Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee JointsJoints
Most anterior compartment muscles of the hip Most anterior compartment muscles of the hip and thigh flex the femur at the hip and extend the and thigh flex the femur at the hip and extend the leg at the kneeleg at the knee
Posterior compartment muscles of the hip and Posterior compartment muscles of the hip and thigh extend the thigh and flex the legthigh extend the thigh and flex the leg
The medial compartment muscles all adduct the The medial compartment muscles all adduct the thighthigh
These three groups are enclosed by the fascia lataThese three groups are enclosed by the fascia lata
Movements of the Thigh at the Movements of the Thigh at the Hip: Hip:
Flexion and ExtensionFlexion and Extension The ball-and-socket hip joint permits flexion, The ball-and-socket hip joint permits flexion,
extension, abduction, adduction, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotationcircumduction, and rotation
The most important thigh flexors are the The most important thigh flexors are the iliopsoas (prime mover), tensor fasciae latae, iliopsoas (prime mover), tensor fasciae latae, and rectus femorisand rectus femoris
The medially located adductor muscles and The medially located adductor muscles and sartorius assist in thigh flexionsartorius assist in thigh flexion
Movements of the Thigh at the Movements of the Thigh at the Hip: Hip:
Flexion and ExtensionFlexion and Extension Thigh extension is primarily effected by the Thigh extension is primarily effected by the
hamstring muscles (biceps femoris, hamstring muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus) semitendinosus, and semimembranosus)
Forceful extension is aided by the gluteus Forceful extension is aided by the gluteus maximusmaximus
Movements of the Thigh at the Hip: Movements of the Thigh at the Hip: Flexion and ExtensionFlexion and Extension
Figure 10.19a–c
Movements of the Thigh at the Movements of the Thigh at the Hip: Hip:
Other MovementsOther Movements Abduction and rotation are effected by the Abduction and rotation are effected by the
gluteus medius and gluteus minimus, and are gluteus medius and gluteus minimus, and are antagonized by the lateral rotatorsantagonized by the lateral rotators
Thigh adduction is the role of five adductor Thigh adduction is the role of five adductor muscles (adductor magnus, adductor longus, muscles (adductor magnus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis; the pectineus, and the and adductor brevis; the pectineus, and the gracilis)gracilis)
Movements of the Thigh at the Hip: Movements of the Thigh at the Hip: Other MovementsOther Movements
Figure 10.20a
Movements of the Thigh at the Movements of the Thigh at the Hip: Hip:
Other MovementsOther Movements
Figure 10.20b–c
Movements of the Knee JointMovements of the Knee Joint The sole extensor The sole extensor
of the knee is the of the knee is the quadriceps femorisquadriceps femoris
The hamstring The hamstring muscles flex the muscles flex the knee, and are knee, and are antagonists to the antagonists to the quadriceps femorisquadriceps femoris
Figure 10.19a
Fascia of the LegFascia of the Leg A deep fascia of the A deep fascia of the
leg is continuous with leg is continuous with the fascia latathe fascia lata
This fascia segregates This fascia segregates the leg into three the leg into three compartments: compartments: anterior, lateral, and anterior, lateral, and posteriorposterior
Distally, the fascia Distally, the fascia thickens and forms the thickens and forms the flexor, extensor, and flexor, extensor, and fibular retinaculaefibular retinaculae
Figure 10.22a
Muscles of the Leg: MovementsMuscles of the Leg: Movements Various leg muscles produce the following Various leg muscles produce the following
movements at the:movements at the: Ankle – dorsiflexion and plantar flexionAnkle – dorsiflexion and plantar flexion Intertarsal joints – inversion and eversion of the Intertarsal joints – inversion and eversion of the
footfoot Toes – flexion and extensionToes – flexion and extension
Muscles of the Anterior Muscles of the Anterior CompartmentCompartment
These muscles are the These muscles are the primary toe extensors primary toe extensors and ankle dorsiflexorsand ankle dorsiflexors
They include the They include the tibialis anterior, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum extensor digitorum longus, extensor longus, extensor hallucis longus, and hallucis longus, and fibularis tertiusfibularis tertius
Figure 10.21a
Muscles of the Anterior Muscles of the Anterior CompartmentCompartment
Figure 10.21b–d
Muscles of the Lateral CompartmentMuscles of the Lateral Compartment
These muscles plantar These muscles plantar flex and evert the footflex and evert the foot
They include the They include the fibularis longus and fibularis longus and fibularis brevis fibularis brevis musclesmuscles
Figure 10.22a
Muscles of the Lateral CompartmentMuscles of the Lateral Compartment
Figure 10.22b, c
Muscles of the Posterior Muscles of the Posterior CompartmentCompartment
These muscles These muscles primarily flex the foot primarily flex the foot and the toesand the toes
They include the They include the gastrocnemius, soleus, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum flexor digitorum longus, and flexor longus, and flexor hallucis longushallucis longus
Figure 10.23a
Muscles of the Posterior Muscles of the Posterior CompartmentCompartment
Figure 10.23b, c
Muscles of the Posterior Muscles of the Posterior CompartmentCompartment
Figure 10.23d–f
Muscle Actions of the Thigh: Muscle Actions of the Thigh: SummarySummary
Thigh muscles: Thigh muscles: Flex and extend the thigh (posterior compartment)Flex and extend the thigh (posterior compartment) Extend the leg (anterior compartment)Extend the leg (anterior compartment) Adduct the thigh (medial compartment)Adduct the thigh (medial compartment)
Muscle Actions of the Thigh: Muscle Actions of the Thigh: SummarySummary
Figure 10.24a
Muscle Actions of the Leg: Muscle Actions of the Leg: SummarySummary
Leg muscles:Leg muscles: Plantar flex and evert the foot (lateral Plantar flex and evert the foot (lateral
compartment)compartment) Plantar flex the foot and flex the toes (posterior Plantar flex the foot and flex the toes (posterior
compartment)compartment) Dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes (anterior Dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes (anterior
compartment)compartment)
Muscle Actions of the Leg: Muscle Actions of the Leg: SummarySummary
Figure 10.24b
Intrinsic Muscles of the FootIntrinsic Muscles of the Foot These muscles help flex, extend, abduct, and These muscles help flex, extend, abduct, and
adduct the toesadduct the toes In addition, along with some leg tendons, they In addition, along with some leg tendons, they
support the arch of the footsupport the arch of the foot There is a single dorsal foot muscle, the There is a single dorsal foot muscle, the
extensor digitorum brevis, which extends the extensor digitorum brevis, which extends the toestoes
The plantar muscles occur in four layersThe plantar muscles occur in four layers
Plantar Muscles: First Layer Plantar Muscles: First Layer (Superficial)(Superficial)
Superficial muscles Superficial muscles of the plantar aspect of the plantar aspect of the footof the foot
These muscles are These muscles are similar to the similar to the corresponding corresponding muscles of the handmuscles of the hand
Figure 10.25a
Plantar Muscles: Second LayerPlantar Muscles: Second Layer
Figure 10.25b
Plantar Muscles: Third LayerPlantar Muscles: Third Layer
Figure 10.25d
Plantar Muscles: Fourth LayerPlantar Muscles: Fourth Layer
Figure 10.25e–f