY pmra&;&? tdrfjyifrxGuf&[lí pma&;om;jcif;?
oGm;vmjcif;wdkYudk csKyfcs,fcJYonf/
*syefacwf a'gufwmbarmftpdk;&u xkwfa0aomArmYacwfowif;pmü
acgif;BuD;a&;t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ t*FvdyfacwftwGif;BuHKawGYcJY&onf
rsm;udk udk,fawGY0w¬Krsm;tjzpfa&;om;xkwfa0cJYonf/ ppfBuD;NyD;qHk;onfYaemuf
vrf;ñTefaeYpOfowif;pmESifY pD;yGm;a&;aeYpOfowif;pmwkdY\ t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf
aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;atmifjrifonf NrdKUrarmifowif;pmtrnfjzifY 1946 ckESpf trsdK;om;aeY
(18-11-1946) ü pwifxkwfa0NyD;? xkdESpf 'DZifbmvtwGif;ü NrdKUrarmifowif;
pmudk &efukefowif;pm[líemrnfajymif;NyD;vQif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf aqmif&Gufí
udk,fwdkifxkwfa0cJYonf/ &efukefowif;pmü pyfpkarmif? pyfNzJarmif? OD;&efukef ponfY
tcef;rsm;twGuf wm0efcHía&;ay;onf/ xdkYtjyif½Ir0? oifYb0r*¾Zif;wdkYwGifvnf;
aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJYonf/
OD;atmifjrifonf jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mtoif; Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
xdktoif;\ trIaqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif; a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufjcif;cHcJY&onf
OD;atmifjrifonf 1983 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm 20 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef
onf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-239-240/(1) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-239-240/(1) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-239-240/(1) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-239-240/(1) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-239-240/
(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2^pm 168-169/(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2^pm 168-169/(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2^pm 168-169/(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2^pm 168-169/(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2^pm 168-169/
(3) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 385-386/(3) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 385-386/(3) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 385-386/(3) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 385-386/(3) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 385-386/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 243243243243243
OD;atmifoef; (armifaeOD;)OD;atmifoef; (armifaeOD;)OD;atmifoef; (armifaeOD;)OD;atmifoef; (armifaeOD;)OD;atmifoef; (armifaeOD;)
owif;pmq&m OD;atmifoef; (armifaeOD;) udk 1921
ckESpfwGif tz OD;MuL;? trda':a':apmwdkYrS rEÅav;NrdKU ol&Japs;&yf
ü arG;zGm;cJYonf/
OD;atmifoef;onf wef;jrifYausmif;wGifynmoif,lcJYNyD;
1945 ckESpfwGif zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ü yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJYonf/ 1948 ckESpfü awmcdkí
roHk;vHk;e,fajrü vIyf&Sm;cJY&mrS 1955 ckESpfwGiftvif;0ifcJYonf/ zqyvacwf
tqufqufü wuúodkvfausmif;om;wyfOD;tzGJUacgif;aqmiftjzpf vIyf&Sm;cJYNyD;?
axmiftBudrfBudrfuscJYonf/ udkudk;uRef;ydkY&efjzpfaomfvnf; usef;rma&;aMumifY tydkY
rcHcJh&ay/
OD;atmifoef;onf [Hom0wDowif;pmwGif tcsdefydkif;t,f'Dwm? vli,fpmay
t,f'Dwm? acwf*sme,fESifY vlxk*sme,ft,f'Dwmrsm;tjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/ [Hom
0wDowif;pm paepmay0dkif;udk OD;aqmifcJYolwpfOD;jzpfí tEkynmavmuü
usifvnfcJholwpfOD;jzpfonf/
OD;atmifoef;onf armifaeOD; uavmiftrnfjzifYaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;cJYNyD; ]]rIefeHY
omjc,fumoygvdkY}} ½kyf&Sif Zmwfum;ZmwfñTef;ESifY oDcsif;udka&;om;cJYNyD; ½kyf&Sif?
tNidrfY? ZmwfobifoDcsif;rsm; rsm;pGma&;om;cJYonf/
OD;atmifoef;a&;om;jyKpkcJYaompmtkyfrsm;teuftcsdKUrSm ]]csmvDcsufyvif}}
(bmomjyef)? ]]vlom;rsdK; jyKwfrnfavm}} (bmomjyef) ponfYpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;
xkwfa0cJYonf/
OD;atmifoef;onf armifaeOD;uavmiftrnfjzifY jynfolwdkY\ pum;jyef
pmtkyfwGif ]]w&m;ewfapmifY? ewfudk owif;pmapmifh}} [laomaqmif;yg; a&;om;cJY
onf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;wGif ]]w&m;Oya'\tiftm;aumif;rIrSm tcsufoHk;csufay:
wGifwnfonf[k qdkcsifygonf/ w&m;Oya'\ taMumif;csif;&mtm;vHk;udk jynfol
trsm;aumif;pGm oabmaygufem;vnfMu&rnf/ w&m;wabmifjzpfíw&m;½Hk;wGif
&ifqdkifajz&Sif;Mu&mwGif ppfaq;yHktm;vHk;udk jynfoltrsm;aumif;pGm oabmayguf
em;vnfMu&rnf/ w&m;wabmifjzpfí w&m;½Hk;wGif &ifqdkifajz&Sif;&mwGif ppfaq;yHk
244244244244244 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
tm;vHk;udkjynfolrsm; od&SdaeMu&rnfjzpfygonf/ aemufqHk;wGif w&m;cHonf tjypf&Sd
onfjzpfap? tjypfuif;onfjzpfap pD&ifvdkufaompD&ifcsufudk jynfolrsm;od&SdaeMu&
rnfjzpfonf}} þtcsufoHk;csufu w&m;Oya'\ tiftm;aumif;rIudk tqHk;tjzwf
ay;onf/
]]w&m;udkewfapmifYonf}} [laomqdk½dk;pum;\teuft"dyÜm,frSm ]]w&m;
ojzifY rSefrSefuefuef ppfaq;pD&ifonf[laom xifjrifcsufrsdK; jynfolvlxktwGif;
zGJYpnf;cdkifrmvmap&ef txufazmfjyyg tcsufoHk;csufESifY udkufnD&rnfjzpfonf/
þtcsufoHk;csufudk owif;pmrsm;ujznfqnf;ay;aeygonf/ xdkYaMumifY ewfudk
owif;pmu apmifYonf[k qdkjcif;jzpfygonf}} [k azmfjyxm;onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;p&m
jzpfygonf/
OD;atmifoef;onf atmfy&mZmwfwkduf&mrS &&SdcJYzl;aom 'Pf&maMumifY 1980
jynfYESpf? 'DZifbmv 16 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKU jynfolYaq;½HkBuD;ü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm 230/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm 230/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm 230/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm 230/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm 230/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jynfolwdk Y\pum;jyef? pm - 163-168/jynfolwdk Y\pum;jyef? pm - 163-168/jynfolwdk Y\pum;jyef? pm - 163-168/jynfolwdk Y\pum;jyef? pm - 163-168/jynfolwdk Y\pum;jyef? pm - 163-168/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 245245245245245
OD;atmifodef; (jra'gif;ñdk)OD;atmifodef; (jra'gif;ñdk)OD;atmifodef; (jra'gif;ñdk)OD;atmifodef; (jra'gif;ñdk)OD;atmifodef; (jra'gif;ñdk)
owif;pmq&m OD;atmifodef; (pma&;q&m jra'gif;ndK)
udk 1915 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 13 &ufaeYwGif om,m0wDc½dkif?
vufyHwef;NrdKUü OD;jr? a':rdav;wdkYu zGm;jrifygonf/
OD;atmifodef;onf &efukefNrdKUpdefaygtxufwef;ausmif;
wGif ynmoif,lcJh&m 1928 ckESpfwGif 10 wef;pmar;yGJudk t*Fvdyf? jrefrm? &mZ0if
*kPfxl;jzifhxl;cRefpGm atmifjrifcJhonf/ xdkUaemuf &efukefwuúodkvfwGif ynmoif,l
cJh&m 1936 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfoydwfarSmuf&mü yg0ifcJhonfrSpí ynmwpfydkif;
wpfpESihf ausmif;xGufcJhonf/ wuúodkvfrSxGufvQifxGufcsif; ]]e,lbm;rm; t*Fvdyf
owif;pm}} wGif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfrjzpfrD wuúodkvfynmudk
qufvufoif,lNyD;aemuf 0dZÆmbGJYudkqGwfcl;&&Sdonf/
wuúodkvfausmif;om;b0uyifpwifí *E¦avmu? tdk;a0paomr*¾Zif;rsm;
wGif jra'gif;ñdk[laom uavmiftrnfjzifh aqmif;yg;? uAsm? 0w¬Krsm;a&;om;cJh
onf/ e,l;bm;rm;owif;pmüvnf; &wempdef [laomuavmiftrnfjzifh
aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;onf/ xdkYjyif '*kefr*¾Zif;? ol&d,r*¾Zif;? wdk;wufa&;owif;pm
wdkYwGif aqmif;yg; 0w¬Krsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ ol&d,? jrefrmhtvif;? q,foef;? Armh
acwfpaom owif;pmrsm;wGifvnf; t,f'DwmtzGJU0iftjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJh&m
q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;? oHawmfqifh OD;odrf;armif paompma&;q&m owif;pm
q&mBuD;rsm;xH ynmqnf;yl;&if; aqmif;yg;&SnfBuD;rsm;ESifh acgif;BuD;rsm;udk0ifa&muf
a&;om;cJhonf/
OD;atmifodef;\ jra'gif;ñdkuavmiftrnfjzifh yxrqHk;aomvHk;csif;pmtkyfrSm
pma&;q&mrBuD; yg;vftufpAwf\ onf*Gwftwf0w¬KudkrSD;í om,m0wD*VKef
q&mpH\ ykefuefx<urIudk*kPfjyKaomtm;jzifh a&;om;aom 0okefþajr jzpfonf/
xdkYaemufe*g;eDpmtkyfwdkufrS xkwfa0aom atmfighom; ighom;? tdkif,mvefolykeftzGJY?
uluvkuvef? rmwm[m&D urÇmhvQdKU0Suftoif;rsm;? baEÅrmw&rfudkrSD;aom tar?
½l;qdk; a&;om;aom qdk&S,fvpf0g'? ygawmfrlaeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf awmufacgufrd
w,fwJh? Armh0g'? ulvD? tvkyf½Hk tvkyform;ydkif&rnf? rm&S,fwDwdk;? tdkifqif
246246246246246 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
a[mif0g? Armhqif;&Jom;bHk0g'? bl&SD'dkpaom pmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/
*syefacwfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;trSL;jyKaom &JabmfoHk;usdyfwdkYtaMumif;
a&;om;jyKpkí &JabmfoHk;usdyftrnfjzifh pmtkyfxkwfa0&m jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&m
toif; qk&&Sdonf/ xdkYaemuf emrnfBuD;a&TawmifwdkufyGJtaMumif; pmtkyfudkvnf;
a&;om;xkwfa0onf/ wpfzefawmfvSefa&;twGif; udk,fwdkifyg0ifqifETJcJhaom
azmifBuD;wdkufyGJudk *kPfjyKaomtm;jzifh vGwfvyfrStrQa0yg [laompmtkyfudk
a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/
OD;atmifodef;onf 1947 ckESpfwGif wdkif;vHk;ausmf? ZGJ? bGif;bGif;? b0opf
paom naeowif;pmrsm;udk udk,fwdkifBuD;Muyfxkwfa0avonf/
OD;atmifodef;onf 1957 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&\ ynmawmfoifqkudk
&&SdNyD;? ,l*kdpvm;AD;,m;EkdifiH AJv*&dwfwuúodkvfodkY ynmoifoGm;a&mufcJhonf/
1960 jynfhESpfwGif ]]tvkyf½Hk tvkyform;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ynm}} [laom usrf;
pmtkyfudk jyKpka&;om;um (yg&*la'gufwm) bGJYudkqGwfcl;&&Sdonf/ 1961 ckESpfwGif
xdkusrf;pmtkyfudk AJv*sD,HEdkifiHrS xkwfa0jzefYcsd&efoGm;a&mufonf/ xdkrSwpfqifh
urÇmhukvor*¾tzJGYcsKyf\ ynmoifqk&&Sdum tar&duefjynfe,l;a,mhNrdKUodkY
oGm;a&muftrIxrf;onf/ a'gufwmOD;atmifodef;onf tar&duefjynf [m;Awf
wuúodkvfwGif abm*aA'ygarmu©tjzpfxrf;aqmifonf/
OD;atmifodef;onf 1983 ck? atmufwdkbmv 28 &ufaeYwGif tar&duef
EdkifiH? e,l;a,mufNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/ ///// jra'gif;ñdk? &JabmfoHk;usdyf/jra'gif;ñdk? &JabmfoHk;usdyf/jra'gif;ñdk? &JabmfoHk;usdyf/jra'gif;ñdk? &JabmfoHk;usdyf/jra'gif;ñdk? &JabmfoHk;usdyf/
jra'gif;ndK? a&TawmifwkdufyGJ/jra'gif;ndK? a&TawmifwkdufyGJ/jra'gif;ndK? a&TawmifwkdufyGJ/jra'gif;ndK? a&TawmifwkdufyGJ/jra'gif;ndK? a&TawmifwkdufyGJ/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 247247247247247
OD;tkef;cif (ArmYacwf OD;tkef;cif)OD;tkef;cif (ArmYacwf OD;tkef;cif)OD;tkef;cif (ArmYacwf OD;tkef;cif)OD;tkef;cif (ArmYacwf OD;tkef;cif)OD;tkef;cif (ArmYacwf OD;tkef;cif)
owif;pmq&m Armhacwf OD;tkef;cifudk 1903 ckESpf?
pufwifbmv 20 &ufaeYwGif yef;waemfNrdKUe,f? rif;wpk&Gmü
tz OD;zdk;vdIif? trd a':pHy,fwdkYrS arG;zGm;onf/
OD;tkef;cifonf rtlyifNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rS
1920 jynfYESpf oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfcJYonf/ ,if;ausmif;
rS 10 wef;udk atmifjrifcJY&m tpdk;&paumvm;½Spfqk&&dScJYonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif
OypmodyÜH txufwef;txd ynmoif,lcJYonf/
1930 jynfYESpf wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;wGif ocifbaomif;? ocifvSabmfwdkYESifY
twl wm0ef,lcJYonf/ 1932 ckESpfwGif um,Av OD;½Sdef? OD;aZmf0dwfwdkYESifYtwl
usef;rma&;twGuf ajcvsifavQmufjcif;jyKvkyfMu&ef EdI;aqmf&müyg0ifcJYí ]]ajcvsif
tkef;cif}}[k trnfwGifcJYonf/
OD;tkef;cifonf 1938 ckESpfwGif e*g;eDpmtkyfwdkufü ref;ae*sif;'g½dkufwmtjzpf
aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1945 ckESpfwGif ]]ArmYacwfowif;pm}}udk pwifwnfaxmifjyD;
1961 ckESpftxd t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJYonf/ ]]ArmYacwf
tkef;cif}}[k vlodrsm;cJYonf/
OD;tkef;cifonf 1961 ckESpfwGif ]]rdk;MudK;owif;pm}}udk wnfaxmifjyD; 1964
ckESpftxd t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJYonf/ xdktcgrSpí rdk;MudK;OD;tkef;ciftjzpf
xif½Sm;cJYjyefonf/
OD;tkef;cifu owif;pmavmuESifYywfoufí ]]t,f'Dwm\ tvkyfESifY
owif;axmuf\tvkyfrSm wpfbmompDjzpfygonf/ t,f'DwmrSm rdrdxHodkYtoifY
a&muf&dSvmaom om;ig;rsm;udk pDrHcsufjyKwf&aom pm;awmfcsufESifY yrmwlygonf/
owif;axmufrSmrlum; pm;awmfcsuftwGuf csufjyKwf jyifqif auR;arG;Edkifap&ef
ig;trJrsm;udk vdkufvH½SmazG&aom wHigrkqdk;wdkYESifY yrmwlygonf/ pm;awmfcsufonf
ig;trJr&dSu [if;vsmaumif;udk csufjyKwf&ef rnfodkYrQ rpGrf;aqmifEdkifouJYodkY?
248248248248248 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
t,f'Dwmonfvnf; owif;axmufrsm;xHrS owif;aumif;r&vQif bmrQrwwfEdkif?
vufrdIifcs&ygawmYonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifYqdk&ygvQif owif;axmufaumif;onf?
trJvdkufacG;aumif;ESifY wlygonf/ (uefawmYygcifAsm;)/ owif;aumif;teYH&vQif
xdkowif;aumif;rsm;udk? rdatmif vdkufwwfMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif owif;vmbf
aumif;MuHKaom tcsdefrsdK;wGifrlum; ]]ajy;&if;ESifY owif;aumif;ESifY wdk;rd}} wwfMuyg
onf/ xdktcsdeftcgrsdK;wGif owif;axmufonf pHkaxmuftjzpfodkY a&mufoGm;jyD;vQif
owif;\tp? tv,f? tqHk; udk jynfYpHkatmif pHkprf;axmufvSrf;jyD; t,f'DwmxHodkY
a&;om;ay;ydkY&ygonf/}}
owif;axmuf\ ta&;tBuD;qHk;wm0efrSm owif;aumif;&zdkYyif jzpfygonf/
xdkYaMumifY aumif;pGm pma&;wwfzkdYrSm owif;axmuftzdkY rsm;pGmta&;rMuD;vSyg?
odkY&mwGif aumif;pGm pma&;wwfygrlum; ydkrdkaumif;ygonf/
t,f'DwmrSmrlum; owif;udk wnf;jzwfEdkifaom? A[kokwESifYaumif;pGm
jynfYpHk&rnfhtjyif? pma&;aumif;wpfOD;jzpfzdkYvnf; vdktyfygonf/ xdkYtjyif t,f'Dwm
vkyfolwpfOD;\ pma&;[efrSmvnf; vGefpGm ta&;MuD;vSygonf/ owif;\wefzdk;ESifY
oifYawmfaomae&mwGif xnfYoGif;ay;wwf&onfYtjyif owif;ESifYqDavsmfaom?
uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf? ay:vGifaponfY acgif;pD;rsm;udk wyfwwf&ygonf/ owif;a&;
om;&mwGifvnf; wdkwdkwkwfwkwfESifYvdk&if;tcsKyfudk 'dk;'dk;'uf'ufESifY touf0ifaom
pmrsdK;udk a&;om;wwf&ygonf/
yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;onf wHigrkqdk;ESifY wlaom owif;axmufb0rS tcsuftjyKwf?
tjyiftqifaumif;aom pm;awmfcsufESifYwlonfY t,f'DwmwpfOD;tjzpfodkY a&muf&dS
vmvQifrlum; xdkyk*¾dKvfrsdK; OD;pD;xkwfa0aom owif;pm? *sme,frsm;onf? xifay:
ausmfMum;&rnfrSm "r®wmyifjzpfygonf/ xdkxufomvGefí? xdkowif;axmuf t,f'D
wmonf owif;pm? *sme,fwdkufydkif½SifwpfOD;jzpfbdrlum; ]]tm;vHk;aumif;yg\/]]tm;vHk;aumif;yg\/]]tm;vHk;aumif;yg\/]]tm;vHk;aumif;yg\/]]tm;vHk;aumif;yg\/
[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf}}[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf}}[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf}}[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf}}[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf}} [lí a&;om;cJYzl;onfudk rSwfom;&cJY&ygonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 249249249249249
OD;tkef;cifonf 1989 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 25 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef
cJYonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1990) pm340jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1990) pm340jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1990) pm340jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1990) pm340jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1990) pm340
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) taxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmf
(1972)/(1972)/(1972)/(1972)/(1972)/
250250250250250 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
OD;tkef;az (wufwdk;)OD;tkef;az (wufwdk;)OD;tkef;az (wufwdk;)OD;tkef;az (wufwdk;)OD;tkef;az (wufwdk;)
pma&;q&mMuD;wufwkd;trnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;tkef;
azudk 1913 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 2 &uf aeYwGif tz jrLeDpDy,f
aps;acgif;MuD; OD;armifuav;? trd a':pdefñGefY wdkYrS [Hom0wD
c½dkif? oefvsifNrdKUü arG;zGm;onf/
OD;tkef;azonf 1920 jynfYESpftxd rauG;rJxD;wdkuf OD;aZmwdu bkef;MuD;
ausmif;ESifY rauG;avmu"mwfausmif;wGif ynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1921 ckESpfwGif
rauG;NrdKU t*Fvdyf jrefrmtpdk;& tv,fwef;ausmif;wGif ynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1928
ckESpf? 8wef;ü ynmoifMum;qJtcsdef ]]*E¦avmur*¾Zif;}} jrefrmEdkifiH ynmjyefYyGm;a&;
toif;ujyKvkyfaom bmomjyefNydKifyJGwGif ]]unmavm usm;MuD;avm}} 0w¬KpmrljzifY
0w¬Kwdkbmomjyefqkudk&&dScJYonf/ 1930 jynfYESpf? rauG;NrdKU t*Fvdyfjrefrm tpdk;&
txufwef;ausmif;rS 10 wef;atmifjrifcJYonf/ wuúodkvfESpfvnf r*¾Zif;ü (Who's
Who) trnf&dS t*Fvdyfaqmif;yg;a&;cJYonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif Oypmwef;
atmifcJhonfh 1932ckESpfrS 1938 ckESpftxd rauG;wdkif;rif;MuD;½Hk;ü pma&;vkyfcJY
onf/ ]]bm;rm;*sme,f}}wGif aqmif;yg;rsm; pwifa&;om;cJYonf/ rauG;NrdKUü ]]acwf
pmñGefY}} pmaytzJGYudk wnfaxmifcJYonf/ 1938ckESpfwGif wdk;wufa&;owif;pmü
bmomjyef t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufNyD;? wdk;wufa&;r*¾Zif;üvnf; aqmif;yg;rsm;
a&;om;cJYonf/ wdk;wufa&;owif;pmü oHk;vcefYvkyfNyD; *E¦avmur*¾Zif;odkY t,f'D
wmtjzpf ajymif;a&TUaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1939ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvfwGif 0dZÆmwef;
qufwufí 0dZÆmbGJY&&dScJYonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfü t*Fvdyfpm enf;jyq&mtjzpf
aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1940jynfYESpfwGif &efukefpHkaxmufrif;MuD;½Hk;ü pmawmfjyeftjzpf
vnf;aumif;? jyefMum;a&;Xme jrefrmEdkifiHbmomjyefXmecJG pmwnf;rSL;tjzpfvnf;
aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/
OD;tkef;azonf yxrqHk;vHk;csif;pmtkyf rmwm[m&Dudk bmomjyefa&;om;cJY
onf/ 1941ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif a':,OfEk (pma&;q&mr a':Ek,Of) ESifY
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 251251251251251
vufxyfcJYonf/ 1942-43 wGif ynmrif;MuD;½Hk; jrefrmpmayXmeü pmwnf;tjzpf
vnf;aumif;? 1943 ckESpfrS 1945ckESpftxd ynmpG,fpHkusrf; vufaxmuf pmwnf;
rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ ]]ArmYacwfowif;pm}}wGif jyifopf0w¬Ka&;q&mMuD;
]]½kpwyfzfzavm AJ,m;}}\ ]]r'rfaAmAm;&D}} 0w¬Kudk ]]ola,meED}} trnfjzifY jrefrm
jyefqdka&;om;cJYonf/ 1945 ckESpfrS 1947 ckESpftxd jyefMum;a&;Xme okawoe
t&m&dStjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif tar&duef owif;r*¾Zif; (Time)
\ jrefrmjynfXmaeowif;axmuftjzpf yxrqHk; aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1947 ckESpfrS
1949 ckESpftxd [Hom0wDowif;pmacgif;MuD;a&; t,f'DwmESifY tdk;a0owif;pm
t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/
1949-50 jynfYESpfwGif ya'omr*¾Zif; wnfaxmifol twdkifyifcHt,f'Dwm
tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpfwGif ]]rif;rIxrf;}} vHk;csif;0w¬KjzifY pmayAdrmef
pmrlqk (0w¬K&Snf) &&dScJYonf/ 1950-1952 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfowif;Xme pmwnf;
csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1952-1953 ckESpfwGif ]]uGefrifawwm}} t*Fvdyfbmom
xkwfpmapmifudk OD;pD;xkwfa0aom ]]e,l;bm;rm;0D;uvD;}} wGif t,f'DwmtzJGU0if
tjzpf aqmif&GufjyD; pmoifom;*sme,fudk xkwfa0cJYonf/ 1953 ckESpfwGif ]]pD;yGm;a&;
owif;pm}} acgif;MuD;a&; t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufjyD; 1957 ckESpfwGif
wufwdk;enf;jyoifwef;udk zGifYvSpfcJYonf/
OD;tkef;azonf 1957-1958 ckESpfwGif Ek,OfyHkESdyfwdkufudk xnfaxmifí
ausmif;oHk;t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm; ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0cJYonf/ tif'dkeD;½Sm;? oD[dkVf? *syef
oHk;EdkifiHtaMumif;a&;om;aom pmtkyfoHk;tkyftm; ]]cspfMunfa&;}} bmom&yftjzpf
,leufpudktzJGYu qkcsD;jrSifYjcif;cH&onf/ 1958 ckESpfrS 1962 ckESpftxd yHkESdyfwdkuf
vkyfief;ESifY tvGwfynmoifvkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pD;vkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1963 ckESpfrS 1980
jynfYESpftxd jrefrmhowif;pOf (N.A.B) EdkifiHjcm;owif;Xme t,f'DwmcsKyf? trsdK;om;
pmayqk a&G;cs,fa&;tzJGY0if? ½kyf½Siftu,f'rDqk a&G;cs,fa&;tzJGY0if? jrefrmEkdifiH
pmayvkyfom;tzJGYOuú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1964 ckESpfwGif jyefMum;a&;Xme
ñTefMum;a&;0efMuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1969 ckESpfrS 1972 ckESpftxd
252252252252252 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
]]Guardian}} t*Fvdyfowif;pmü aeYpOfacgif;MuD;rsm; a&;om;cJYonf/ 1970 jynfYESpfrS
1980 jynfYESpftxd wuúodkvf A[dkaumifpD0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? wuúokdvfynm
a&;tzGJUrsm; aumifpD0iftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1972 rS 1975
ckESpftxd owif;ESifY pme,fZif;aumfydka&;½Sif; OD;aqmifñTefMum;a&;rSL; tjzpfvnf;
aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1975 ckESpfwGif tNidrf;pm;,lcJYNyD; ynma&;0efBuD;XmewGif
ynma&;txl;t&m&dStjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/
OD;tkef;azonf wufwdk;uavmiftrnfjzifY 1986 ckESpfrS 1995 ckESpftxd
okw? &o? (yifudk? bmomjyef) aqmif;yg;yk'fa& (1000) a&;om;cJYonf/ q&mMuD;
onf pmayqdkif&m (6) tkyf? pdwfynmESifY tawG;tac: (4) tkyf? t*Fvdyfbmom
pum;qdkif&m (10) tkyf? ynmay;ESifY A[kokw (9) tkyf? 0w¬K (4) tkyf? bmoma&;
qdkif&m (3) tkyfwdkYudk yifudk,fa&;om;cJhjyD; bmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;tjzpf pdwfynmESifY
tawG;ac:qdkif&m (3) tkyf? 0w¬K (19) tkyf? tw¬KyÜwåd qdkif&m (9) tkyf taxGaxG
qdkif&m (5) tkyf a&;om;cJYonf/
OD;tkef;az\ uavmifcJGrsm;rSm wufwdk;? q&mMuD;? q&mwufwdk;? armifwuf
wdk;? armifwufwdk; (acwfpmñGefY) wuúodkvfarmifwufwdk;? tmZmenfwufwdk;?
OD;av;wufwdk;? wif? armifjzLpif? Apfuwm? armifjrifYwif? armifvSoGif(bDat)?
wuúodkvftkef;uav;? tkef;az? tkef;az (rauG;NrdKU)? OD;tkef;az ponfjzifhjzpfonf/
OD;tkef;az\ xif½Sm;aompmtkyfrsm;rSm rmwm[m&D? av;ewfarmif? cg;ukef;
MuD;? aomuuif;a0; aeEdkfifa&;? tcgvnfom;? t*Fvdyfjrefrmtbd"mef? b0ESifY
pmay? tmZmenfpdwfESifY tñGefYwvlvl? urÇmausmf 0w¬Kwdkrsm;ESifY wufwdk;\½Sif;jy
csuf? uGsefawmfh\tawG;tac:rSwfpkrsm;? usef;rmcsrf;omb0ynm? avmueDwd?
rif;rIxrf; ponfh pmtkyfrsm;jzpfonf/
OD;tkef;azonf 1997 ckESpfwGif rdbarwåm vlrIa&;tzJGU\ pmay*kPf&nfqk?
yckuúL OD;tkef;az wpfoufwmpmayqkrsm; &&dScJYonf/ 2003 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmynm
xl;cRefwHqdyf yxrtqifYESifY jrefrmEdkifiH pmayESifYpme,fZif;tzJGU\ *kPfjyKwHqdyfrsm;
&&dScJYonf/
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 253253253253253
OD;tkef;azonf 2003 ckESpf? 'DZifbm 7 &ufaeYwGif trSwf 11? e0a';vrf;?
'*kHNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/
udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-33-35/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-33-35/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-33-35/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-33-35/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-33-35/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (2)? pm 191-209/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (2)? pm 191-209/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (2)? pm 191-209/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (2)? pm 191-209/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (2)? pm 191-209/
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3)? pm21-24/rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3)? pm21-24/rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3)? pm21-24/rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3)? pm21-24/rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3)? pm21-24/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) uefawmYcHoufMuD;ynm½Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwdå (1360)uefawmYcHoufMuD;ynm½Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwdå (1360)uefawmYcHoufMuD;ynm½Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwdå (1360)uefawmYcHoufMuD;ynm½Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwdå (1360)uefawmYcHoufMuD;ynm½Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwdå (1360)
pm97-98/pm97-98/pm97-98/pm97-98/pm97-98/
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) &mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m 100?
pm 64-65/pm 64-65/pm 64-65/pm 64-65/pm 64-65/
254254254254254 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
]u}]u}]u}]u}]u}
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOf
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pOpOpOpOpOff ff fuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf
uavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm
]u}]u}]u}]u}]u}
1 udkudk 1 19 wuúodkvfqkNrdKif 58
2 usm;bodef; 35 20 wuúodkvfxifBuD; 95
3 Munfjr 20 21 wuúodkvfeE´rdwf 89
4 cifarmifvwf 29 22 wuúodkvfae0if; 107
5 cifrsKd;cspf 32 23 wuúodkvfarmifvSol 79
6 cspfMunfa&;MunfñGefY 17 24 wkd;wufa&;OD;pdef 51
7 *g;'D;,ef;OD;bausmf 117 25 wdk;wufa&;OD;odrf; 234
8 *kPfa&mif 41 26 wufwdk; 250
9 *sme,fausmfcspfarmif 37
10 *sme,fausmfwifhaqG 91 27 xGef;aeYpOfOD;xGef;az 100
11 *sme,fausmfrrav; 147
28 '*kefvSab 201
12 aiGOa'gif; 9 29 '*kefÓP 59
13 ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif; 132 30 '*kefewf&Sif 152
14 ppfudkif;at;vGif 85 31 '*kefa&TrQm; 72
15 pdefcifarmif&D 27 32 'g½kdufwmq&mjrifh 160
16 qef;ñGefYOD; 195 33 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd 119
34 a':rrcif 144
35 a'gufwmarmifarmif 150
17 Z0e 232 36 a'gif;EG,faqG 239
18 aZ,s 168
37 "l0H 218
]c}]c}]c}]c}]c}
]*}]*}]*}]*}]*}
]i}]i}]i}]i}]i}
]p}]p}]p}]p}]p}
]q}]q}]q}]q}]q}
]Z}]Z}]Z}]Z}]Z}
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 255255255255255
]A}]A}]A}]A}]A}
]e]]e]]e]]e]]e]
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOf
pOpOpOpOpOff ff fuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf
uavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm
38 em*awmifwef; 15 62 jroef;wifh 158
armifMunfZif 63 NrdKUrarmif 241
39 aeatmif 81 64 jrefrmhvrf;pOf OD;pdef0if; 54
65 jrefrmhtvif; OD;pdrf; 55
40 yDrdk;eif; 5
66 ,lyDtkdif OD;boef; 134
41 ArmhacwfOD;tkef;cif 247
42 AE¨KvOD;pdef 49 67 &efukefrsKd;oefY 156
43 Aef;armfwifatmif 86 68 &efukefowif;pm OD;,karmif 164
69 a&TMuL; 173
44 bBuD;bab 128 70 a&T"m; 104
45 bm;rm;'dkif*sufpfa':cifpD 22 71 a&Tydefaomif; 212
46 bdk;0ZD& 178 72 a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl 93
73 a&TOa'gif; 114
47 r@dKifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if; 109
48 r[maqG 125 74 vlxkarmifrJ 82
49 rif;aqG 162 75 vlxkOD;vS 191
50 rif;&Sif 213 76 vif;,kefarmifarmif 171
51 armifndK 202 77 vif;,kefopfvGif 237
52 armifwifaxG; 74
53 armifae0if; 70 78 ocifudk,fawmfrIdif; 184
54 armifaeOD; 243 79 ocifbaomif; 137
55 armifokw 139 80 owif;pmq&mOD;yk 111
56 armifokre 65 81 owif;axmufcifarmif-zsmyHk 26
57 ref;wif 98 82 omyg; 207
58 rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if 106 83 om*& ipdk; 44
59 rEÅav;ol&d, OD;oef;armif 223 84 oDv0 214
60 jra'gif;ndK 245 85 olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmif 24
61 jrrsKd;vGif 154 86 aomr 210
]y}]y}]y}]y}]y}
]b}]b}]b}]b}]b}
]o}]o}]o}]o}]o}
],}],}],}],}],}
]r}]r}]r}]r}]r}
]v}]v}]v}]v}]v}
]&}]&}]&}]&}]&}
256256256256256 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOf
pOpOpOpOpOff ff fuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf
pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm
87 oHawmfqifhOD;odrf;armif 235
88 okd[ef 4
89 oef;aqG 224
90 odef;azjrifh 230
91 [Hom0wD OD;baz 127
92 taxmufawmfvSatmif 204
93 taxmufawmftkef;jrifh 30
94 trsKd;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL 196
95 trsKd;om; OD;vS'if 199
96 tmvH OD;vmb 176
97 tif'Dyif;'ifh a':pef; 46
98 tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxG#f 76
99 trfcdkifNrJbkd;csdef 142
100 trfbdk;csdef 141
]o}]o}]o}]o}]o}
]t}]t}]t}]t}]t}
][}][}][}][}][}
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 257257257257257
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;
pOpOpOpOpOf arG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZf trnftrnftrnftrnftrnf uavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm
1 1849 OD;vGif bdk;0ZD& 178
2 1870 OD;pdrf; jrefrmhtvif;OD;pdrf; 55
3 1875 OD;vGef; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif; 184
4 1883 OD;bab bBuD;bab 128
5 1883 OD;a&TMuL; a&TMuL; 173
6 1884 OD;ausmfñGefY yDrdk;eif; 3
7 1886 a':pef; tif'Dyif;'ifh a':pef; 46
8 1889 OD;azodef; a&TOa'gif; 114
9 1890 OD;bkd;oif; ppfudkif; OD;bdk;oif; 132
10 1892 OD;cifarmif olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmif 24
11 1893 OD;bcsKd 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd 119
12 1894 OD;ykuav; owif;pmq&m OD;yk 111
13 1895 OD;wifxG#f tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxG#f 43
14 1895 OD;wif '*kefa&TrQm; 72
15 1895 OD;xGef;&if rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if 106
16 1897 OD;pdef wkd;wufa&;OD;pdef 51
17 1898 OD;armifarmifBuD; '*kefewf&Sif 152
18 1898 OD;odrf;armif oHawmfqifhOD;odrf;armif 235
19 1898 OD;jrifh 'g½dkufwmq&mjrifh 160
20 1899 OD;vSab '*kefvSab 201
21 1899 OD;boef; ,lyDtkdifOD;boef; 134
22 1899 OD;av;armif tmvHOD;vmb 176
23 1900 OD;pdef AE¨KvOD;pdef 49
24 1900 OD;a,m aZ,s 168
258258258258258 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
25 1900 OD;xGef;az xGef;aeYpOf OD;xGef;az 100
26 1900 OD;baqG r[maqG 125
27 1901 OD;baomif; ocifbaomif; 137
28 1901 OD;vSxGef;jzL trsKd;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL 196
29 1902 OD;armifvGif jrrsKd;vGif 154
30 1902 OD;ÓP '*kefÓP 59
31 1903 OD;tkef;cif ArmhacwfOD;tkef;cif 247
32 1904 OD;atmifjrif jrdKUrarmif 241
33 1904 OD;bkd;csdef trfbkd;csdef 141
34 1906 OD;wifhaqG a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl 93
35 1906 OD;baz [Hom0wD OD;baz 127
36 1906 a':rrcif a':rrcif 144
37 1908 OD;oef;wifh "l0H 218
38 1908 OD;aomif;ñGefY a&Tydefaomif; 212
39 1909 OD;oefY oDv0 214
40 1910 OD;vS vlxkOD;vS 191
41 1910 OD;jrifhvdIif rif;aqG 162
42 1911 OD;vS'if trsKd;om;OD;vS'if 199
43 1911 OD;odef; Z0e 227
44 1912 OD;pdef0if; jrefrmhvrf;pOf OD;pdef0if; 31
45 1913 OD;cspfarmif *sme,fausmfcspfarmif 37
46 1913 OD;tkef;az wufwdk; 250
47 1913 OD;aomfZif aomr 210
48 1913 OD;,karmif &efukefowif;pm OD;,karmif 164
49 1914 OD;baomif; armifokw 139
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;
pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpOfpOfpOfpOfpOf arG;ouú&mZarG;ouú&mZarG;ouú&mZarG;ouú&mZarG;ouú&mZff ff f trnftrnftrnftrnftrnf uavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 259259259259259
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;
pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf arG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZf trnftrnftrnftrnftrnf uavmiftrnf pmrsufESm
50 1914 OD;nKdjr armifokre 65
51 1914 OD;qkjrKdif wuúodkvfqkjrKdif 58
52 1914 OD;cifarmif owif;axmufcifarmif-zsmyHk 26
53 1914 OD;wifat; ppfudkif;at;vGif 49
54 1914 OD;odef;az odef;azjrifh 230
55 1915 a':cifjr cifrsKd;cspf 32
56 1915 OD;MuD;armif aiGOa'gif; 9
57 1915 OD;cifarmifvwf cifarmifvwf 29
58 1915 OD;wif[def; vlxkarmifrJ 47
59 1915 OD;pdk;armif om*&ipdk; 44
60 1915 OD;atmifodef; jra'gif;nKd 248
61 1916 OD;xifBuD; wuúodkvfxifBuD; 95
62 1916 OD;bausmf *g;'D;,ef; OD;bausmf 117
63 1916 OD;xGef;wif ref;wif 98
64 1916 OD;0D&dausmf omyg; 207
65 1916 OD;odrf; wdk;wufa&;OD;odrf; 234
66 1917 OD;vSaomif; armifnKd 202
67 1917 a':rrav; *sme,fausmfrrav; 147
68 1917 OD;at;armif vif;,kefopfvGif 237
69 1917 OD;wifhaqG *sme,fausmfwifhaqG 91
70 1917 OD;xGef;0if; r@KdifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if; 109
71 1917 a':cifpD bm;rm;'dkif*sufpf a':cifpD 22
72 1918 OD;Munfjr Munfjr 20
73 1918 OD;wifjrifh aeatmif 46
74 1918 OD;xGef;vS wuúodkvfae0if; 107
260260260260260 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;
pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf arG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZf trntrntrntrntrnff ff f uavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm
75 1919 OD;apmOD; *kPfa&mif 41
76 1920 OD;cifarmifOD; taxmufawmftkef;jrifh 30
77 1920 OD;wifatmif Aef;armfwifatmif 50
78 1921 OD;vScif qef;ñGefYOD; 195
79 1921 OD;atmifoef; armifaeOD; 243
80 1922 OD;udkudk udkudk 1
81 1923 OD;wifatmif wuúodkvfeE´rdwf 89
82 1923 OD;xGef;&D a&T"m; 104
83 1924 OD;oef;armif rEÅav;ol&d,oef;armif 223
84 1924 OD;cspfnKd usm;bodef; 35
85 1925 OD;cifarmif&D pdefcifarmif&D 27
86 1925 OD;armifarmif a'gufwmarmifarmif 150
87 1925 OD;a&T vif;,kefarmifarmif 171
88 1926 OD;bdk;csdef trfcdkifNrJbkd;csdef 142
89 1926 OD;oef;a&T oef;aqG 224
90 1927 OD;0if;armif rif;&Sif 209
91 1928 OD;rsKd;ñGefY &efukefrsKd;oefY 156
92 1929 OD;jroef; jroef;wifh 158
93 1930 OD;wufwkd; armifae0if; 70
94 1931 OD;atmifaqG a'gif;EG,faqG 239
95 1931 OD;MunfZif em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif 15
96 1933 OD;MunfñGefY cspfMunfa&;MunfñGefY 17
97 1933 OD;wifarmif wuúodkvfarmifvSol 45
98 1933 OD;wifaxG; armifwifaxG; 42
99 1936 OD;vSatmif taxmufawmfvSatmif 204
100 1937 OD;udkudkav; odk[ef 4
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 261261261261261
udk;um;csuftñTef;udk;um;csuftñTef;udk;um;csuftñTef;udk;um;csuftñTef;udk;um;csuftñTef;
1/ rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1) (2) (3) (4)
2/ rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
3/ '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? &efukefpmayAdrmef - 1972
4/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;rsm;? pmayAdrmef
5/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyfrsm;? pmayAdrmef
6/ yDrdk;eif;\yDrdk;eif;
7/ wpfudk,fawmf0w¬Kvmxkwfa0ol\ ed'gef;
8/ ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? twGJ-5? trSwf 55 vm ]]q&maZ,s}} \ ]]q&myDrdk;eif;}}
aqmif;yg;/
9/ udkudkav;? owif;axmufvufpGJ
10/ em*awmifwef; armifMunfZif? awmifay:ajrESifY ajrjyefYyef; (1966)
11/ em*awmifwef; armifMunfZif? em*awmifwef;rSxl;qef;aomaMuuGJrI?
jr0wD (1957)
12/ BuHcif;pdk;vGif? 1968ck trsdK;om;pmayqkESif;obif? aiGwm&D
(Zefe0g&D-1970)
13/ jrefrmYtvif;? aMu;rHk? vkyfom;jynfolaeYpOf? [Hom0wD? Adkvfwaxmif
owif;pm ema&;aMumfjimrsm;/
14/ cspfMunfa&;MunfñGefY? ordkif;0ifol&d,jrefrmhtvif;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHa&;
15/ uefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwådtusOf; pmtkyfrsm;
16/ jynfolwdkY\pum;jyef (1974)
17/ apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;
18/ a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;
19/ vif;,kefaeYpOfowif;pm (1957)
20/ bGif;bGif;aeYpOfowif;pm (1959)
21/ jynfolYtdk;a0aeYpOfowif;pm (1961)
262262262262262 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
22/ taxmufawmftkef;jrifY? cufzG,f&,fBuHKygw,f? vufeufu,fpHktnDeJY
23/ rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif; (Edk0ifbm? 1987)
24/ aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef
25/ *sme,fausmfrrav;? olvdkvl
26/ ocFg? jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpk
27/ armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/
28/ cspfMunfa&;MunfñGefY? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ olwdkYb0? olwdkYtawGY
tBuHK/
29/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;
30/ ESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m ('kwd,wGJ) bmomjyefpmaytoif;/
31/ ÓPed'gef;/
32/ '*kefwm&m? ½kyfyHkvTm (1955)
33/ '*kefwm&m? zswfceJawGY&aom½kyfyHkvTmum;csyfrsm; (1997)
34/ vlxka':trm? vGrf;olpm (2003)
35/ pma&;q&mrsm;? taemufoGm;ndKjrEIwfqufpmwrf; (1939)
36/ udkynmtr&yl&? OD;ndKjr\awmiforefaemufqHk;c&D;? pHy,fjzL ('DZifbm-
1985)
37/ armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100 (yxrwGJ)
38/ tawG;tjrif? (2005 ckESpf? ZGefv)
39/ yg&*l-Aef;armfwifatmif#Dum/
40/ armifausmfom? waphwapmif;pma&;q&mwdkY\taMumif;/
41/ ewfEG,f? rdrdESifhpma&;q&mrsm;/
42/ pma&;q&mrsm;? wuúodkvfeE´rdwf(odkYr[kwf) aumif;uifESifY ajrBuD;udk
awmif;cHol/
43/ jyef qufpmwnf;tzGJY? ESpfq,f&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;ESifY pmpkpm&if;/
44/ o0PfvTm? ½Ir0 (Mo*kwf? 1961)
45/ cifarmif&D? olwdkYESpfa,mufaoG;aomuf (atmufwdkbm? 1961)
xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 263263263263263
46/ wifYqef;? olwdkYr&SdawmhNyD? aiGwm&D (rwfv-1963)
47/ tEkynm&Sifrsm;b0rSwfwrf;? aiGwm&D (Edk0ifbm-1966)
48/ av;jrifY? vGrf;&aompma&;q&mrsm;? aiGwm&D (atmufwdkbm? 1967)
49/ jrefrmYtvif;oef;ñGefY? uRefawmfqHkcJh&aom owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
50/ owif;pmavmu? jrefrmEdkifiHbmomjyefpmaytoif;
51/ ,lyDtdkif OD;boef;\ b0tawGYtBuHK
52/ ocFg? tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD; 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK
53/ ½Ia'gifY*sme,f (15-11-1971)
54/ ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif;? udk,fwdkifa&;tw¬KyÜwÅd/
55/ wuúokdvfwifc? jrefrmpmjrefrmrIudkjyKpkysdK;axmifacgif;aqmifcJYolrsm;/
56/ pHjywifOD;? jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;tbd"mef/
57/ OD;av;armif? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;? pmayAdrmefxkwfjynfolYvufpGJpmpOf/
58/ txufArmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif;? pmaytiftm; (1970)
59/ vlxka':trm? vlxktrSwfw& vlxkOD;vS (1994)
60/ taxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifh uRefawmf (1972)
61/ taxmufawmfvSatmif? pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ (1975)
62/ armifxGef;vif; (odyÜHbGJY? "mwkaA') OD;aomfZifpmpkpm&if; (1987)
63/ OD;odrf;armif? jrefrmholl&Jaumif;
64/ jra'gif;ndK? &JabmfoHk;usdyf
65/ jra'gif;ndK? a&TawmifwdkufyGJ
66/ &mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpkjrefrmpma&;q&m 100
67/ jynfYpHk? aysmufqHk;aeaompma&;q&m? aoG;aomuf (ar-1951)
68/ armifoef;Edkif? azazrif;aqG? aoG;aomuf (pufwifbm-1954)
69/ armifoef;Edkif? &JxGwfESifYrif;aqG? aoG;aomuf (azazmf0g&D - 1957)
70/ atmifarmf (rif;aqGom;) rif;aqGb,frSmvJ ½Ir0 (ar - 1960)
264264264264264 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;
2005 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqk
pmya'om - 'kwd,qk&
]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pm q&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pm q&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pm q&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pm q&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pm q&mBuD;rsm;}}
a&;ol - owif;axmuf aomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)
tz OD;wifarmif? trd a':pdefñGefY wdkYrS 1948-ckESpf? rwfv (5) &ufwGif
zsmyHkNrdKUü arG;zGm;onf/
zsmyHkNrdKU? t.x.u (3) wGif txufwef;txd ynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/
1966 ckESpfwGif &efukefowif;pm? jrefrmhtvif;? Adkvfwaxmif? aMu;rHk?
*g;'D,ef;owif;pmrsm;ESifh owif;*sme,fwdkYü owif;ESifh owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;
pwifa&;om;NyD; pmaye,fodkY 0ifa&mufcJhonf/
2003 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqkNydKifyGJwGif ]]trsdK;orD;rsm; odrSwfzG,f&m Oya'
a&;&m}} pmrljzifh okwya'om (0dZÆmynm&yf) wGif yxrqk&&SdcJhonf/
2004 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqkNydKifyGJwGif ]]pmaya&;om;xkwfa0jcif;qdkif&m
Oya'a&;&m}} pmrljzifh okwya'om (0dZÆmynm&yf) wGif 'kwd,qk &&SdcJhonf/
,cktcg NrdKUe,fowif;axmuftjzpf aqmif&Gufvsuf&SdNyD;? *sme,ftcsdKUwGif
a&;om;vsuf&Sdonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHpmayESifh pme,fZif;tzGJU0iftrSwf (0176) jzpfonf/
zsmyHkNrdKU? (10) &yfuGuf? (11) vrf;? trSwf (108) wGif rdcifBuD;ESifhtwl
aexkdifvsuf&Sdonf/
trnf&if; OD;aomif;ñGefY jzpfonf/