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MONOLITHIC DOMES
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GENERAL OVERVEIWmonolithic dome (from Greek mono- and -lithic, meaning "one stone")
The form may be permanent or temporary and may or may not remain part of the finished structure.
The earliest form of monolithic dome structure could be considered to be the igloo
The dome-like shape of the igloo exhibits the two major advantages of a dome-shaped structure: great strength, and good insulation.
The strength is due to the natural strength of the arch, and the insulation is due to the minimal surface area of a spherical section.
which can withstand disasters like tsunamis, earthquakes, cyclones and floods.
The physical geometry of a building affects its aerodynamic properties and how well it can withstand a storm. Geodesic dome roofs or buildings have low drag coefficients and can withstand higher wind forces than a square building of the same area.[1][2] Even stronger buildings result from monolithic dome construction.
Modern construction differs significantly from the original concrete-over-dirt method.
The current methods were developed by three brothers from Idaho: Barry, Randy, and David South. The first dome built using these method was constructed in Shelley, Idaho:
The largest monolithic dome in the world is the home of Faith Chapel Christian Center in Birmingham, AL. It seizes the record at 72 feet (22 m) tall, and 280 feet (85 m) in diameter. Inside is a floor area of 74,500 square feet (6,920 m2) in two levels. The church was designed by Architect Rick Crandall
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This domed government building inBaghdad, formerly a part of Saddam Hussein's regime, was hit by a 5,000 lb (2,300 kg). Bomb. Apart from the hole made by the entry of the bomb, it remained structurally sound.
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1. INTRODUCTION
MONOLITHIC IS DEDICATED TO IMPROVING PEOPLE’S LIVES WORLDWIDE BY INTRODUCING AND
CONSTRUCTING MONOLITHIC DOMES, FOR PERSONAL AND PUBLIC USE, THAT ARE DISASTER-RESISTANT,
ENERGY-EFFICIENT AND COST-EFFECTIVE.
THEY ARE COST-EFFICIENT, EARTH-FRIENDLY, EXTREMELY DURABLE AND EASILY MAINTAINED. MOST
IMPORTANTLY, A MONOLITHIC DOME USES ABOUT 50% LESS ENERGY FOR HEATING AND COOLING THAN A
SAME-SIZE, CONVENTIONALLY CONSTRUCTED BUILDING.
MONOLITHIC DOMES MEET FEMA STANDARDS FOR
PROVIDING NEAR-ABSOLUTE PROTECTION AND HAVE A PROVEN
ABILITY TO SURVIVE TORNADOES, HURRICANES, EARTHQUAKES,
MOST MANMADE DISASTERS, FIRE, TERMITES AND ROT.
MONOLITHIC DOMES ARE NEITHER RESTRICTED BY CLIMATE NOR BY SITE LOCATION. IN TERMS OF ENERGY
CONSUMPTION, DURABILITY, DISASTER RESISTANCE AND MAINTENANCE, MONOLITHIC DOMES PERFORM WELL IN
ANY CLIMATE, EVEN EXTREMELY HOT OR COLD ONES. AND THEY CAN BE CONSTRUCTED ON VIRTUALLY ANY SITE:
IN THE MOUNTAINS, ON BEACHES, EVEN UNDERGROUND OR
UNDERWATER.
FEMA : FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY’S
MANY SCHOOLS NOW CONDUCT THEIR CLASSES IN
MONOLITHIC DOMES. SOME ARE DESIGNATED AS TORNADO
SHELTERS. OTHERS HAVE MONOLITHIC DOME GYMNASIUMS,
AUDITORIUMS, MULTIPURPOSE CENTERS, LIBRARIES, ETC.
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2.CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
MONOLITHIC DOMES ARE CONSTRUCTED FOLLOWING A METHOD THAT REQUIRES A TOUGH, INFLATABLE
AIRFORM, STEEL-REINFORCED CONCRETE AND A POLYURETHANE FOAM INSULATION. EACH OF THESE INGREDIENTS
IS USED IN A TECHNOLOGICALLY SPECIFIC WAY.
AIRFORM : THE MONOLITHIC AIRFORM IS A BALLOONLIKE,
INFLATABLE STRUCTURE THAT DETERMINES THE SHAPE AND SIZE OF
A DOME. IT’S MADE OF PVC-COATED NYLON OR POLYESTER FABRIC,
AVAILABLE IN SEVERAL WEIGHTS AND A RAINBOW OF COLORS. EACH
MONOLITHIC AIRFORM IS DESIGNED FOR A SPECIFIC PROJECT AND
MANUFACTURED IN BRUCO, A 240′ × 60′ FACTORY EQUIPPED WITH
STATE-OF-THE-ART MACHINERY.
STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE :
1. FOUNDATION
2. AIRFORM
3. POLYURETHANE FOAM
4. STEEL REBAR
5. SHOTCRETE
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STEP 2 - AN AIRFORM – FABRICATED TO THE PROPER
SHAPE AND SIZE – IS PLACED ON THE RING BASE. USING
BLOWER FANS, IT IS INFLATED AND THE AIRFORM
CREATES THE SHAPE OF THE STRUCTURE TO BE
COMPLETED. THE FANS RUN THROUGHOUT
CONSTRUCTION OF THE DOME.
The air form contains an airlock to allow workers to enter the form
while it is inflated.
• THE AIRFORM IS A HIGHLY ENGINEERED FABRIC
STRUCTURE THAT SHOULD BE HANDLED WITH GREAT
CARE. MANY FACTORS ENTER INTO ITS ATTACHMENT TO
THE CONCRETE FOUNDATION.
• MAKE SURE THE REBAR IS BENT OVER THE FOOTING TO
AVOID TEARING THE AIRFORM DURING INFLATION.
STEP 1 - FOUNDATION : THE MONOLITHIC DOME STARTS AS A
CONCRETE RING FOUNDATION, REINFORCED WITH STEEL
REBAR. VERTICAL STEEL BARS EMBEDDED IN THE RING
ATTACHED TO THE STEEL REINFORCING OF THE
DOME ITSELF. SMALL DOMES MAY USE AN INTEGRATED
FLOOR/RING FOUNDATION. OTHERWISE, THE FLOOR
IS POURED AFTER COMPLETION OF THE DOME.
defining the shape of the base of the structure.
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LAYING IT OUT :• THE ENTIRE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE FOUNDATION MAY BE
COVERED BEFORE ANY CLAMP STRAPS ARE BOLTED ON. THIS
IS TO PERMIT ANY NECESSARY ADJUSTMENT OF THE
ALIGNMENT OF THE AIRFORM TO THE FOUNDATION.
• BE SURE YOU ATTACH THE AIRFORM ON ONE SIDE, THEN
IT’S OPPOSITE. THEN ATTACH THE QUARTER POINTS, AND
THEIR OPPOSITES AND CONTINUE EVENLY ALL THE WAY
AROUND.
• THE AIRFORM WILL STRETCH TO FIT THE FOUNDATION IF
YOU MEET THE INDIVIDUAL POINTS.
• THE CLAMP STRAPS ARE PLACED ABOVE THE ROPE AND
SECURED BY THE CONCRETE BOLTS AND SCREWS. SPACING
OF THE FASTENERS SHOULD BE 6" TO 24" ON CENTER
DEPENDING ON PRESSURE AND TYPE OF FASTENER USED.
• THE AIRLOCK IS THEN ATTACHED TO THE APPROPRIATE
OPENING.
• INFLATE IN AS LITTLE WIND AS POSSIBLE AND AS RAPIDLY
AS MAKES SENSE. INSPECT THE PERIMETER AS THE
INFLATION PROGRESSES. WATCH FOR HANG-UPS OF THE
AIRFORM.
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STEP 3 -
POLYURETHANE FOAM IS APPLIED
TO THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF THE
AIRFORM. APPROXIMATELY THREE
INCHES OF FOAM IS APPLIED. THE
FOAM IS ALSO THE BASE FOR
ATTACHING THE STEEL
REINFORCING REBAR.
(Its purposes are to give rigidity to the air
form, secure the rebar in place, provide
support for spraying in the concrete
mixture, and insulate the final structure.)a: COVER AND PROTECT
COVER THE REBAR, EQUIPMENT AND
FLOOR WITH PLASTIC TO PROTECT
FROM FOAM AND SHOTCRETE
OVERSPRAY.b: PRIME!
IF YOU WANT SOMETHING TO STICK
TO THE AIRFORM, YOU NEED TO USE
A PRIMER! A THIN LAYER IS ALL THAT IS
NEEDED (300-400 SQ. FT. PER GALLON). LET
THE PRIMER DRY COMPLETELY BEFORE
APPLYING FOAM.
c : CHOOSE A FOAM
FOAM COMES IN SEVERAL SET
TIMES AND IS AVAILABLE FOR COLD OR
WARM WEATHER. THE SPEED OF FOAM
USED DEPENDS ON THE SEASON AND
CLIMATE.
d : FOAM APPLICATION
SEAL BOTTOM OF THE INTERIOR
SURFACE OF THE AIRFORM WITH FOAM.
DO NOT COVER REBAR IN THE KEYWAY
OR SPRAY FOAM IN THE KEYWAY.
SPRAY FOAM EVENLY TO 1/2-INCH
THICKNESS ON ENTIRE INTERIOR
AIRFORM SURFACE. THE FOAM WILL DRY
TO THE TOUCH IN THREE TO FOUR
SECONDS.
e : TEST THICKNESS
SPRAY ANOTHER 1/2- TO 3/4-INCH LAYER OF FOAM,
MAKING THE TOTAL THICKNESS, AT THIS POINT,
AN INCH AND A QUARTER.
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STEP 5 :
SHOTCRETE – A SPECIAL SPRAY MIX OF CONCRETE – IS APPLIED TO THE
INTERIOR SURFACE OF THE DOME. THE STEEL REBAR IS EMBEDDED IN THE
CONCRETE AND WHEN ABOUT THREE INCHES OF SHOTCRETE IS APPLIED, THE
MONOLITHIC DOME IS FINISHED. THE BLOWER FANS ARE SHUT OFF AFTER THE
CONCRETE IS SET.
STEP 4 :
STEEL REINFORCING REBAR IS ATTACHED TO THE
FOAM USING A SPECIALLY ENGINEERED LAYOUT OF
HOOP (HORIZONTAL) AND VERTICAL STEEL REBAR.
SMALL DOMES NEED SMALL DIAMETER BARS WITH
WIDE SPACING. LARGE DOMES REQUIRE LARGER
BARS WITH CLOSER SPACING.
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SHOTCRETING MIX COMPOSITION : FOR STRENGTH
THIS IS FOR A SEVEN SACK MIX USED FOR SHOTCRETE
FOR MAXIMUM STRENGTH UTILIZING KEL-CRETE AS
AND ADMIXTURE. THIS MIX DESIGN IS FOR 3/10’S OF A
CUBIC YARD – USING TWO SACKS OF CEMENT. IT IS
FORMULATED ESPECIALLY FOR THE MONOLITHIC
PORTABLE CONCRETE MIXER, BUT WILL WORK WELL IN
MOST 9 CUBIC FOOT MIXERS.
CEMENT — 188 LBS TWO SACKS OF STANDARD TYPE I
OR II OR I-II PORTLAND CEMENT. THIS IS WHAT THE
LUMBER YARD WILL CARRY. IT IS NOT MORTAR MIX.
WATER — ABOUT 80 LBS (10 GALLONS) WATER MUST
BE CLEAN (POTABLE). THIS WILL VARY FROM JOB TO JOB
AND MUST BE ADJUSTED. THE WATER IN THE AGGREGATE
WILL CAUSE A DIFFERENCE IN THE AMOUNT OF WATER
NEEDED. ADJUST TO A PROPER SLUMP. 2" TO 6" AS NEEDED.
CONCRETE SAND — 690 LBS (TEN, 5 GALLON
BUCKETS IS A GOOD APPROXIMATE MEASURE).
PEA ROCK — 140 LBS (TWO, 5 GALLON BUCKETS.) THE
AMOUNT OF PEA ROCK IS ADJUSTED PER GRADATION OF
THE SAND. IF THE SAND IS HIGH IN LARGER AGGREGATE
THE PEA ROCK MAY BE LEFT OUT. IF IT IS LOW, THEN MORE
MAY BE NEEDED.
DUE TO PEAROCKS :
IN A FREEZING EXPOSURE, A GOOD ENTRAINED AIR VOID
SYSTEM IS A MUST, AND THE MIXTURE DEVELOPS 3500-PSI
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BEFORE THE FIRST WINTER
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Monolithic Dome Benefits: 1.GREEN BUILDINGS - MONOLITHIC DOMES
ARE GREEN BUILDINGS – THEY ARE CONSIDERED
AMONG THE GREENEST OF TODAY’S BUILDING
ALTERNATIVES.
2.SURVIVABILITY - THEY MEET OR EXCEED FEMA’S
STANDARDS FOR PROVIDING NEAR-ABSOLUTE
PROTECTION. MONOLITHIC DOMES ARE PROVEN
SURVIVORS OF TORNADOES, HURRICANES,
EARTHQUAKES AND FIRES.
3. ENERGY - THE MONOLITHIC DOME IS A MICRO-
ENERGY USER. IT NEEDS A MINIMUM OF ENERGY TO
MAINTAIN A COMFORTABLE INTERIOR, USUALLY ONE
FOURTH OF THAT USED BY A SUPER-INSULATED
METAL BUILDING OR A CONVENTIONAL HOUSE
BLANKETED IN AN AIRTIGHT WRAP.
4.STRENGTH - THE MONOLITHIC DOME — IS THE MOST DISASTER RESISTANT BUILDING THAT CAN BE BUILT AT A
REASONABLE PRICE. A WIND OF 250 MPH (USED IN FEMA 361) PUSHES WITH A PRESSUE OF 300 POUNDS PER SQUARE
FOOT. WIND SPEED OF 300 MPH IS CONSIDERED MAXIMUM FOR A TORNADO. A FORCE 5 TORNADO PUSHES WITH 4
TIMES THE PRESSUE OF A FORCE 5 HURRICANE. NO NORMAL BUILDING CAN WITHSTAND THAT MUCH PRESSURE.
MANY MONOLITHIC DOMES ARE BURIED UP TO 30 FEET DEEP. THEY MUST WITHSTAND PRESSURED UP TO 1 TON PER
SQUARE FOOT (2000 PSF). THE FACT IS, THE MONOLITHIC DOME IS NOT FLAT AND THEREFORE NEVER CAN MAXIMUM
WIND PUSH AGAINST MORE THAN A SMALL AREA.
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5. EMP SAFETY(ELECTRO-MAGNETIC
PULSE - MONOLITHIC NOW INTRODUCES
EMP SAFETY. A MONOLITHIC DOME WITH
THE RIGHT COMPONENTS CAN PROTECT
ITS OCCUPANTS AND/OR EQUIPMENT FROM
EMP DEVASTATION.
LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST :
A MONOLITHIC DOME’S CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS SAVES BOTH MONEY AND TIME. A
DOME’S INTERIOR CAN BE PLANNED AND
DESIGNED FOR ANY ACTIVITY OR USE AND
WITH VIRTUALLY ANY THEME. THE
DOME’S DISASTER-RESISTANCE USUALLY
MERITS LOWER INSURANCE PREMIUMS.
FLEXIBILITY IN PLANS, FORMS & USABILITY.
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Disadvantages
EngineeringThe techniques used in monolithic dome construction are very different from normal construction methods, so only specially trained construction crews are suited for building a dome using the modern techniques.The curved surfaces inherent to monolithic dome construction often result in oddly shaped rooms when divided up, which can result in wasted space in narrow corners. There are issues of wasted floor space due to wall curvature and problems fitting furniture, similar to those of Quonset huts. This effect can be minimized by constructing the dome on a stem wall, or by using an airform of such shape as to allow for straight, vertical walls at ground level.The monolithic dome's lack of seams may make it too well sealed; dehumidifiers are required in all but the driest climates.
SocialSocial disadvantages of monolithic domes are to a large degree shared by geodesic domes, due to the similar shape and unorthodox construction. These disadvantages are:The radically different appearance of the domes also decreases the appeal for their use as private residences—the standard circular base doesn't fit well on small lots found in many areas, and the strange appearance and design may run afoul of neighborhood building covenants. Depending on the situation, a large variety of variations available from the standard circular shape can avoid some of these problems.Building permits may be difficult to obtain if local officials are not familiar with the monolithic dome.Resale of a monolithic dome home may be difficult because of its unconventional appearance.
Step 1- Excavation
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Step 2- Foundation + placing of balloon
Step 3- Inflating balloon
Step 3- Inflating balloon Step 4- Formwork for windows Step 5- Rebaring
Step 5- Rebaring Step 6- Services-Electrical & Plumbing
Step 6- Services-Electrical & Plumbing
Step 7- Shortcreting
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Step 8- Curing Step 9- Marking for interiors
Step 10- Partition walls Step 11- Laying Slabs
Step 12- Stairs Step 13- Laying fixtures Step 14- Interior Finishing
Step 15- Exterior Finishing
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In 2000, Catalytic Software began the construction of a massive, self-sustaining complex of domes, that includes attractive, safe areas for living, working and socializing.
New Oroville is designed to provide all that the suburban life offers, such as parks, gardens, swimming pools, clean water and more.
In this high-tech society, every employee will live in a one-, two- or three-story dome home that has the ability to withstand natural disasters and is equipped with lightning speed Internet access.
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New Oroville is located on 50 acres in Hyderabad, India’s high-tech hub, and includes some 4000 domes.
New Oroville was designed for superior protection. The domes act as information silos, physically separating teams and isolating data.
The eco-friendly domes are durable and energy efficient.
To make the construction process more efficient, local labor crews were divided into four categories: Mixer Crew, Spray Crew, Steel Crew and Form Crew.
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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, PLEASE FEEL FREE TO CONTACT:
© Metropolitan Atelier • [email protected] 4460,gate no-3, B 5& 6, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi-70• 9810580126 •
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