MetersMeters

• Simple meter:Simple meter:• Duple, Triple, Quadruple

• Compound meters:Compound meters:• Sextuple = Compound Duple Sextuple = Compound Duple • 6 beats BUT with accents on 1 & 4 6 beats BUT with accents on 1 & 4 • Compound Triple Compound Triple • 9 beats BUT with accents on 1 & 4 & 79 beats BUT with accents on 1 & 4 & 7

HarmonyHarmony

• simultaneous happenings in musicsimultaneous happenings in music• Vertical space (depth) Vertical space (depth) • What happens underneath the melodyWhat happens underneath the melody• like the illusion of perspective or depth in like the illusion of perspective or depth in

paintingpainting• AKA: movement and relationship of AKA: movement and relationship of

intervals and chordsintervals and chords

HarmonyHarmony

• Intervals,Intervals, distance between any two tones distance between any two tones • Horizontal--melodic• Vertical--harmonic

• ScaleScale, collection of intervals , collection of intervals • Do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do

• ChordChord, combination of 3 or more tones , combination of 3 or more tones (usually from the scale)(usually from the scale)• Do/mi/sol or 1/3/5 = major chord

Harmonic behaviorHarmonic behavior

• TonicTonic, “do” of the scale , “do” of the scale • the chord built with “do” as the root

• ““Aka” “keynote”Aka” “keynote”• greatest gravitational pull• Chords exhibit in a hierarchy, with the tonic at the top • Major tonality (tonic is a major chord)

• Minor tonality (tonic is a minor chord) Minor tonality (tonic is a minor chord) • dissonance,dissonance, chords that sound unstable chords that sound unstable

• Create motion (often toward tonic)

• consonance,consonance, stable, at rest stable, at rest

FORMFORM

• Form is defined by repetition and Form is defined by repetition and contrastcontrast

• Repetition (A A)Repetition (A A)

• Contrast (A B A)Contrast (A B A)

• Variation (A A1 A2 ...)Variation (A A1 A2 ...)

FORMFORM

• What is the form of “Twinkle, Twinkle What is the form of “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star?Little Star?

• ABBAABBA• What is the form of “Goodbye, Old What is the form of “Goodbye, Old

paint?”paint?”• ABAABA

NAMESNAMES OF BASIC FORMSOF BASIC FORMS

• BINARY ( A vs. B)BINARY ( A vs. B)• Greensleeves (variation & binary)• A (a a1) A1 (a a1) B (b b1)

• TERNARY (A B A)TERNARY (A B A)• Goodbye Old Paint• A B A

• STROPHIC (many verses sung to STROPHIC (many verses sung to the same music) the same music)

• “Yesterday” (Beatles)• “Yesterday all my troubles … (A)• “Suddenly there’s a shadow … (A)

Building Blocks of FormBuilding Blocks of Form

• ThemeTheme• A melodic idea used as a building block of

form.• Thematic development: elaborating or

varying a musical idea • Example of thematic development:

Beethoven’s fifth symphony

TextureTexture

• the interaction of musical lines (musical fabric)the interaction of musical lines (musical fabric)• 1. Monophony/monophonic single line1. Monophony/monophonic single line

• Gregorian chant• Native American traditional music

• 2. polyphony -more than one melody together2. polyphony -more than one melody together• Imitation: a common form of polyphony

• Canon & round (“Row, row, row your boat”)• Rimsky Korsakov Capriccio Espagnol

• 3. homophony- one melody with supporting harmony3. homophony- one melody with supporting harmony• Shall We Gather at the River• Pictures at an Exhibition

TextureTexture

• What texture are these examples?What texture are these examples?• Stravinsky• Mozart Piano Concerto• Hungarian traditional song• Billings, “Chester”

DYNAMICSDYNAMICS

• Relative Quietness or LoudnessRelative Quietness or Loudness

Piano Piano Forte Forte pp f f (quiet)(quiet) (loud) (loud)

DYNAMICSDYNAMICS

• The relative gradation scale:The relative gradation scale:

Pianissimo Pianissimo Piano mezzo-piano mezzo-forte forte fortissimo Piano mezzo-piano mezzo-forte forte fortissimo

pppp pp mp mf f ff mp mf f ff

(quieter) (louder)• decrescendo-getting quieter • crescendo-getting louder

TEMPOTEMPO

• Speed of the pulse Speed of the pulse • SLOW SLOW Fast Fast

adagioadagio presto presto

TIMBRETIMBRE

• PitchPitch• DurationDuration• VolumeVolume• TimbreTimbre

Properties of SoundProperties of Sound

GENREGENRE

• The category or type of musicThe category or type of music• Often related to performing forcesOften related to performing forces