REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL
TRAININGIN QUANTITY SURVEYING
AT
COST CONSULTANCY SERVICES (PVT) LTD.
No 20, Rodney Place,
Colombo 08.
(From: 05th April 2010 to 23th July 2010)
&
RN CONSTRUCTIONS (PVT) LTD.
No: 532/1, Kaduwela Road, Thalahena,
Battaramulla.
(From: 26th July 2010 to 12th November 2010)
BY
GAYANGA V.G.D
082628 U
THIRD YEAR UNDERGRADUATE
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS
UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 15TH DECEMBER 2010
PREFACE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
PREFACE
Although the profession of Quantity Surveying is emerged around the 1820’s it is comparatively
new profession for Sri Lankan construction industry, comparing with the other professions like
Architecture, and Engineering. According to RICS definition, a Quantity Surveyor needs to ensure
that resource of the construction industry are utilized to the best advantages of society by providing
financial management for project and cost consultancy to the Employer during the whole
construction process.
For the better understanding of the practical situation in construction industry, the experience
gained from training is vastly important. It is an extraordinary opportunity to experience practical
industrial environment, work discipline, team work, time management, quality controlling and to
obtain a clear understanding of the theoretical knowledge which was gathered at the university.
After 32 weeks of training as an in-plant trainee at two establishments, the things I witnessed,
extracted, decided are elucidated in this report within certain constraints. But as far as Quantity
Surveying is concerned, it will certainly convince the reader about how much the ideal theories
had diverged from the practical situations or what we call the 'real thing'.
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Without any hesitation I can say that the training session which I had for period of 32 weeks
could not be complete successfully without the generous assistance of number of people. I have an
obligation to acknowledge these all people who gave valuable cooperation, assistance and advices
to success my training.
Firstly, my sincere gratitude goes to the staff of the Building Economics department for their
support extended in arranging valuable training at the leading construction firms and for their
support given throughout the training period for me as well as my colleagues. Head of the
Department Mr. Indunil Senevirathna, Industrial training coordinator Mr. Ravihansa Chandrathilake
played a vital role in this regard.
I must also convey my earnest appreciation to the Mr. Prasath Sanjeewa & Miss. Manjula
Wadugodapitiya of Buiding Economics Department who visited work sites to evaluate me and the
staff of the Special Industrial Training Division of the NAITA, since they were the people who
facilitated and monitored the whole training program with the collaboration of the Department of
Building Economics, University of Moratuwa.
A special thank you goes out to Chairman Mr. H.D. Chandrasena, Managing Director Mr.
D.G. Jayarathne, Project Management Engineer Mrs. Induni Hasanthika, SQS Mrs. Sepali
Weerasinghe and all other officials working at the Cost Consultancy Services (Pvt) Ltd., for
providing me the opportunity to gain experience in most of the Consultant Quantity Surveying
works.
Further I express my sincere thanks to Chairman /Managing Director Mr. Ruwan
Edirisinghe, Chief Quantity Surveyor Mr. Chandraguptha Weerakoon, SQS Mrs. Chamila
Ranaweera, PQS Mr. Danishka Chaman, PQS Miss. K.G. Kithbewulaarachchi, PQS Miss. Camika
Ranathunga, QS Miss Sansala Thiranagama and other staff of RN Constructions (Pvt) Ltd. for
supporting me in order to reach the goal of success during the second session of my training under
Contracting organization. The final tribute and appreciation are reserved for my family members,
my colleagues and my senior students for the help they gave me in the preparation of this document.
V.G.D. GayangaDecember 2010
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page ii
TABLE OF CONTENT INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTPREFACE..................................................................................................................................... I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................... II
TABLE OF CONTENT................................................................................................................. III
TABLE OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................V
LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................VI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................................VII
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1
1.0 THE CONSULTING ORGANIZATION1.0 THE CONSULTING ORGANIZATION............................................................................................2
1.1. COST CONSULTANCY SERVICES (PVT) LTD................................................................................................21.1.1. THE ORGANIZATION....................................................................................................................................21.1.2. SERVICES PROVIDING BY THE CCS...........................................................................................................31.1.3. MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION...........................................................................4
1.2. EXPERIENCE GAINED & OBSERVATIONS MADE........................................................................................51.2.1. EXPERIENCE GAINED.................................................................................................................................5
1.2.1.1. PRELIMINARY ESTIMATING................................................................................................................................51.2.1.2. COST PLANNING.....................................................................................................................................................71.2.1.3. COLLECTION AND COMPILATION OF COST INFORMATION.........................................................................81.2.1.4. PREPARATION OF BILLS OF QUANTITIES.........................................................................................................91.2.1.5. SPECIFICATION WRITING...................................................................................................................................111.2.1.6. BID DOCUMENTATION........................................................................................................................................111.2.1.7. BID PROCEDURES AND EVALUATION.............................................................................................................121.2.1.8. CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION..........................................................................................................................151.2.1.9. INTERIM VALUATIONS........................................................................................................................................151.2.1.10. PROCESSING OF VARIATIONS AND EXTRA WORKS...................................................................................171.2.1.11. ADJUDICATION & ARBITRATION....................................................................................................................17
1.2.2. OBSERVATIONS MADE...............................................................................................................................181.2.2.1. UNREALISTIC DEADLINES OF EMPLOYERS...................................................................................................181.2.2.2. LACK OF COORDINATION WITH IN CONSULTANT TEAM...........................................................................181.2.2.3. INCOMPLETENESS OF THE DRAWINGS...........................................................................................................181.2.2.4 USING OF MODERN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS............................................................................................181.2.2.5. CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION..........................................................................................................................19
1.3. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTED AND REMEDIAL ACTIONS TAKEN.................................................................191. 3.1. UNFAMILIARITY WITH SLS573/QUATAR STANDARD METHOD OF MEASUREMENT.......................191.3.2. FREQUENT CHANGES IN DRAWINGS......................................................................................................191.3.3. LACK OF TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE.......................................................................................................191.3.4. UNAVAILABILITY OF COST DATA............................................................................................................201.3.5. UNFAMILIARITY WITH AUTO CAD APPLICATION.................................................................................201. 3.6. UNFAMILIARITY WITH IMPERIAL UNITS...............................................................................................201.3.7. BID EVALUATION.......................................................................................................................................211.3.8. HIGH WORK LOAD.....................................................................................................................................21
1.4. STEPS TAKEN TO OBTAIN BETTER EXPERIENCE.....................................................................................221.5. ASSESSMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION.......................................................................................................23
1.5.1. STRENGTHS.................................................................................................................................................231.5.2. WEAKNESSES..............................................................................................................................................25
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page iii
TABLE OF CONTENT INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
CHAPTER 2
2.0 THE CONTRACTING ORGANIZATION2.0 THE CONTRACTING ORGANIZATION........................................................................................26
2.1. RN CONSTRUCTIONS (PVT) LTD...................................................................................................................262.1.1. THE ORGANIZATION..................................................................................................................................262.1.2. MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION.........................................................................282.1.3. INTRODUCTION TO KAATTSU PROJECT................................................................................................292.2.1. EXPERIENCE GAINED...............................................................................................................................30
2.2.1.1. ESTIMATING AND TENDERING.........................................................................................................................302.2.1.2. SELECTION OF SUB-CONTRACTORS AND SUPPLIERS.................................................................................322.2.1.3. PROJECT PLANNING.............................................................................................................................................332.2.1.4. SITE ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVITIES...........................................................................................................342.2.1.5. PREPARATION OF INTERIM VALUATION........................................................................................................352.2.1.6. SUB-CONTRACTOR PAYMENTS........................................................................................................................362.2.1.7. VARIATIONS AND EXTRA WORKS....................................................................................................................362.2.1.8. PREPARATION AND NEGOTIATION OF CLAIMS............................................................................................372.2.1.9. FINAL ACCOUNTS................................................................................................................................................372.2.1.10. PROGRESS MONITORING AND COST CONTROL..........................................................................................372.2.1.11. WORK STUDIES...................................................................................................................................................382.2.1.12. DOCUMENTATION AND RECRD KEEPING.....................................................................................................38
2.2.2. OBSERVATIONS MADE...............................................................................................................................392.2.2.1. ACCURACY IN ESTIMATING AND TENDERING.............................................................................................392.2.2.2. QUALITY STANDARDS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE....................................................................................392.2.2.4. WORK LOAD..........................................................................................................................................................392.2.2.5. INCOMPLETENESS OF BOQS..............................................................................................................................40
2.3. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTED AND REMEDIAL ACTIONS TAKEN.................................................................402. 3.1. FREQUENTLY CHANGES IN DRAWINGS.................................................................................................402. 3.2. WORK LOAD...............................................................................................................................................402. 3.3. UNFAMILIARITY WITH COST INFORMATION........................................................................................412. 3.4. UNFAMILIARITY TO NEGOTIATE WITH SUB-CONTRACTORS.............................................................412. 3.5. LACK OF SITE EXPERIENCE....................................................................................................................412. 3.6. LACK OF COMPUTER FACILITY..............................................................................................................412. 3.7. LACK OF MS PROJECT KNOWLEDGE....................................................................................................422. 3.8. WORKING FOR LONG HOURS.................................................................................................................422. 3.9. HANDLING LARGE NUMBER OF DESIGN AND BUILT PROJECTS......................................................42
2.4. STEPS TAKEN TO OBTAIN BETTER EXPERIENCE.....................................................................................432.5. ASSESSMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION.......................................................................................................44
2.5.1. STRENGTHS.................................................................................................................................................442.5.2. WEAKNESSES..............................................................................................................................................45
CHAPTER 3
SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING.................................47
3.0 SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING...............................................................................................................47
3.1. ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY THE TRAINEES...............................................................................................473.2 ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY THE AUTHORITIES.........................................................................................47
CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................48
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................49
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page iv
TABLE OF FIGURES I NDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
ANNEXURES
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: RN Subsidiaries........................................................................................................................................ 26
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page v
LIST OF TABLES INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: ICTAD Grades of RN Constructions (Pvt) Ltd...............................................................................................27Table 2 : Awards achieved by the RNC.................................................................................................................... 27Table 3: Contract particulars of Kaattsu Project....................................................................................................... 29
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS I NDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
LIST OF abbreviations
A/C -Air Conditioning
CAR Policy -Contractor’s all Risk Policy
CCS -Cost Consultancy Services (Pvt) Ltd.
CQS -Chief Quantity Surveyor
LOA -Letter of Acceptance
MD -Managing Director
MS-Excel -Microsoft Excel
PE - Planning Engineer
PPE - Preliminary Project Estimate
PQS -project Quantity Surveyor
RNC - RN Constructions (Pvt) Ltd.
SLS 573 -Sri Lanka Standard Method of Measurement of Building Works
SQS -Senior Quantity Surveyor
SMM7 -Standard Method of Measurement 7th Edition
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page vii
INTRODUCTION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
Introduction
Quantity Surveyor is the professional who ensures the optimum utilization of resources and
financial management of the project with the usage of his knowledge in construction technology,
economical aspects and legal aspects in the contemporary construction industry, within the
constraints of time, cost and quality. At the present time Clients have an increased expectation of
the service offered by Quantity Surveyors and this coupled with greater competition both internally
and externally has resulted in a challenge to their professional status.
Knowledge is a key feature of the any profession’s portfolio and therefore effective
knowledge management skills can help to improve their expertise. To meet these challenges
Quantity Surveyors need to enhance their professionalism and status by improving their knowledge
both in theoretical and practical. Practical training will greatly assist to produce professionals, who
are not only equipped with the technical knowledge within the industry but also who are ready to
execute all managerial and procedural aspects of quantity surveying.
With the intention of satisfying the demand in the profession of Quantity Surveying within
the Sri Lankan construction industry, a four-year Bachelor of Science degree course was established
at the Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa in 1986. Being an undergraduate
who just finished the Industrial training session, I’m proud to experience the current recognition
granted in the industry to the graduate Quantity Surveyors from the Department of Building
Economics.
I was fortune enough to complete my two training sessions at well recognized Consulting
and Contracting Organizations throughout the construction Industry who provide their services both
in Sri Lanka and Overseas. This document basically emphasizes my experiences through the works
I was entrusted and through my own observations. In this report, I have introduced the two
establishments for which I was attached for my training, and also I have elaborated the experience
gained, observations made while executing the works assigned, problems encountered and the
remedial actions taken, steps taken by me to obtain a better experience, and assessment on the
organization in relation to the two establishments within two separated chapters. Then I have
proposed some constructive comments on the trainees’ exposure to the industry, under suggestions
to improve the training. And it is my satisfaction if this report is of importance to any reader.
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page 1
INTRODUCTION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
CHAPTER 1
PHASE I
COST CONSULTANCY SERVICES (PVT)
LTD.
NO 20, RODNEY PLACE, COLOMBO 08.
THE CONSULTING
ORGANIZATION
CONSULTANCY ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
1.0 THE CONSULTING ORGANIZATION1.0 THE CONSULTING ORGANIZATION
1.1. COST CONSULTANCY SERVICES (PVT) LTD.
1.1.1. THE ORGANIZATION
Cost Consultancy Services (Pvt) Ltd. is a company formed by two professionals for the
purpose of undertaking Quantity Surveying and Construction Cost Consultancy Services in
Building and Civil Engineering projects. The Organization commenced operations as a partnership
in 1987 with Link Engineering Company and subsequently was registered as a private limited
liability company in 1994. This is the first independent and ISO Certified Quantity Surveying
Organization in Sri Lanka run by Sri Lankan nationals.
The company provide wide range of professional services in cost consultancy stream both
Pre-Contract and Post-Contract as well as Adjudicating & Arbitration matters and has served in
several leading Architectural and Engineering establishments in Sri Lanka and Overseas since the
Company consist with qualified, well experienced Quantity Surveyors. This Company has also
served as independent Cost Consultants and advisers, to several leading business organizations in
Sri Lanka. In view of providing best of services to the clients the company has implemented a
quality management system in the organization to enhance internal process and procedures by
obtaining ISO 9001:2000 certifications in the year of 2006 and upgraded the quality standards to
ISO 9001:2008 by the October 2010.
Mr. H. D. Chandrasena (F.R.I.C.S., F.I.Q.S.S.L., F.A.I.Q.S.) Chairman of the Cost
Consultancy Services (Pvt) Ltd. is the most experienced professional Quantity Surveyor in Sri
Lanka who possesses over Forty five (42) years experience as a Quantity Surveyor here and abroad.
He is a practicing Arbitrator and was the Deputy General Manager (Consultancy Services) and the
Chief Quantity Surveyor in the State Engineering Corporation of Sri Lanka for several years.
Cost Consultancy Services has provided its service for number of landmark projects in both
local & foreign countries such as HNB Head Quarters, Golden Key Hospital (ENT), Ceylinco –
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page 2
“Chartered Quantity Surveyors and Construction Cost Consultants”
CONSULTANCY ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
Seylan Tower, Aitken Spence Tower, G.S Residential & Commercial Tower, Qatar world trade
center, Palm Villa at Dubai, University of Nizwan at Qatar etc. within its 23 years of short history.
Today CCS represents the Sri Lankan agent of Construction Engineering Group (CEG) of Qatar due
to its excellent performance.
Mission of the Organization
“Provide professional services to the Clients in Contract Documentation, Contract Administration
and Construction Technical Auditing through our Commitment for Quality Service and afford
opportunity for the employees to train and develop the skills harnessing their full potential”.
Vision of the Organization
“To be the Leading Sri Lankan Quantity Surveying and Cost Consultancy Organization”.
Quality Policy of the Organization
We the management and employee at Cost Consultancy Services (Private) Limited are Committed
towards consistently delivering services of highest quality and actively promote continual
improvement and teamwork.
Quality Objectives
Considering current upward trend of economy (Local and Global) expect to procure more
projects during the year 2010 than in the last year.
Expanding the existing data base
Improving awareness of CCS staff on ISO 9001:2008 quality standard up to an acceptable
level.(Awareness will be measured through a questionnaire Target 80% of staff to get over
80% of marks within the year 2010)
Improving record keeping by implementation and maintaining of a record/library room
within next 2 years.
1.1.2. SERVICES PROVIDING BY THE CCS Evaluation of Design Proposals.
Providing Cost advice to Client.
Preparation of Bill of Quantities.
Advice on Bidding procedure / Contract forms / Procurement methods.
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page 3
CONSULTANCY ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
Evaluation of Bids.
Engineering Estimation.
Preliminary Cost Estimation.
Interim bill checking and Certification.
Cost planning.
Post Contract Administration.
Setting Final accounts.
Arbitration.
1.1.3. MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION
The organization structure of Cost Consultancy services (Pvt) Ltd. falls in to hierarchical
organizational structure which is one of most traditional. On the surface, this indicates a balanced
relationship between management and subordinates.
The QS division act as a key division in achieving the goals of the organization. The
strength of the full time staff is about 28 including graduates or technically qualified Quantity
Surveyors with the supporting staff comprising Secretaries and Account Clerks.
Mainly, Quantity Surveying division is functioning as two sub divisions; foreign project
division and local project division. Foreign projects are handled by two senior QSs with the help of
QSs, assistant QSs and trainee QSs. Local projects in hand are divided among the staff QS by
considering the scope of the each project and the seniority of each QS. Any QS is free to get advices
to clarify their problems from Chairman Mr. Chandrasena, Managing Director Mr. D.G. Jayarathna
and any other senior QSs.
Other than the QS division CCS consist with two other divisions whch are shown in the
Organization structure as Accounts and Secretaries. Secretaries are with good knowledge on
computer Applications and they provides assistance in computerizing and documentation of the
B.O.Qs, Tender Documents, Evaluation reports, letters, etc. The Accounting division is mainly
responsible for accounting functions in the organization.
(For organization structure of CCS Refer Annexure –I)
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page 4
CONSULTANCY ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
1.2. EXPERIENCE GAINED & OBSERVATIONS MADE
During my phase-I training period, I got more practices and experiences mostly in the
following areas which are mainly carried out by the consultant QS in pre and post contract stage
since I was trained at a leading Consultancy company who provides Quantity Surveying and Cost
Consultancy services, both in Sri Lanka and Overseas. I believe that this is a landmark of my life
because I was able to train under the most experience Quantity Surveyor in Sri Lanka.
1.2.1. EXPERIENCE GAINED
1.2.1.1. PRELIMINARY ESTIMATING
Preliminary Project Estimates are prepared for the purpose of forecasting the probable cost
of a future project to allow the Employer to be aware of the financial commitments before detailed
works begin. The accuracy of a PPE will depend on the information available at the time of
estimation and it vary at different stages of project development, ranging from ball park figures in
the early stage to fairly reliable figures for budget control prior to construction.
It is a widely known and proven concept that what the Client hears first is what he
remembers most. Hence it is very important to provide an accurate figure to the Employer at the
beginning, using the inherent skills and experience of the estimator. Here in after the figure derived
from the PPE governs the progress of the project since the decisions of the design team regarding
the inclusions and the exclusions of the project are depending around this figure.
As a QS trainee in the Cost Consultancy Services (Pvt) Ltd., I got the opportunity to involve
in preparation of PPE’s for following projects;
Construction of proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods international at
Ranala.
Construction of Proposed Mixed Development at Dharmaraja Mawatha for Mr. Punsiri
Tennakkon.
1.2.1.1.1. Identification of Cost Elements from Project Brief
Prior to preparing the PPE it is valuable to identify the Cost Elements from the Project brief
as it leads to prepare a more realistic estimate for the project.
I was able to participate in preliminary project meetings of “Proposed Factory and Warehouse
Building for CBL Foods International (Pvt) Ltd. at Ranala” project together with the Senior
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page 5
CONSULTANCY ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
Quantity Surveyor, Project Architect and Project Engineer. Cost significant elements and their
necessity with respect to the function of the project were discussed in detail during these meetings.
These meetings provided guidance for me in identifying the cost significant elements of the project
which require large portion of the budget.
Cost significant items of “Proposed Mixed Development at Dharmaraja Mawatha for Mr.
Punsiri Tennakkon” project was identified by using project brief and the guidance given by the SQS
was very valuable for me in identifying and improving my knowledge regarding cost significant
elements.
1.2.1.1.2. Visit the Work Site to Ascertain Site Information.
The accuracy and the reliability of a PPE is totally depend on the information available and
some of the information required can be gathered only from site inspection.
For the ‘“Proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods International (Pvt) Ltd. at
Ranala” project, SQS and myself visited to the site and the following information gathered from site
and were utilized for the preparation of PPE.
Access to site
Availability of Temporary Services (Water, Electricity etc.)
Soil Conditions
Existing disturbances (Trees, rocks, structures, services etc.)
But for “Proposed Mixed Development at Dharmaraja Mawatha for Mr. Punsiri Tennakkon”
project I was not able to participate in the site inspection. But SQS guided and advised me regarding
certain issues which required in preparing the PPE.
1.2.1.1.3. Familiarization with various Estimating Methods
Knowledge gained from the university was a great benefit for me in selecting and applying
different estimation methods such as superficial area method, approximate Quantities method
depending on the information available and the required level of accuracy.
For the ‘“Proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods International (Pvt) Ltd. at
Ranala” project, PPE of all the Building and External works were prepared by following the
superficial area method.
But the PPE of “Proposed Mixed Development at Dharmaraja Mawatha for Mr. Punsiri
Tennakkon” project was prepared by using the approximate quantities method as it was conducted
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page 6
CONSULTANCY ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
to ensure the financial feasibility of the Employer and the available information were sufficient to
follow the approximate quantities method. I prepared the PPE for this works on elemental basis as it
leads for further actions of the Employer regarding the cost significant elements of the project.
1.2.1.1.4. Usage of Cost Information for Preliminary Estimating
Cost Information is very important for preliminary estimating and can be obtained from
different sources such as data obtained from cost analysis, Market prices, previous BOQ’s, Cost
Indices etc. Selection of the Source is based on the estimation method used to prepare the PPE. As
an example, for the ‘“Proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods International (Pvt)
Ltd. at Ranala” project, cost for unit area was used and was obtained by analyzing some tendered
BOQ’s of the completed Factory Building at CBL premises and adjustments were made considering
the year of construction & the other factors. But for “Proposed Mixed Development at Dharmaraja
Mawatha for Mr. Punsiri Tennakkon” project market prices prevailed at that time was used as cost
data.
1.2.1.1.5. Preparation of Preliminary project Estimates
After identifying the cost elements from the project brief, gathering the information from the
site and following the methods & cost information mentioned above I could involve in preparing
Preliminary Estimates for the following projects under the guidance of the SQS.
Construction of proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods international at
Ranala.
Construction of Proposed Mixed Development at Dharmaraja Mawatha for Mr. Punsiri
Tennakkon.
1.2.1.2. COST PLANNING
A budget normally does not tell a Client or the Design team how the entire amount or less
could be spent effectively and efficiently on a built facility. Adding Micro-Level control points to
the project helps the design team in ensuring that the right amount is spent on the right element of
the built facility without compromising both the budget and the overall intended functions. During
my training at CCS I was not able to directly involve in cost planning, but the discussion had with
the SQS revealed me the actions and the procedures they have followed in preparing the cost plan
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page 7
CONSULTANCY ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
for G.S Residential & Commercial Tower project. It helped me in improving my knowledge
regarding the cost planning process.
1.2.1.3. COLLECTION AND COMPILATION OF COST INFORMATION
Cost data are required during inception stage to design process in order to provide client
with an indication of possible cost associated with a proposed construction project. They will also
require at various levels of detail as the project proceed through design and Construction. The
accuracy of the estimate was depends on the reliability of the available cost information.
As a trainee QS at the Cost Consultancy Services (Pvt) Ltd., I got the opportunity to directly
involve in collecting and compiling different cost information which required me in preparing
various types of estimates.
1.2.1.3.1. Preparation of Cost Analysis
Cost Analysis is defined as systematical breakdown of cost data, generally on the basis of an
agreed elemental structure to assist in cost plans for future schemes. Therefore the purpose of Cost
Analysis is to provide data which allows comparisons to be made between the costs of achieving
various building functions in on project with that of achieving equivalent functions in other projects.
I prepared an amplified cost analysis using the Tendered B.O.Q of the completed factory
building at CBL Factory premises to obtain the cost data required to prepare the PPE and
Engineer’s Estimate of the proposed Factory Building. Actually this Cost Analysis was specially
prepared for this proposed project. Therefore I have considered the inclusions and exclusions of the
proposed project with respect to the previous one in detail while preparing the analysis.
1.2.1.3.2. Collection and Compilation of Product Data
Construction market consists with variety of products which performs the same function.
Usually this variation is due to the kind, quality, shape, designs etc. of the materials. In my opinion
cost data and product data are interdependent. Therefore similar as the Cost information Product
information are also very valuable to QS’s in preparing estimates, writing specification, when
applying value Engineering exercise to bring down the project cost etc.
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CONSULTANCY ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
During my training period in Cost Consultancy Services (Pvt) Ltd I was assign to collect
product data of sanitary fittings and tiles to prepare the estimate for variation of proposed Nurses
bath room of “Construction of 24 Beds Single Storied Ward for Lunawa Hospital” project. Some of
the product information was gathered by visiting to their showrooms and some were obtained by
contacting the manufacturers and dealers.
1.2.1.3.3. Collection and Compilation of Price lists
Market prices of materials are subjected to change with the time due to inflation,
availability, market condition etc. A realistic Engineers Estimate could be obtained only using a
recently updated price list of Material, Labour & Plant. Also the price lists are very important
during scrutinizing variation & extra work rate break downs.
Cost Consultancy Services (Pvt) Ltd maintain their own collection of price lists but it was
not properly updated. Therefore I had to collect the price lists from manufacturers and dealers
which were needed in preparing the PPE’s and Engineer’s Estimates. I was gained good knowledge
about current market prices by collecting those price lists.
1.2.1.4. PREPARATION OF BILLS OF QUANTITIESPreparation of BOQ is one of the main responsible tasks of QS in the field. I got the
opportunity to prepare BOQ’s for the following projects.
Construction of proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods international at
Ranala. (External Works Only)
Refurbishment of Neptune Hotels (Heritance Mahagedara) at Beruwala Additions,
Alterations and New works to Ayurveda Area (Stage II)
The guidance given by the SQS was very helpful to me in preparing the BOQ’s for the above
projects. I also referred BOQ’s of similar projects to direct me throughout this process.
1.2.1.4.1. Taking Off Quantities
The initial step of the preparation of the BOQ is taking off quantities from the drawings.
Prior to taking off the Quantities from the drawing it is necessary to identify and list out the work
items. Whenever possible I take off the quantities to MS Excel formats by referring the Auto CAD
drawings as to save my time from squaring and abstracting.
I had to follow Qatar method of measurement when take off the foreign projects and SLS
573 when measuring the local projects. Those two standards were not familiar to me but the
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knowledge I have gained through the university lectures to use the SMM7 was good enough for me
to use the above two methods. I was involved in taking off of the following projects during my
training at CCS.
Construction of 24 Beds Single Storied Ward for Lunawa Hospital.
Construction of proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods international at
Ranala.
Refurbishment of Neptune Hotels (Heritance Mahagedara) at Beruwala Additions,
Alterations and New works to Ayurveda Area (Stage II)
Construction of Proposed Mixed Development at Dharmaraja Mawatha for Mr. Punsiri
Tennakkon.
Construction of New project Office and Central Documentation Library in Dukhan.
Rehabilitation and Maintenance of ALAQTA Park at Raygan city.
1.2.1.4.2. Squaring and Abstracting Quantities
Squaring was done by using the inbuilt functions and formulas of MS Excel and abstracting
was done by using a excel sheet link between the measurement sheets.
1.2.1.4.3. Identification of Preliminaries, Prime Cost and Provisional Sums
I became familiar with the Preliminary items, Prime Cost and Provisional Sums especially in
relation to the building projects because of the involvement in preparing preliminary estimations
and Bills of Quantities thereby gaining the knowledge on how to incorporate them in the Bills of
Quantities. The guidance given by the SQS was also very helpful me in identification of preliminary
items essential in different kind of projects.
1.2.1.4.4. Billing and Computer Aided Bill Preparation
I could get involved in finalizing the BOQs for the above mentioned projects and in that
process I could engage in dealing with the pricing preambles. Apart from that I could learn many
things in the Billing process starting from numbering the work descriptions and trades and was also
able to enhance my knowledge on MS –Excel.
1.2.1.4.5. Preparation of Engineer’s Estimate
Engineer’s estimate is the most accurate and realistic estimate prepared by the Consultant
Quantity Surveyor. This is very important in evaluating Bids received and selecting a Bidder to
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Contract Award. During my training session at CCS I was able to Involve in preparing Engineer,s
estimate for following projects.
Construction of proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods international at
Ranala.
Refurbishment of Neptune Hotels (Heritance Mahagedara) at Beruwala Additions,
Alterations and New works to Ayurveda Area (Stage II)
1.2.1.5. SPECIFICATION WRITING
Specifications consist of written information for determining & communicating the nature &
quality of each element, system, assembly, component, material & workmanship applicable to the
project. There is a tendency to believe that "Specifications overrule Drawings" in the event of
discrepancies between the text document and the drawings. The particular specifications related to
Architectural, Structural, Plumbing, Electrical, A/C etc. items have to be provided by the relevant
Project Consultant. For General specifications contractors have to refer the specification documents
published by the ICTAD.
1.2.1.5.1. Compilation of Specification for Bid/ Contract Documents
Information related to specification is compiled during the design process and are included
in the Bidding document and contract document.
I got the opportunity to participate in the compilation process of the specification
information for the “Construction of proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods
international at Ranala” project while assisting the SQS in preparation of the Bid Document. In this
I compiled all the particular specifications related to Architectural, Structural, Plumbing and
Electrical works by contacting the relevant project Consultants.
1.2.1.6. BID DOCUMENTATION
Bid document should be prepared with the maximum accuracy to satisfy the requirements of
the Client and to support at all stages of the project. Usually Bidding documents are prepared by
using a standard form such as SBD Documents, FIDIC document, New Engineering Contract
document etc. and interpret the relevant adjustment to these standard forms to suit the requirements
of project in order to reduce the time for preparation of Bidding document, simplify the
procurement process etc.
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1.2.1.6.1. Familiarization with content of Bidding Document
The Bidding document should be prepared to cover the whole aspects of the Scope of works.
Therefore Scope of works becomes the deciding factor of the content of the Bidding Document. But
in general, according to the SBD/02 Bidding document is consist with Invitation for Bids,
Instruction to Bidders, Bidding Data, Conditions of Contract, Contract Data, Standard forms
(Contract), Specifications, Form of Bid, BOQ, Schedules, Drawings and Standard forms (Bid). On
behalf of these sections Employer’s requirement section was included to the Bidding Document of
“Construction of proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods international at Ranala”
project to cover the whole aspects of the Scope of Works.
1.2.1.6.2. Preparation Bidding Documents
I got the opportunity to assist the Senior Quantity Surveyor in preparing Bidding document
for the “Construction of proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods international at
Ranala” project. In this project Factory & Warehouse building was on Design and basis and the
designs of other parts were furnished by the Consultants. But the available Standard forms did not
cover the all the aspects of the Scope of works. Therefore SQS decided to use SBD/02 as the basic
document and amend the required clauses for Instructions to Bidders and Conditions of Contract
from SBD/04 document to cover the Design and Build part.
Hence I was assign to find the clauses those are required to cover the Design and Built part
which are not included in SBD/02 by comparing the clauses in SBD/02 and SBD/04. Then suit to
the requirement of this project some of the clauses in SBD/02 were deleted and some of the clauses
in SBD/04 were amended to the Bidding document using the Bidding Data and Contract Data.
Finally this document was particularized to the project by modifying the Biding Data and Contract
Data Sections.
Actually this was a good experience to me because I was able to gain a good knowledge
about content of the Bidding documents and the procedure follows in preparation of Bidding
documents. And the explanations provided by the SQS were very helpful me in improving my
knowledge regarding this subject matter.
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1.2.1.7. BID PROCEDURES AND EVALUATION
1.2.1.7.1. Grading of Contractors
ICTAD is the authorized corporate body responsible in grading of Contractors. This central
registration scheme was started at 1989 and was revised at 1993, 1995 and 2008. After the revision
of 2008 the new grading system of “C” categories were introduced. The grade of Contractors
determined by evaluating a contractor mainly on his financial capability, the technical ability with
staff and plant & machinery, and the experience gained in relevant fields. I was familiar with this
grading system when I involved in selecting the eligible Bidders for CBL project and Neptune
Hotels refurbishment project.
1.2.1.7.2. Familiarization with Traditional and Non-Traditional Procurement methods
Procurement System can be defined as an organizational Structure adopted by the client for
the implementation, and at times eventual operation of a project. Selecting an appropriate
procurement system is a complex and daunting task for both the client and the client’s advisers. The
common criteria concerning the choice of procurement methods include time, certainty, flexibility,
quality, complexity, risk, price competition, responsibility, disputes etc.
During my training period I was able to familiarize with the traditional and nontraditional
procurement systems. As an example “Construction of proposed Factory and Warehouse Building
for CBL Foods international at Ranala” project was consist of both traditional and nontraditional
procurement methods as the proposed Factory Building was on Design and Build basis and the
Design of other buildings were furnished by the Consultants. Actually the combination of both
systems was used in this project by mainly considering the time, complexity, price competition and
responsibility.
1.2.1.7.3. Evaluation of and Reporting on Bids including Rate Comparison
The process of opening, examining and evaluating Bids to determine the responsiveness of
Bids and other factors associated with selection of successful Bidder for Contract award is
considered as the Bid evaluation process. I was involved in evaluating Bids of the following
projects during my training at CCS.
Construction of proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods international at
Ranala.
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Refurbishment of Neptune Hotels (Heritance Mahagedara) at Beruwala Guest Rooms, Main
building and Kitchen (Stage I)
Refurbishment of Neptune Hotels (Heritance Mahagedara) at Beruwala Additions,
Alterations and New works to Ayurveda Area (Stage II)
Refurbishment of Swimming Pool for Neptune Hotels (Heritance Mahagedara) at Beruwala
Refurbishment of Neptune Hotels (Heritance Mahagedara) at Beruwala. Air Conditioning
and Ventilation System
Refurbishment of Neptune Hotels (Heritance Mahagedara) at Beruwala. Plumbing and
Drainage Work
All the Comparative studies related in evaluating the Bids for above projects were prepared
by me. Expect from that I was able to prepare the evaluation reports for last three projects
(Swimming Pool, A/C and Plumbing & Drainage) under the guidance of SQS.
1.2.1.7.4. Participation in Pre-Bid Meetings
Pre-bid meetings are the perfect opportunity for the contractors to clarify questions
regarding the project and to identify the competition they are up against. During my training period
at CCS I was able to participate in Pre-Bid meeting of following projects.
Construction of proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods international at
Ranala.
Refurbishment of Neptune Hotels (Heritance Mahagedara) at Beruwala Guest Rooms, Main
building and Kitchen (Stage I)
Refurbishment of Neptune Hotels (Heritance Mahagedara) at Beruwala Additions,
Alterations and New works to Ayurveda Area (Stage II)
Some of the BOQ’s of the above projects were prepared by me. Therefore I had to provide
explanations whenever Contractors asked the questions regarding the BOQ’s. As an example
“Construction of proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods international at
Ranala.” project Factory and Warehouse building were on Design and Build basis but the filling and
site preparation part of that building was covered from the BOQ of “External Works”. Likewise I
provided answers to the questions of Bidders on certain issues regarding the BOQ.
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1.2.1.7.5. Participation in Tender Openings
Acceptable practice of opening the Bids received is at the presence of Bidders and their
representatives but the Employer can decide whether to open it in the presence of Bidders or not. In
Sri Lanka for most private sector projects, the Bids received are not open in the presence of Bidders
or their representatives. Main reason for this is to conduct a strong negotiation process.
I was participated in the Bid opening for “Construction of proposed Factory and Warehouse
Building for CBL Foods international at Ranala.” Project and the Bids received were open in the
presence of the Bidders and their representatives. I was advised by the SQS to fill the pre prepared
format while opening the Bids which included the bidder’s name, Bid amount, Bid bond details etc.
Bids were opened by the SQS and announce the Bidder’s name, Bid amount as appeared in form of
Bid, Bid Bond details etc. I filled the format accordingly with the instructions given by the SQS.
His explanations regarding certain issues of the Bid opening was very helpful to me in acquiring
better knowledge regarding Bid Opening process.
1.2.1.8. CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION
1.2.1.8.1. Preparation Letter of intents and letter of Awards
Usually in Construction Contracts, Contract document is not prepared prior to the execution
of Works as it causes to delay the project. Therefore the Contractor begins his Works when he
receives the Employer letter, accepting the Contractor’s Bid for execution of the Works. I was able
to assist the SQS in preparing the Draft of “Letter of Acceptance” of the “Construction of proposed
Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods international at Ranala” project. Actually I believe
that it was a great opportunity for me as a trainee QS because I was able to expand my knowledge
concerning LOA and Contract documentation during this process.
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1.2.1.8.2. Preparation of Memorandum Of Understanding
The usual purpose of a Memorandum Of Understanding is to provide a brief record of the
terms of a Contract as agreed by the parties during the negotiation process and is a useful way to
verify the key terms before entering into the final contract. Usually MOU supersedes the data in the
Bidding document. Therefore it is very important to incorporate the changes made to Bid document
submitted by the selected Bidder during negotiations, in to the MOU. I assisted the SQS in
preparing the MOU of “Construction of proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods
international at Ranala” project.
1.2.1.9. INTERIM VALUATIONS
1.2.1.9.1. Taking measurements including joint measurements
Throughout my training period I have involved in scrutinizing Interim Valuation
Applications in following projects;
Construction of 24 Beds Single Storied Ward for Lunawa Hospital.
When checking the measurements of this Interim Valuation Application, first I took
the measurements using the issued Construction Drawings. But there were some deviations of the
Contractor’s measurements with respect to the Construction Drawings. Therefore SQS advised me
to take the joint measurements by visiting the site. Hence I took joint measurement with the
Contactor after visiting to the site.
Construction of Proposed Office Building at R.A. De Mel Mawatha Colombo-03.
All the measurements were taken using the issued Construction drawings and no
joint measurements were taken because the Information given with the previous Valuations was
enough in securitizing the bill.
1.2.1.9.2. Checking Bills
During my training at CCS I was able to check the 3 rd Interim Valuation Application of the
“Construction of 24 Beds Single Storied Ward for Lunawa Hospital” project. After correcting the
measurements, IVA was adjusted accordingly with the corrected quantities. Finally modify the
Interim Payment Application accordingly with the adjusted values & prepare the payment
Certificate and showed it to the PQS. In this process two important things were experienced by me.
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Contractor has entered an additional work, without providing any Documentary evidence to
prove the approval of Engineer.
Use 6” x 4” timber supports for Ridge Plate instead of using the 6” x 5” supports which was
indicated in the Drawings. But the span between them was decreased. This caused to
additional cost for the Contractor.
We did not certify the payment due to the additional work but for satisfaction of both parties
payment related to the timber supports were certified as indicated in Drawings and BOQ after
obtaining Structural Engineer’s approval for the new support system.
1.2.1.9.3. Assessing Price Fluctuations
Usually the price fluctuations are separately calculated and included in to the IPA if the
Contract provides the same. This is done to adjust the valuation according to the market price
escalations. Rise or falls in prices of labour, material and plant added or deducted from the
valuation using price fluctuations.
During my training session at CCS I got the opportunity to check a price fluctuation
assessment submitted by the contractor together with his IPA for construction of petrol shed
development project. The guide lines provided with in the “ICTAD Formula Method for
adjustments to Contract price due to fluctuation in prices” book and the instructions received from
the SQS were very helpful in assessing this adjustment.
1.2.1.10. PROCESSING OF VARIATIONS AND EXTRA WORKS
A variation could be defined as any changes to the quantities, quality & other characteristics
of any item of work included in the contract, omission of any work, changes to the sequence or
timing of the completion of the works, any additional work, plant, materials or services necessary
for the permanent works within the contract period. Variations can be commenced by the engineer
at any time before issuing Taking over Certificate. It is important to note that contractor shall not
make any modification to the permanent works, unless & until the engineer instructs or approves a
Variation.
1.2.1.10.1. Valuing Variations
According to the nature, complexity and extent of the variation it can be value using BOQ
rates (analyzing or directly taking), on day Work Basis or using new rates. If Contractor uses a new
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Rate, to value any Variation Engineer has authority to request a detail cost breakdown of the Rate
submitted by the Contractor. In “Construction of 24 Beds Single Storied Ward for Lunawa
Hospital” project, Engineer issued a Variation order for Construct a new bathroom with in the
proposed Building as requested by the Employer. I was got the opportunity to prepare the estimate
for this work as to evaluate the Contractor’s cost breakdown for this Variation.
1.2.1.11. ADJUDICATION & ARBITRATION
Adjudication & Arbitration fields can be considered as some of the new directions for
quantity surveying profession. Those fields were not familiar to me, because those fields will be
discussed at our final year of the university. During my training period I was able to prepare some
schedules related to Arbitrational matters as the Chairman of CCS is highly involved in
Arbitrational affairs. I discussed & solved some issues on Adjudication & Arbitration which I
obtained during my studies related to the Adjudication & Arbitration clauses in SBD-02, with the
guidance of him. He gave me valuable knowledge on dispute resolution procedures which are
currently practiced in Sri Lanka. It was another valuable chance which I got during my training
period.
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1.2.2. OBSERVATIONS MADE
1.2.2.1. UNREALISTIC DEADLINES OF EMPLOYERS
One of the major problems which I have observed during my Training period in CCS is that
Employer always gives unrealistic deadlines for the Consultants. Somehow Consultants have to
work within this time frame to secure their jobs. This cause to preparation of incomplete Drawings,
reduce the accuracy of Bidding document etc. which may leads to occur disputes between the
parties when the project proceed with the Construction.
1.2.2.2. LACK OF COORDINATION WITH IN CONSULTANT TEAM
Actually the Consultants duty should be to ensure the maximum benefits to the Employer’s
investment by managing the Contract. To acquire this target, proper coordination between the
Consultant team is essential. But in practical, this is the one that won’t happen in most of the times.
In my opinion one reason for poor coordination is that Consultants are likely to work independently
by maintaining their egos. This may leads to unnecessary delays to the project.
1.2.2.3. INCOMPLETENESS OF THE DRAWINGS
Due to the incompleteness of some drawings given by Architects, Structural Engineers, etc,
it was observed that a considerable part of the work could be absent in the BOQs. Therefore too
much confidence needed to be kept on contingencies, which is not normally favorable to the client.
When it comes for tendering stage most of the cases the details or some parts of the drawings were
changed. So several newly added items might not in the BOQ & there will be a necessity of issuing
addenda.
1.2.2.4 USING OF MODERN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
As the Company employees, among its staff, several qualified quantity surveyors who are
well aware for using of modern computer Application such as Auto CAD, MS Excel etc. leads to
increase the accuracy and efficiency of the services provided by the Organization.
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1.2.2.5. CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION
Contract Administration is one of the professions which QS could capitalize on with
experience. But it requires a vast knowledge in construction and related fields. In my opinion QS
can enhanced the Administration part of the project as he is well aware of Contract conditions,
financial matters related to the project.
1.3. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTED AND REMEDIAL ACTIONS TAKEN
1. 3.1. UNFAMILIARITY WITH SLS573/QUATAR STANDARD METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
At the university, we often followed the SMM7 to take off quantities. But in CCS, they used
SMM7, SLS 573, and Qatar Standard Method of Measurement accordingly with the location of the
project. As CCS is providing the consultancy services in Sri Lanka as well as in foreign countries, I
had to be familiar with those standards. When I was getting familiar to one standard then the next
project was to be done according to another standard. Hence always I had to read the relevant
sections in the standard before the taking off when it is possible. As an alternative to this,
sometimes I discussed with other QS’s in the Organization rather than referring to the book to save
the time.
1.3.2. FREQUENT CHANGES IN DRAWINGS.
The provided drawings by the Architect or Structural Engineer revised several times before
finalized as Tender drawings. It makes the QS to do the taking off several times and check the
quantities again and again. It becomes very difficult and boring to measure the changes again and
again until finalizing everything. If manual taking off was used for taking the measurements of the
works this become so hard. But I measured the work items using Auto-CAD software and entered it
in to Excel sheet whenever possible. Therefore I only had to adjust the measured items to
incorporate the changes without measuring the whole of the works again.
1.3.3. LACK OF TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE
Because of the insufficient knowledge in construction work I found some problem when
preparing BOQs. Some drawings were difficult to understand me therefore I solved these issues by
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discussing with SQS. As an example when I preparing the BOQ of Proposed Equalization Tank of
“Construction of proposed Factory and Warehouse Building for CBL Foods international at
Ranala.” Project I had to measure a Water bar. At that time I haven’t any pre-knowledge about
Water Bars and how to measure them. After the discussion had with SQS I was able to gain a good
knowledge of Water bars such as function of water bar, available Types, method of measuring
Water Bars etc.
1.3.4. UNAVAILABILITY OF COST DATA
I encountered this problem while preparing the rates for Engineer’s estimates and valuing
the variations. Therefore I have to partially stop my work and collect the price list from the
suppliers and manufactures by giving phone calls to them. Until they give their prices I cannot go
beyond with the works. Therefore I recorded down the all prices and cost data whenever I collected
them for further estimation. Sometimes I was able to ascertain the required prices with the help of
the staff members.
1.3.5. UNFAMILIARITY WITH AUTO CAD APPLICATION
When I entered in to the CCS as a trainee QS I didn’t have any pre-knowledge about using
Auto-CAD Application in taking off works. But at CCS all the taking –Off works were carried out
by using the Auto-CAD software and entered in to MS-Excel sheets. With the help of the staff
members in CCS I was able to gain good knowledge of using Auto-CAD application in Quantity
Surveying works within a short period.
1. 3.6. UNFAMILIARITY WITH IMPERIAL UNITS
In university I used metric units to take off quantities. The BOQ of “Construction of 24 Beds
Single Storied Ward for Lunawa Hospital” project was prepared by using imperial units. One of the
major problems arises when I was reviewing that BOQ to convert of the reinforcement lengths to
weights in cwt, which was not actually familiar to me. To solve this problem I used conversion table
and memorized some conversion factors.
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1.3.7. BID EVALUATION
I didn’t have any pre-knowledge or experience about the practical context of Bid evaluation
when entered in to the CCS as a trainee. Therefore I was slightly confused when the SQS assign me
to evaluate the Bids of Neptune Hotels Swimming Pool project. Therefore I refer some previous Bid
evaluations conducted by the CCS and get the advice from SQS whenever need. The accuracy and
efficiency shown by me in this process leads me to get involved in more Bid evaluations.
1.3.8. HIGH WORK LOAD
As I was able to work in both foreign and local projects during my training at CCS, work
load put on me was little high. Also the deadlines of these submissions were not enough to carry out
the works in usual time. Therefore I worked on Saturdays and Sundays in some weeks to complete
this works within the specified time period. Some days I worked after the office time to finish these
works within the required time frame. I never considered this as a burden to me because the
knowledge and experience I got from this hard working is more valuable to me.
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1.4. STEPS TAKEN TO OBTAIN BETTER EXPERIENCE
Within my training session at CCS I was able to cover most of the training modules which
required to be covered during training with in the consulting organization. During the allocated 16
weeks of training, I was able to experience the practices applied in the industry for the theoretical
aspect learned at the university. Therefore, all tasks and obstacles summoned upon me were
considered as a personal challenge which needed to be overcome.
Usually CCS is always busy with large number of projects both local and International due
to the professional recognition attain by them. I always tried to involve in a new work which was
not familiar to me because I have understood that then only I can efficiently used my small training
period to enlighten my future carrier. Otherwise four months were actually not enough to be learned
& be experienced as a consultant QS. So I always put my maximum effort finish each tasks assign
to me within minimum time to move to another activity by maintaining its quality. All my efforts
are forwarded to meet these demands.
Within my training period I was able to work with almost every QS in the office. I made
good relationships with them & they always try to provide me with a new experience to my carrier
by giving me chances to participate in various meetings such as pre bid meetings, preliminary
project meetings, post tender meetings, negotiation meetings etc. When I asked to visit the work
sites with them to gather construction knowledge, they always warmly welcome me.
The QS division of CCS consisted of considerable numbers of QS’s, with different
qualifications & different backgrounds and the staff is very much corporative, supportive & just
like one big family. They always tend to help me more when I deliberately ask them to appoint
me with certain works such as tender evaluations, preparation of PPEs, checking bills,
assessing price fluctuation etc. at the first few days of the training. Afterwards I think they
understood that I am capable of doing something by undertaking the responsibility and risk so I
was later loaded with works related to various types of quantity surveying works.
Since QS division employees many number of QS trainees from different organizations, I
learned how to work with them without any disputes. This also allowed me to identify the level of
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competition which I will be meeting after graduation. Whenever they are in need of any help, I
would put my hand forward to help them as they also helped me in the same manner.
During my last few weeks of my training at CCS, I showed the industrial training handbook
to the SQSs & they were gave me works related to uncovered modules & provide me with
necessary explanation for the modules which are at the moment not practicing at CCS.
Working in the QS division was an exciting activity which I enjoyed to the extreme.
Therefore, I made sure of my presence at training everyday and didn’t take any leave during my
training at CCS and always tried work more as each day gave me the opportunity to learn new
things relating to technical matters or relating to people.
1.5. ASSESSMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION
1.5.1. STRENGTHS
MANAGERIAL STRUCTURE
Among the 28 Employees worked at CCS, more than 20 employees were QSs as their main
service is to provide the Cost Consultancy Services both in local and abroad. In practical, all of
them are directly well guided by company Managing Director as well as the Chairman and all the
Employees have freedom to discuss their matters with superiors. This direct responsiveness and
sharing experience caused to provide good services through all the employees and it gives
additional strength to the organization.
DISCIPLINE
Discipline is very important for an individual or a firm to launch a long journey in the
industry. Although the Chairman and Managing Director of CCS are free to share their ideas with
Subordinates, they really expect that their employees and their works to be well disciplined.
Actually it causes to improve the quality of their works.
THE QUALIFIED & EXPERIENCED STAFF
Chairman of CCS is the most experienced Quantity Surveyor in the Sri Lanka and he has
more than 42years experiences in both local and Overseas. Managing Director has also posses more
than 30 years experience in construction Industry. Not only that all the senior staff members are
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well qualified persons with at least a degree for particular field. As a well known & distinguished
company in the industry, the highly qualified and experienced staff is a secret of their success.
WELL RECOGNITION
Cost Consultancy Services (Pvt) Ltd. was the first independent Quantity Surveying
Organization in Sri Lanka and has provided its service for number of landmark projects in both
local & foreign countries such as HNB Head Quarters, Golden Key Hospital (ENT), Ceylinco –
Seylan Tower, Aitken Spence Tower, G.S Residential & Commercial Tower, Qatar world trade
center, Palm Villa at Dubai, University of Nizwan at Qatar etc. within its 26 years of short history.
This recognition helped the Organization to acquire more jobs.
TEAM WORK
Actually there is a project based structure can be seen in the QS department. They highly
expect a good team work and the team members provide their maximum commitment to complete
the project with in minimum time period. Whenever they get a job they will form temporary teams
to carry out the work until to the end. Therefore the absence of one or two persons will not strongly
affect to the delay the project. Hence this team work leads to provide an excellent service to their
clients.
QUALITY OF WORK
In view of providing best of services to clients, company has implemented a quality
management system within the organization thorough proper document keeping, providing pleasant
situation to staff, etc. and the CCS was able to obtain ISO 9001-2000 certification in the year of
2006 and upgraded the quality standards to ISO 9001:2008 by the October 2010. That is very
helpful to distribute their services in all over the Sri Lanka as well as foreign countries.
USE OF MODERN COMPUER APPLICATIONS AND FACILITIES
As CCS employees well qualified intelligent staff with in their organization they always try
to implement modern computer applications to their works which leads to reduce the time and to
give a quality output with high accuracy. In pre tendering consultancy work, most of the time CCS
depend on computer applications. In taking off part, company uses their own formats. Between all
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CONSULTANCY ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
the computers in CCS, they maintain Local Area Net work and it is more convenience to data
transferring. This computer facilities and literacy is a distinct advantage of the company.
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page 26
CONSULTANCY ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
ABILITY IN HANDLING LARGE WORK LOAD
Using the available staff of the CCS, they manage to provide consultancy services for
large number of projects both in local and abroad. The secret of this success behind the CCS is the
experienced staff employ by them who has the capacity to undertake huge work load with
efficiency & ability to work under various exposure conditions.
1.5.2. WEAKNESSES
CENTRALIZED AUTHORITY
Although the Chairman and Managing Director of CCS are free to discuss the issues with
the subordinates the decision making power is centralized with them. Any subordinates including
the senior staff is not allowed for make decisions in their own. Sometimes this will leads to
unnecessary delays.
SHORTAGE OF COMPUTERS
There is a computer shortage in the CCS due to not repairing the existing computers. During
the first few weeks of my training I was not able to work in a separate computer as the other
trainees due to this shortage. Therefore sometimes SQS gave her computer to do my works and
sometimes I have to manually do all my workings. This also causes to decrease the efficiency of the
organization.
WORKING ENVIRONMENT
As humans we always demand for the comfortable working space & environment which will
leads to generate positive ideas in minds. That leads to increase the productivity of employees. I
observed that, there were not enough working space and not pleasant environment in CCS.
Therefore the increase of space availability and providing pleasant environment will reason to
generate a pleasing attitude in the workers and it will directly affect to productivity.
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICS Page 27
CHAPTER 2
PHASE II
RN CONSTRUCTIONS (PVT) LTD.
NO 532/1, KADUWELA ROAD,
THALAHENA, BATTARAMULLA
THE CONTRACTING
ORGANIZATION
RN Constructions (Pvt) Ltd.
Amalgamated Building System Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. Systems (Pvt) Ltd.
RN Ready mix (Pvt) Ltd.RN Cement Products (Pvt) Ltd.
ABSL Roofing Products (Pvt) Ltd.
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
2.0 THE CONTRACTING ORGANIZATION2.0 THE CONTRACTING ORGANIZATION
2.1. RN CONSTRUCTIONS (PVT) LTD.
2.1.1. THE ORGANIZATION
RN Constrctions (Pvt) Ltd. was established at 20 th November of 1996 as a civil Engineering
sub-contracting organization under companies Act No: 17 since then the company has become one
of the largest and most respected Building and Civil Engineering contracting organizations in the
country. From the date of initiation, RNC has travelled a steady journey inspiring to the whole
construction industry and were able to establish some subsidiaries Companies which provides
maximum support to its core business activity of Construction.
Figure 1: RN Subsidiaries
Although RNC’s beginning was only to undertake civil and building sub-contract works,
they have expanded and diversified their capabilities to undertake large projects of different
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 26
“ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS”
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
nature and achieved the following ICTAD grades due to their excellent performances of the
Construction Industry.
Table 1: ICTAD Grades of RN Constructions (Pvt) Ltd.
RNC’s commitment to excellence in construction has been well recognized both locally &
internationally with the number of Awards achieved as follows.
2006 Winner of ICTAD Construction Excellence Award
2006 Winner of NCASL Construction Excellence Award
2007 Winner of National Gold Award for Sri Lanka Entrepreneur for
“Extra Large Category “Organized By Federation Of Chamber of
Commerce & Industries of Sri Lanka .
2008 Winner of National Gold Award for the Achiever 2008 as the first
winner in the history of Sri Lanka for Services sector.
2010 Winner of National Silver Award for the Achiever 2009 in the National
– extra Large Category of Sri Lanka for Services sector.
2010 Winner of National Gold Award for the Achiever 2010 in the National –
extra Large Category of Sri Lanka for Services sector.
Table 2 : Awards achieved by the RNC
Mission of the Organization
“To provide highest quality construction at a competitive price, with in a specific time frame, using superior technology and dedicated Professional Service”
Vision of the Organization
“To be the most preferred and the best professional Construction Contractor in Sri Lanka”
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 27
Buildings Highways Bridge Water Supply &
Drainage
Irrigation & Land
Drainage
Dredging &
Reclamation
C-1 C-2 C-4 C-6 C-6 C-6
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
2.1.2. MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION
Management Structure of the RNC is seems like a traditional functional structure which
consists with several hierarchical levels and functional divisions. These functional divisions of this
structure well define the duties and responsibilities of each and every employer of the organization.
Therefore each functional Manager is responsible for the duties of the subordinates assigned in each
division. Actually I believe that this kind of Organization Structure is suitable for Organization like
RNC as because the Senior Management always implement some motivation strategies to get the
maximum output from their subordinates.
Although there are five main hierarchy levels shown in the organizational structure, in
practical the Chairman/Managing Director of the organization always in contact with the functional
Managers of the Organization. Therefore functional Managers are directly responsible to the
Managing director.
When considering about the Quantity Surveying Division of the RNC, the manager of QS’s
were the Chief Quantity Surveyor. Except to Chief Quantity Surveyor there are two other Senior
QS’s work within the Organization to handle the post Contract works. All the other QS’s were
project QS’s and assistant QS’s who provide their service in various construction projects handle by
the RNC. All the QSs are directly responsible for to the CQS as well as to the other two senior QSs.
All the post contract works were examined by those two senior QS’s and they always keep
in touch with QSs of all the projects and advised them whenever necessary.
(For organization structure of RNC, refer Annexure –II)
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 28
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
2.1.3. INTRODUCTION TO KAATTSU PROJECT
Construction of Kaattsu Medical Training Center Building is a seven storied building with
120,000 ft2 gloss floor area. It consisted with lecture rooms, Auditorium, office rooms, water sump
etc. There are services installation works such as lifts, fire fighting system, data cabling system etc.
This is a concrete structured building consisted with hollow block walls as partition walls.
(For organization structure of Kaattsu site, refer Annexure –III)
Project name :Proposed Building At Malabe Road, Thalangama North, Koswaththa For
M/S kaattsu Highly Advanced Medical Technology Training Center (Pvt)
Ltd.
Employer : M/S kaattsu Highly Advanced Medical Technology Training Center (Pvt)
Ltd. No 383/3, Galahena Robert Gunawardana Mawatha, Battaramulla.
Consultant :Sanjewa Katugaha Associates No: 15/1, Buthgamuwa Road, Ambagaha
Junction, Rajagiriya.
Contractor : RN Constructions (Pvt) Ltd. Engineers & Contractors No: 532/1, Kaduwela
Road, Thalahena, Battaramulla.
Date of
Commencement
: 1st June 2010.
Date of Completion : 30th December 2011
Contract Period : 19 months
Defects Liability Period : 365 Days
Contract Sum : LKR. 230,459,101.11
Percentage of Retention : 10% of Value of Work done
Maximum Retention
5%
: LKR. 11,522,955.06
Mobilization Advance
Payment
: LKR. 30,531,820.20
Table 3: Contract particulars of Kaattsu Project
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 29
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
2.2. EXPERIENCE GAINED & OBSERVATIONS MADE
2.2.1. EXPERIENCE GAINED
2.2.1.1. ESTIMATING AND TENDERING
Estimating is the most important of the practical aspects of construction management, and
the subject deserves the closest attention of one aspiring to a career in the profession. I got the
opportunity to prepare estimates for following Bids which includes both Design-Bid-Build projects
and Design and Build projects during my training session as a contractor QS at RN Constructions
(Pvt) Ltd.
Design and Build Projects
Construction of Proposed Factory Building, Club house & Gym, Billets & Houses for Mass
Holdings (Pvt) Ltd. At Omanthe.
Costruction of Proposed Training center for J.J Mills at Trinco
Construction of Proposed Warehouse Building for Ansel Lanka (Pvt) Ltd.
Construction of Proposed Warehouse Building for Ocean Lanka (Pvt) Ltd.
Construction of Proposed Two Storey Office Building for Sinhagiri Holdings (Pvt) Ltd.
Design-Bid-Build projects
Proposed Warehouse Development for Ceylon Cold Stores at Habarakada Road, Ranala
Kaduwela
Earth works and other Preliminary Civil Works of proposed Factory Building for Aiken
Spence Printing (Pvt) Ltd. At Mawaramandiya
Construction of Proposed Assemble hall Co/Ho Ranala k/Vidyalaya Ranala.
Supplying, Vibrating, laying & Compacting of Readymix concrete for Excecutive
Engineer’s office Udugampola
2.2.1.1.1. Studying Tender Documents and projects’ Information
Careful study of Bidding documents are important to achieve a fully responsive Bid at a
timely manner. This gives a concise image about the project from which I can plan ahead.
Instruction to Bidders, Bidding Data, Contract Data, Conditions of Contract, Specifications, Pricing
Preambles and Drawings were my main areas of interest. On behalf of that Employer’s requirement
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 30
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
section of Design & Build projects has to be thoroughly understood before proceeding with
estimation.
2.2.1.1.2. Preparation of BOQ’s
RNC is a well recognized Construction Company for undertaking Design & Build/Turnkey
projects. During my training period I prepared BOQ’s for the above all Design and Build Tenders.
2.2.1.1.3. Compiling Cost Information
A proper source of cost data ensures the accuracy and competitiveness of the estimates
prepared. After studying the Tender documents, the procedure follows in RNC is to separate the
intended sub-contract works (Special Works) and the works intended to be carry out using the
Company resources. Then call quotations from sub-contractors for intended sub contract works.
Tendering and Estimating Department of RNC maintain an updated list of market prices of
materials, Labour and plant. If they have any doubt or any absence of prices directly called to their
suppliers and obtained the required prices. I have also followed the same procedure in Compiling
cost Information.
2.2.1.1.4. Analysis of rates
Good knowledge on construction technology and updated prices of trades, leads to analysis
and prepare realistic rate breakdowns. During my training period I have prepared rate breakdowns
for many of the items of above projects. Preparation of rates was mainly done through reference to
the BSR. Sometimes the Company specific norms were also used in preparing the breakdowns.
Prices were taken as the above mentioned alternatives. Operational pricing was also used in pricing
some items.
At the beginning this was a very difficult task for me as I was not well aware of market
prices and it was time consuming. But with the help of CQS and other QS’s later I become very
specialized in analysing of rates. The modules of Price Analysis and IT were very helpful to me in
this process.
2.2.1.1.5. Pricing Preliminaries
During my training session at RNC I also got the opportunity of Price the Preliminaries Bill.
I was able to price items such as the Bonds and Guarantees, CAR policy, temporary Electrical &
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 31
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
Water Supply, labour and& Contractor’s staff accommodation facilities etc. The guidance given by
the CQS was very helpful for me in pricing those items.
2.2.1.1.6. Familiarize with Contractor’s Bidding Strategies
In order to be the successful Bidder contractor have to submit a competitive Bid. Different
contractors adopt different strategies in their Bids. But to adopt those strategies first have to
calculate the basic cost and analyse the effect of those strategies to the Basic Cost. I could also
familiarize with such bidding strategies which were unique to the RNC. The contractor has clearly
to take up his own Bidding strategies and those strategies should be quite successful against
consultant’s evaluation criteria.
2.2.1.1.7. Participation in Tender Openings
During my training period I was able to participate in Bid opening for “Supplying,
Vibrating, laying & Compacting of Readymix concrete for Excecutive Engineer’s office
Udugampola” project. The Bid opening was held at PRDA premises at Borella. In this occasion
Consultants perform their all tasks according to a pre determined working order. At first they have
recorded the validity of the bid bonds submitted by the contractors. Then the financial Bid was
opened and announced to the audience as appeared in the form of Bid.
2.2.1.2. SELECTION OF SUB-CONTRACTORS AND SUPPLIERS
2.2.1.2.1. Involve in calling quotations
I had to contact the sub-contractors and suppliers to obtain their prices in many occasions
when pricing the work items in above Bids. On behalf of that I directly involved in calling sub-
contractor quotations for several ongoing projects. Usually practice procedure in RNC is if someone
needs to contact supplier or sub-contractor that person has to inform it to the receptionist with sub-
contractor’s or supplier’s name. Then she connected the sub-contractor or supplier with us. At the
beginning this was little unfamiliar to me as I was unaware of the names of subcontractors and
suppliers. But later I was able to get rid of that with the help of SQS and other staff members.
2.2.1.1.2. Negotiation and Selections
Usually when calling quotations for Bids negotiations are not conducted. After evaluating
the received quotations, prices quoted by the selected sub-contractor were taken to prepare the rate
breakdowns. But for ongoing projects negotiations are thoroughly carried out to obtain maximum
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 32
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
trade discount from the sub-contractor. I was directly involved in negotiations for selecting sub-
contractor for water proofing works, anti termite treatments and S/S wash roughs of the CBL
project. I am happy to say that I was able to prevail on certain rate discount for sub-contractors as I
targeted which were more profitable to the Organization.
2.2.1.1.3. Preparation of sub-contract agreements
After the selection of a particular sub-contractor to perform the subcontract work practically
at site, an agreement has to be signed by the both parties, which secures the obligation of the two
parties towards the contract. I was luckily to prepare the sub-contract agreement for water proofing
works and Anti termite treatment works for CBL project. Although I was negotiate and agreed with
some rates and amounts with sub-contractor for installation of s/s wash troughs for the same project
I was not able to prepare the sub-contract agreement as my training period become over. Actually
this was not a very difficult task for me because the sub-contract formats were already there in the
head office of RNC. I only had to update the scope of works, contract type, payment terms,
retention terms, liquidated damages terms, warranty period as agreed etc.
2.2.1.3. PROJECT PLANNING
2.2.1.3.1. Preparation of Construction Program and method Statement
A construction program depicts the sequence of operations involved and establishes the time
parameter in the construction project. Preparation of the construction program was done with the
use of the MS project software application. This is also used as a basis for cash flow preparation
progress monitoring, coordination of work. In RNC the planning Engineer is the responsible person
for preparation of construction programs. During my training period I was able to prepare a
construction program for tender of “proposed Factory Building for nature’s beauty creations (Pvt)
Ltd at Milleniya Horana” under the supervision of the planning Engineer. This was a very difficult
task for me because I was not well aware of using the MS project application and estimation of time
durations. Somehow I was able to prepare a realistic project plan for this work under the guidance
of the planning Engineer.
2.2.1.3.2. Preparation of Cash flows
Cash Flow is the basis for arranging finance for the implementation of the project. When the
construction work of the project proceeds, it is important to identify whether contractor’s cash flow
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 33
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
is in positive side or negative side. And also we can forecast the contractor’s cash flow statement
before commencing the project using construction master program. I was luckily because I was able
to prepare both a forecasted cash flow and an actual cash flow during my training at RNC.
When was at the head office I was able to prepare the forecasted revised cash flow statement
for “Construction of proposed office complex at Battaramulla for EPIC Technologies (Pvt) Ltd.”
project. This was prepared by using the revised construction program of the project. When I was
assign as a trainee QS at Kaattsu site I was able to prepare the actual cash flow of the project at up
to the date of 4th Interim Valuation. Data required to carry out this work were taken from the Stores,
site records and contacting the head office. In this process hand given by the PQS was very helpful
for me in preparing this statement in a well accurate manner.
2.2.1.4. SITE ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVITIES
2.2.1.4.1. Familiarize with site layouts and management
During my training period I got the opportunity to work at Kaattsu site for period of three
weeks. Even though the time period was not well enough I put my maximum effort to tackle the site
works as much as possible. It leads me to gain a clear knowledge about the site layout and site
Management of the Kaattsu project. Site Management was in a high level due to the dedication &
punctuality of the project manager of the Kaattsu site. Proposed building was spread over the total
site. Therefore site office and the labour accommodations were installed at a one end of the front
side of the site with the intention of relocating it when starting the construction of that side. Due to
better site layout there were no site congestion occurred when unloading goods to the stores which
is a daily activity.
2.2.1.4.2. Study the construction administration and functions of site staff
Actually those three weeks were good enough for me to be familiarizing with the site staff
as there was not considerable number of people. The site staff was consisted with a Site Manager,
Site Engineer, Assistant Engineer, Project Quantity Surveyor, Technical officer, Supervisor, Store
keeper and me. Therefore it was not too difficult for me to identify the each person’s duties with in
the site.
2.2.1.4.3. Study working drawings and technical schedules
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 34
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
I was able to study the working drawings of most of the ongoing projects of RNC as I
trained at the site as well as the head office. I calculated the material requirements of different
projects such as CBL, ATI Mattakkuliya, TEA Tang at different stages of those projects. I also
studied the construction drawings of the Kaattsu project when taking the measurements to prepare
the Interim Valuation Application of the project.
2.2.1.4.3. Familiarizing with Construction materials and material management
Material management is one of the important tasks in a site. The required materials should
be available on time to carry out the construction. Also if the materials purchased too early those
could be a burden and more cost would incur for protection and storage.
I was involved in preparation of material requirement schedules with reference to the
construction program and actual execution of works.
2.2.1.5. PREPARATION OF INTERIM VALUATION
2.2.1.5.1. On site measurements
I was ordered to take on site measurements of the construction progress & prepare
measurement sheets for Concrete Columns, Beams and slabs for preparation of Interim Valuation of
kaattsu project. As Consultant QS was also stayed at the site took joint measurements with him as it
reduces the time spent for certify the Valuation. On behalf of that I took the measurements of
cement block paving for rectifying the defects of the TEA Tang project.
2.2.1.5.2. Preparation of Interim bills
During my training session at RNC I was assign to prepare the 3rd and 4th Interim Valuation
Applications of the “Fabrication and Erection of Soap Building “Project Morph” for Unlever Sri
Lanka Ltd. at Horana”. On behalf of that I was assisted the PQS in preparing the Interim Valuation
Application of CBL and Kaattsu projects.
2.2.1.5.3. Assessment of material at site
At RNC after the preparation of Interim Valuation application PQS has to submit a monthly
reconciliation report to the head office. During my Training at Kaattsu site PQS provide the
opportunity to me to prepare the material reconciliation report with the help of him. Material
quantities were calculated using the material BIN cards. But 80% of materials were not claimed
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 35
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
from each Valuation as client has agreed to purchase most of the material required for construction
process on behalf of the RNC.
2.2.1.6. SUB-CONTRACTOR PAYMENTS
2.2.1.6.1. Checking sub-contractors’ measurement
Usually at RNC sub-contractor bills were prepared in two weeks period by the PQS. PQS
assign me to prepare the bill of form work sub-contractor. In this I took the joint measurements with
him.
2.2.1.6.2. Certifying sub-contractor payments
At RNC sub-contractor payments are made within one week after certification of the bill and
bills are prepared in every two weeks time. On behalf of that sub-contractors are paid the daily
expenses according to the labour force of handle by them. I certified the bill prepared by me after
making all the adjustments to the work done by the sub-contractor.
2.2.1.7. VARIATIONS AND EXTRA WORKS
2.2.1.7.1. Preparation and Negotiation of rates (rate analysis)
Variations take place in construction projects as construction works progresses. I was able
prepare rate break downs for variations in different projects as I was able to trained in both head
office and Kaattsu site. During the training at RNC head office I prepared rate breakdown of
Variation of steel roof in Facility building of CBL project. At the Kaattsu site I was able to prepare
a rate break down for Variation of BRC Mesh.
2.2.1.7.2. Usage of day-work schedules
Day works are applied for value the work of a minor or incidental nature. In case of a
variation or an extra-work when the work is minor in nature and if it cannot be measured, day work
Schedules are used for that work to be paid as Day-works. Day works are priced based on the rates
given under contract document. I prepared an estimate for Day Work variation for shifting of 3 nr
G.I posts of CBL projects. Labour, Material and plant usage were obtained from the site QS.
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 36
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
2.2.1.7.3. Extracting Information for Variations and extra works
Theoretically Engineer has to provide a Variation order in writing. But this not happen in
practical and most of the time Engineer verbally issues the Variation orders. Therefore the
procedure used in RNC is to prepare a sheet (e-mail, fax or letter) named as Confirmation of Verbal
Instructions (CVI) and sent it to the Consultant for approval. I didn’t involve in preparing CVI.
When I submit the estimate for variations I included those approvals for Variations in to the
estimate as supporting documents.
2.2.1.8. PREPARATION AND NEGOTIATION OF CLAIMS
A claim could be simply explained as a request for any additional payment with
interpretation of contractual conditions while reviewing contractual correspondence & formulation
of the required payment including cost estimating .Usually all the standard forms of contracts
ensures the right of Contractor to receive any additional payment under the clauses specified in the
contract. So before preparing a claim document, it is important to collect all supporting documents
& records which relevant for the claim.
During my training session at RNC head office as trainee contractor QS I got a valuable
opportunity learn about a previous claim prepared by the SQS for Construction of Proposed
Apartment Complex at No.316, Old Kottawa Road, Nugegoda. based on to reimbursement of costs
incurred to the contractor with respect to the following.
Suspension of the works by the Engineer
Termination by the Contractor
I was able to learn how the additional cost incurred was formulated and the Contractual
correspondence was interpreted in preparing this claim.
2.2.1.9. FINAL ACCOUNTS
Preparation of final accounts is a tedious process as a small mistake can cause financial loss
to the contractor which cannot be reimbursed again. I was able to assist the SQS in preparing the
Final Payment Application of the Construction of Proposed Warehouse and Accomadatio Quarters
for Distilleries Company of Sri Lanka PLC at Harishchandra Mawatha, Anuradhapura project.
Although I was not able to prepare a Final Payment Application alone this was very helpful me in
gathering a good knowledge about procedure of preparing Final Payment Application.
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 37
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
2.2.1.10. PROGRESS MONITORING AND COST CONTROL
During my Training session at RNC head office I was assigned to prepare the progress
report of “Construction of proposed Administrating and Workshop Buildings for ATI
Mattakkuliya”. This was not a very big task for me I only had to update the Labour, material &
machinery records, additional works and the cash flow chart as Construction program was updated
by the Planning Engineer and other details were given by the site. Finally I collected all the details
and prepared the progress report.
2.2.1.11. WORK STUDIES
2.2.1.11.1. Productivity studies
I was only had a one opportunity in Kaattsu site to involved in a productive study. It was for
Form work for base slab of the concrete retaining wall. All the observations related to this
productivity study were entered in to my field book.
2.2.1.11.2. Establishment of labour, plant and material norms
Based on the above productivity study I establish a norm for Form Work for sides of
retaining wall. But actually it is not practical for establish a norm based on a one productive study.
But the training period I trained at the site was not enough for me to conduct the several
productivity studies on the same.
2.2.1.12. DOCUMENTATION AND RECRD KEEPING
2.2.1.12.1. Assist in site/Head office documentation and record keeping
According to the Quality Manual of the RNC all documents and records are correctly
prepared and kept for reference to achieve quality and productivity which leads to obtain company
goals. I observed this in both at the Kaattsu site and Head Office.
To meet the ISO 9001-2008 quality standards, various records are maintained at the site office.
Subcontractor records, Daily work progress records, Day work records, Plant and Machinery usage
records, Weather records, Material records, Test reports, Variation records, etc. Except to these,
records of the all Tenders compete by the Organization and other documents related to tendering, all
the details of completed projects are kept within the QS & estimation department according to the
quality manual.
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Those records are filed and prepared to an order to ease the reference of the staff and others.
Drawings are also listed and kept in order at the drawing rack. It was a good opportunity for me to
involved in record keeping and to understand the importance of records.
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 39
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2.2.2. OBSERVATIONS MADE
2.2.2.1. ACCURACY IN ESTIMATING AND TENDERING
The accuracy maintained by the RNC in estimating & tendering is very appreciable. To
maintain the accuracy of in tendering they first entered the BOQ in to an excel format in a
simplified way. Also to maintain the accuracy of the rates always calculate the rates with necessary
breakdowns for each project by studying the site details in depth. The use of excel format in
tendering leads to minimize the errors of the BOQ’s and the preparation of break downs for each
project causes to prepare a well accurate realistic estimate.
2.2.2.2. QUALITY STANDARDS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
Quality is the factor which all the clients are strictly interested in. RNC was accredited as
ISO 9001: 2000 certified organization at 2008 May and was upgrated it to ISO 9001:2008 in 2010
October. Those quality standards and systems are not only followed at Head office works but also in
all construction projects. Those standards made the work easy, pleasant, efficient and effective.
Quality Assurance is a major aspect of construction work. Hence at the Kaattsu site, there
were several tests conducted to ensure the quality of the construction materials. RNC provided and
use all the required materials with best quality as specified by the consultants with maximum
utilization.
2.2.2.3. COMPETITIVENESS AT TENDERING
RN group has subsidiaries companies for pre-engineered steel structures, Steel roofing,
Ready mix concrete, Cement blocks etc. Therefore RNC has been able to gain advantages from low
overheads through full utilization of resources. Actually human resources of the QS division were
fully utilized. There were only two QSs were directly involved in bidding for all projects & all the
other QS’s were assign for handle the different projects. It leads to minimize the head office
overheads & to come up with competitive rates for the tendering purposes, which is a valuable
advantage to archive a lowest bid figure.
2.2.2.4. WORK LOAD
The amount of work force employed at the head office is insufficient which contributes to
the fact that amount of work performed by an individual is a bit high than average. Due to the
increased scope of works, the people involved in tendering have to work extremely hard in order to
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 40
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
procure tenders. Even as a trainee, I had to handle many large tenders simultaneously thus
increasing the chances for making errors.
2.2.2.5. INCOMPLETENESS OF BOQS
Generally it is said that BOQ should be estimator friendly. But it was observed that a
considerable portion of the work has been omitted in some BOQs at the Tendering stage. At the
same time the descriptions provided were not enough to clearly specify the work item. Therefore
pricing risk is very high to the Contractor. Contractor also cannot prepared an estimate which
cannot compete with the others as well as he cannot bear the unnecessary losses due to these
incompleteness BOQ’s. Therefore this leads to provide unnecessary qualifications to the Bidding
document and to incur considerable number of Variations during the Construction.
2.3. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTED AND REMEDIAL ACTIONS TAKEN
2. 3.1. FREQUENTLY CHANGES IN DRAWINGS
As most of the Works undertaken by the RNC is on Design and Build basis, designs
prepared at the beginning by the Design team will frequently change. Taking off quantities again
and again due to this reason was one of the major problems which I encountered during my training
at RNC. One solution I have taken to get rid of this was including of the grid numbers in to the
measurement sheet when measuring the work items. It was very helpful to me because I had to
identify only the varied part of the Drawing to update the measurement sheet.
2. 3.2. WORK LOAD
Management of RNC usually puts considerable work load to all QS’s of the Organization.
Most of the projects have only one QS and a trainee to carry out all QS related works of the project
and the senior Management of the Organization keep a close look around them. Lots of QS’s carried
out their work by staying at the head office. Therefore they have shared some work load on top of
them with me to carry out their works much more easily. Therefore I was overloaded with tendering
works as well as the site works. Actually this was a good experience to me as well as very helpful in
covering lots of modules in training guideline. Hence I didn’t take this as a burden on me and
completed works assigned to me according to the priority of the work after discussing it with
PQS’s.
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CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
2. 3.3. UNFAMILIARITY WITH COST INFORMATION
As I was trained in the head office of RNC for thirteen weeks, I engaged in tendering for lots
of projects where I had to calculate various rates. Compilation of cost Information was a very
difficult task for me at the beginning as I was no well aware of the suppliers and sub-contractors of
RNC. But with the time I become much familiar with this works with the help of SQS.
2. 3.4. UNFAMILIARITY TO NEGOTIATE WITH SUB-CONTRACTORS
Negotiation of sub-contractor was a new area to me which I was not experienced earlier.
Although I was participated to some negotiation meetings during my training at the CCS I was not
able to directly involve in negotiation. But those meetings was helped me in gathering some
knowledge about negotiation. I also get some idea about negotiating with consulting the SQS.
Therefore I was able to conduct a good negotiation with sub-contractors and was able to obtain
good trade discounts which were more profitable to Organization.
2. 3.5. LACK OF SITE EXPERIENCE
During training period of 16 weeks I had to work in the head office for 13 weeks. With
solicit of me, at the middle of my training I was transferred to a site and it was only for three weeks.
Then again I was called up on to the head office and was advised to complete my training at the
head office as most of the important works relating to sites are carried out at the head office.
Therefore I missed the opportunity to gain the maximum experience in a construction site. Hence I
decided to take the maximum advantage from the three weeks training at site. The discussions had
with the PQS was also helped me to gain a better knowledge about sites and to cover the maximum
of works in the training guidelines.
2. 3.6. LACK OF COMPUTER FACILITY
During my training at RNC I was not given a separate computer and I had to do all my
workings using the common computer of the QS department. Actually all email transactions of QS
department was performed using this computer. Therefore I had to stop my works at middle when
someone came and ask for the computer from me to send or check the emails. Therefore plenty of
times I was loss my concentration regarding the works. Therefore I did all my workings in shared
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CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
folder of this computer which was able to access from all the other computers of the department and
made a suggestion to exchange the computers when they need the general computer for their works.
2. 3.7. LACK OF MS PROJECT KNOWLEDGE
MS Project is the computer application used in project planning works. But I was not well
aware of this computer application when I assign this work. But the eager within me to undertake
challenges leads me to learn this application by experience. I contacted Planning Engineer of RNC
at several times to obtain his advice regarding this work. He provided me necessary information
which are very valuable in preparing the construction plan.
2. 3.8. WORKING FOR LONG HOURS
The culture of RNC was to continue their work at least until 6.00 pm although the office
time is ended at 5.00 pm. I also had to adapt to the same culture as a trainee in RNC head office.
And another practice in RNC was Employees have to complete all the works which they are
assigned to do in that day before leaving the office. The work load on me was also compelled me to
work very long and sometimes I had to work until 7.00- 7.30 to finish my works. Actually it was
not hard for me to calm myself with this exercise when I overlooked the positive aspects that I
could gain by undergoing such a concentrated training.
2. 3.9. HANDLING LARGE NUMBER OF DESIGN AND BUILT PROJECTS
Actually at the beginning Preparation of BOQ for Design and Built was very time
consuming work for me because taking off, abstracting and preparation of BOQ and sometimes
preparing whole estimate was assign to me. But later on I understood most of the items in all BOQ’s
are same because the most of the Design and Build projects were Factory or Ware house buildings
which consisted of steel structure. Hence then I kept a sample measurement sheet and a BOQ with
me and updated its figure when more and more works assigned to me.
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 43
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
2.4. STEPS TAKEN TO OBTAIN BETTER EXPERIENCE
During the training session at RNC I could experience a diversified set of quantity surveying
activities and therefore working long hours was a favourable condition to me. Therefore I was able
to cover most of the training modules that should be covered during training at contracting
organization than expected at the beginning. I was always being conscious about the scope of my
training and therefore I could explore the untouched areas of study.
When I was assigned to train at the Head office of RNC for a long time I realized that site
experience is very important as a QS and then directly discussed it with the CQS & were able to
obtain the permission to work at Kaattsu site. Although it was for a very short time period I was
able to utilize this period to obtain maximum experience in different works and to cover the most of
the modules in training guideline by discussing with the PQS.
Similar as the training at Consultancy Organization I always tried to finished the works
assigned to me very efficiently by enhancing the required quality of them and tried to step in to a
new work. Therefore I always in contact with the other QSs and ask them for any new work after
finishing the assigned work. This leads me to practice different kind of works during the period at
RNC head office.
Where I had found difficulties when I was carrying out some tasks for the first time I get
connected to the CQS or other QS’s and discussed my matters with them because they was always
corporative in manner. Not only within my training at RNC Head office and Kaatsu site I didn’t
take any leave although the other QS trainees taking more leaves per month. It leads to provide me
with a better training & a good impression on my work behaviour.
When I am busy with many works of other QS’s I carried out those according to the priority
of the work by discussing it with the other QSs within the Organization. This leads to avoid of
misunderstandings and to complete the work within the required time period.
During my training session at RNC I was able to work with almost every QS of the
Organization. I respected all the staff members who are experienced and knowledgeable in varies
fields. With my attitude towards the other staff members I made a strong positive relationship with
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 44
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
them. Therefore they were always very helpful towards me and provide their support to gain the
maximum output from my training.
2.5. ASSESSMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION
2.5.1. STRENGTHS
ISO 9001:2008 ACCREDITATION
Acquisition of international recognition is the goal of most of the organizations and thus RNC has
been able to achieve the ISO 9001:2000 accreditation at May 2008 and was able to upgrade it to
ISO 9000:2008 at October 2010 for which the company is entitled with its dedication towards the
development projects carried out throughout the country in the recent past. The accreditation has by
all the RN subsidiaries companies. Therefore this leads to compete in the international arena with
foreign competitors.
DIRECT RESPONSIBILITY
The Managing Director of RNC is in a close look of each and every employer of the Organization.
If some mistake is occurred, the person who handles that work is directly responsible to the
Managing Director. There for all the employers are domains by a single point. This leads to
employers to be more responsible towards their works and to complete their works efficiently by
enhancing the quality of the work.
GOOD WORKING ENVIRONMENT
A good environment within an Organization leads to make the employers more productive.
The Head office & Kaattsu site staff was quite friendly, supportive and helpful at all times. It was a
great opportunity to work in friendly and supportive atmosphere. At the same time trainees were
treated as their own staff and gave the necessary responsibilities to them.. This will result in
improving the skills and capabilities of the trainees. Newly constructed five storied office complex
building for RNC creates a modern environment with necessary facilities such as A/C, Pipe music
etc. Therefore all this leads to increase the productivity of RNC.
BETTER COMMUNICATION & COORDINATION
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 45
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
At RNC head office it was practicing a better communicating system among all the staff
members. The communication barrier was overcome by the close coordination among all
functioning divisions at a transparent working space. All departments carry out their works in
collaborative manner with the other departments. There is good relationship between all staff
members working at different departments. This provides additional strength to the RNC.
THE QUALIFIED STAFFAt RNC all the Senior Management levels were governed by the qualified people with at
least a degree for particular field. Not like other companies more of chartered graduates were placed
at the top level of the hierarchy. And also graduate QSs are the people who are positioned at top
level of QS division. As a well known & distinguished company in the industry, the highly qualified
staff is a secret of their success.
EMPLOYER REWARD SYSTEMS
RNC carried out a reward system for their staff members. According to this system all the
staff members were given points with respect to their work progress. These points were taken in to
account in each two years period to provide salary increment to the staff. On behalf of that company
offers a one week tour for foreign country, to the person and his family who obtain the highest mark
for the period concern. Actually this motivation strategy causes to increase the efficiency and the
accuracy of the works of all staff members.
SUPPORTING COMPANIES FOR CONSTRUCTION
RN group of companies consist with five subsidiaries companies as RN Constructions (Pvt)
Ltd., Amalgamated Building System Lanka (Pvt) Ltd., ABSL Roofing products (Pvt) Ltd., RN
Ready mix (Pvt) Ltd. and RN Cement products (Pvt) Ltd. which are interdependent in their works.
Because of these supporting subsidiaries companies RNC is able to undertake huge capacity of
construction works with reasonable low mark up. These subsidiaries companies provide an
additional strength to RNC.
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 46
CONTRACTOR ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
2.5.2. WEAKNESSES
INSUFFICIENT QS STAFF
At RNC all the site works of most of the projects are carried out by a one PQS with a trainee
QS. As the Quantity surveyor is the person who enhances the cost control throughout the
construction process he should not be overloaded with the responsibilities. When all responsibilities
of a site is assign to a one person, the quality of works usually goes down although he is a well
qualified. In my opinion this is a great disadvantage as it provides some pressure on the senior
Management as well.
CENTRALIZED AUTHORITY
Actually the decision making Authority of the RNC is centralized around the Managing
Director. Even GM, CM, CQS or any other senior person was not allowed to take decisions in their
own. Before making any decision they have to convince it to the MD and have to take approval
prior to implementation of the decision. Actually this causes to some unnecessary delays of a
project.
DEFICIENCY IN ACCURACY DUE TO HIGH WORK LOAD
I have experienced that in some cases when the work load for the estimating purposes were
exceeded QSs get overloaded due to the insufficient staff capacity at RNC QS division. Usually
they were adopting short & fast methods to prepare the estimates within less time when they are
overloaded with works. Accuracy of such estimations will depend on the experience of the
estimator. The risk involved on those estimations will vary based on the value of the final estimate.
If any underestimate or overestimate resulted, it will influence not only the final tender result but
also the productivity of the company.
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 47
CHAPTER 3
SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY
OF THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
SUGGESTIONS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
3.0 SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF THE
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
3.1. ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY THE TRAINEES
It is obvious that the in-plant training is the preliminary exposure of the undergraduate to the
construction industry. Therefore in order to gain the maximum out of it, better to have an idea about
what to expect & be prepared before participating in the training sessions. To facilitate this various
kinds of solutions can be applied. First of all it’s better to brush up the measurement knowledge &
the computer abilities in Word, Excel & AutoCAD software. Referring previous training reports
will be an added value for a prospective trainee since the report is the reflection of the training
which the writer experienced. Such reports will definitely help the trainee to avoid difficulties
during the training period. Concentrating more to the workshops carried out by the Department of
Building Economics will be even more helpful.
It is essential that trainees must not be back footed to face challenges encountered. Being
embarrassed in front of the industry at the training sessions is much better than being embarrassed
as a graduate Quantity Surveyor. At the same time, the trainee should improve on being more polite,
punctual, friendly and loyal to the working organizations.
3.2 ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY THE AUTHORITIES
For any improvement of the training to take place, the Department of the Building
Economics as the authorized body also has to take some actions towards it. It would be valuable for
the Department to maintain a close relationship with the trainees & training organizations
throughout the training period which will vastly enhance the motive of sending undergraduate
students for training. Then the Department will be notified whether the organization is giving the
trainee the opportunity to expose to the practical conditions. It will be an easy task; if the
Department will able to make formal relationships with the passed out seniors to make sure that the
trainee acquires all necessary knowledge within the training period.
It will be a great helping hand if the students are able to master the use of software’s like
AutoCAD and MS-Project as they are widely used in the industry. If the Department can practice
the students with computer based estimating using AutoCAD & Excel before they undergo for
training, the trainee will be more comfortable in tackling problems relating to this area.
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 47
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS NDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
CONCLUSIONS
The role of the Quantity Surveyor within the construction environment is of great
importance to Employer, Contractor and other industry professionals. Being in charge of financial
matters carries with it a great responsibility and the Quantity Surveyor has the expertise to provide
independent advice on these matters. Due to the diversity of each and every project, the Quantity
Surveyor has to customize him self-first in order to customize the rest of the resources.
As the importance and capability of the Quantity Surveying profession is still not identified
clearly in the local construction industry, the graduate Quantity surveyors knowledge is wasted and
limited only to the exercises during the lectures. But it is a plus point to see some new specialist
cost consultant firms are established to carry out services with quality, efficiency and effectiveness.
The 32 weeks of in-plant industrial training gave me a valuable experience and the
opportunity to expose myself to the different working environments and interact with different
professionals relating to the quantity surveying profession. Even though I was not fortunate enough
to practice all areas relating to the quantity surveying profession, I highly appreciate being able to
partake the opportunities I received to the fullest. During my training, I was able to receive
experiences of a life time which I might never get to expose myself to, even after graduation.
The time that the Department of Building Economics exposes the undergraduates to the real
industry was the very best time for an industrial training. Because then the students are able to face
the challenges confidently with the foundation knowledge that they gained from first two years and
complete the third & final years successfully together with the experience, improved during the
training sessions.
By evaluating all the knowledge and experience I gained during both the session of
industrial training, I can identify that the Quantity Surveyor has an important role to play in this vast
construction industry.
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 48
REFERENCES NDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
REFERENCES
Cost Consultancy Services (Pvt) Ltd., Company Profile
(2008). Cost Consultancy Services (Pvt) Ltd [online] Available from:
www.costconsultancy.com [Accessed 15th December 2010].
RN Constructions (Pvt) Ltd., Company Profile
(2009). RN Constructions (Pvt) Ltd [online] Available from: www.rnconstructions.com
[Accessed 16th December 2010].
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMICSPage 49
ANNEXURES