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Won Woo Park
SNU Business School
Motivat ion
KDI, 2013/9/5
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Theories of Motivation
Content Theory: What motivates people?
Process Theory: How motivation occur?
Application: Reinforcement Theory
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2
3
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Motivation Theories Integrated5
1) Need Theories
2) Herzberg: Two Factor Theory
1) Vroom et al.: Expectancy Theory
2) Locke: Goal-Setting Theory
3) Adams: Equity Theory
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Performance = Motivation Ability Opportunity
Controllable Uncontrollable
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Theories of Motivation
Content TheoryWhat motivate(s) people?
Process TheoryHow are people motivated?
IntegratedTheory
Application: Reinforcement Theory
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Need Theories 2 Factor Theory
Maslow Alderfer McClelland
Motivator
Hygiene
Factor
Herzberg
Content Theories
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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory
- Human being have five-stageneeds: Physiological, safety,social, self-esteem, and self
actualization)
- Higher-level need appears onlywhen the lower-level need isfulfilled.
Self-Actualization
The drive to become what one is capable of becoming.
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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Low-level Needs
Externallyfulfilled needs
High-level Needs
Internally
fulfilled needs
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AlderfersERG Theory
Core Needs:
Growth
Relatedness
Existence
Concept:
On can have (and fulfill) more thanone need at the same time.
The direction (of need fulfillment)
can start from any level, either fromtop or from bottom.
Human being have three core needs.
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McClellands Learned Needs Theory
nAch
nPow
nAff
Need for Achievement
Need for Affiliation
Need for Power
Not everybody have the three needs automatically.
The three needs can be increased or decreased) via
learning.
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Two views on Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction
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Two Factors:
Hygiene factor
and Motivator
Factors
causing job
dissatisfaction
Factors
causing jobsatisfaction
Source: Herzberg, F., One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees?Harvard Business Review , SeptemberOctober. 1987.
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Vroom et al.s Expectancy Theory
What are the factors of motivation?
Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valence
* Expectancy and instrumentality are subjective probabilities
Through what process motivation occur?
Motivation = Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence
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Lockes Goal-Setting Theory
Setting a specific and challenging goal (accompanied bya feedback) increases ones motivation and leads tohigh performance.
Do your best vs. Be #3 in your class
Lets try our bestvs.Lets get 27% MS
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Adamss Equity Theory
Individuals calculates (subjectively) ones input and outcome.
Each calculates his/her own ratio, and the ratio of others also.
Each compares his/her own ratio with that of others.
One perceives a state of (in)equity when the ratio is (un)equal.
Upon perceiving the state of inequity, one does something to
restore the state of equity.
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Integrated
Theory of
Motivation
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Integration of Key Motivation Theories
Key Theories:
-
Expectancy theory: Effort-Performance-Satisfaction
flow
- Equity Theory: Equity level of extrinsic reward
- 2 Factor theory: Distinction of extrinsic and intrinsic reward
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Reinforcement Theory
To achieve behavior change of employees use every method of
reinforcement equally. Further use burdenless and effective
sanction to internalize peoples behavior
Methods of reinforcementBurdenless and effective sanction
(Punishment)
Good to receive Bad to receive
+ Regulating/rewarding method be legal
Ethical (From group agreement)
Be joyful (fun) & not fatal to individual
- Eagle badge of pilots
- Numbering & pointing out of behavior rules
Provide
Positive
reinforcement
a
Punishment
b
Hold
c
Extinction
d
Negative
reinforcement
To increase good behavior: use a & d
To decrease bad behavior: use b & c
Internalization
3 Types of behavior change: Compliance,
Identification, Internalization
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One type of Reinforcement Punishment
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Reinforcement Instead of Punishment
You, stupid.
Stunned
Where have you learned that bad word?
My baby. Ill give you a 10 dollar. Instead,
never use that word again.
Mommy, I know a 100$ worth bad word also.
Youll definitely give me when you hear.
Stunned