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Manifest Destiny, Manifest Destiny, 18101810––18531853
Manifest Destiny, 1810Manifest Destiny, 1810––18531853
Westward Westward expansion has expansion has political, political, economic, and economic, and social effects on social effects on the development the development of the United of the United States.States.
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Mountain Men Open the WestMountain Men Open the West
Mountain men explore Mountain men explore the West while the West while searching for furssearching for furs They provide They provide
knowledge of West that knowledge of West that helps later pioneers helps later pioneers move westmove west Jedediah Smith finds Jedediah Smith finds
South Pass that was South Pass that was later used by pioneers later used by pioneers as wagon trail as wagon trail
The Lure of the WestThe Lure of the West
Many use the West to make money and Many use the West to make money and take land from Native Americanstake land from Native Americans Land speculators buy huge areas of land, Land speculators buy huge areas of land,
hope value will increase hope value will increase If value goes up, speculators divide land If value goes up, speculators divide land
into smaller sectionsinto smaller sections
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The Lure of the WestThe Lure of the West
Make great profits selling sections to Make great profits selling sections to thousands of settlersthousands of settlers Manufacturers and merchants soon Manufacturers and merchants soon
follow the settlers westfollow the settlers west They hope to earn money, making, They hope to earn money, making,
and selling items farmers needand selling items farmers need
The Santa Fe TrailThe Santa Fe Trail
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The Trail to Santa FeThe Trail to Santa Fe
Mexico gains Mexico gains independence (1821) independence (1821) and opens its borders to and opens its borders to American tradersAmerican traders William Becknell goes to William Becknell goes to
Santa Fe, New Mexico, Santa Fe, New Mexico, opens Santa Fe Trailopens Santa Fe Trail He makes profit trading, He makes profit trading,
news spreads, traders news spreads, traders can get rich in New can get rich in New MexicoMexico
The Trail to Santa FeThe Trail to Santa Fe
Becknell makes Becknell makes another trip to another trip to Santa Fe, uses a Santa Fe, uses a shortcutshortcut Soon hundreds Soon hundreds
of traders use of traders use same route from same route from Missouri to New Missouri to New MexicoMexico
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The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail Started in Independence, Missouri and ended in Started in Independence, Missouri and ended in
Portland, Oregon (the Willamette Valley)Portland, Oregon (the Willamette Valley) The route to Oregon followed some of the same paths The route to Oregon followed some of the same paths
that Lewis & Clark had followed decades before.that Lewis & Clark had followed decades before.
Oregon FeverOregon Fever
Hundreds of settlers Hundreds of settlers begin migrating west begin migrating west on the Oregon Trailon the Oregon Trail First whites to cross to First whites to cross to
Oregon are Oregon are missionariesmissionaries U.S. and Britain argue U.S. and Britain argue
over ownership of over ownership of OregonOregon
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Oregon FeverOregon Fever
Missionaries report Missionaries report about Oregon’s rich about Oregon’s rich land, attract many land, attract many settlerssettlers In 1843, nearly In 1843, nearly
1,000 people travel 1,000 people travel from Missouri to from Missouri to OregonOregon
The Mormon TrailThe Mormon Trail
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The Mormon TrailThe Mormon Trail MormonsMormons——members members
of Church of Jesus of Church of Jesus Christ of LatterChrist of Latter--Day Day SaintsSaints People fought against People fought against
the Mormons the Mormons because:because: Beliefs are different Beliefs are different
from traditional from traditional Christianity Christianity
Practice polygamyPractice polygamy Vote in blocksVote in blocks Opposition to slaveryOpposition to slavery
The Mormon TrailThe Mormon Trail
Mob kills Mormon leader Mob kills Mormon leader Joseph Smith, Mormons Joseph Smith, Mormons decide to leave U.S.decide to leave U.S. Next leader, Brigham Next leader, Brigham
Young, leads 1,600 Young, leads 1,600 Mormons to Utah (1847) Mormons to Utah (1847) Build settlement by the Build settlement by the
Great Salt LakeGreat Salt Lake
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Americans Support Manifest Americans Support Manifest Destiny Destiny
West occupied by Native West occupied by Native Americans and MexicansAmericans and Mexicans Americans view West as Americans view West as
unoccupied, many want to unoccupied, many want to settle in regionsettle in region Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny——U.S. U.S.
expansion from Atlantic to expansion from Atlantic to the Pacific is sure to the Pacific is sure to happenhappen
Americans Support Manifest Americans Support Manifest Destiny Destiny
Manifest destiny Manifest destiny becomes U.S. becomes U.S. policy under policy under President James President James K. PolkK. Polk U.S. and Britain U.S. and Britain
divide Oregon divide Oregon territory at 49th territory at 49th parallel (1846) parallel (1846)
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Troubles with MexicoTroubles with Mexico
U.S. Congress admits U.S. Congress admits Texas as slave state Texas as slave state (1846) this angers Mexico(1846) this angers Mexico Texas and Mexico do not Texas and Mexico do not
agree on official border, agree on official border, U.S. diplomacy failsU.S. diplomacy fails General Zachary Taylor General Zachary Taylor
stations U.S. troops in stations U.S. troops in disputed regiondisputed region
Troubles with MexicoTroubles with Mexico
Action viewed by Action viewed by Mexico as an act of Mexico as an act of war, Mexico attacks war, Mexico attacks U.S. patrolU.S. patrol Congress declares war Congress declares war
on Mexico, some on Mexico, some Americans are against Americans are against warwar Southerners want to Southerners want to
extend slavery into extend slavery into Texas, Northerners do Texas, Northerners do notnot
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The Invasion of MexicoThe Invasion of Mexico
General Zachary General Zachary Taylor leads U.S. Taylor leads U.S. troops into Mexico troops into Mexico from Texasfrom Texas Fights Santa Anna Fights Santa Anna
and Mexican troops and Mexican troops at Buena Vista, the at Buena Vista, the Mexican troops Mexican troops retreatretreat
The Invasion of MexicoThe Invasion of Mexico
General Winfield General Winfield Scott and U.S. Scott and U.S. troops land in troops land in Veracruz, MexicoVeracruz, Mexico They head inland They head inland
to Mexico City, to Mexico City, fight Mexican fight Mexican troops, and capture troops, and capture Mexico City Mexico City
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The Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession
War ends with the War ends with the Treaty of Guadalupe Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)Hidalgo (1848) Mexico recognizes Mexico recognizes
Texas as a part of Texas as a part of the U.S. and the Rio the U.S. and the Rio Grande as Grande as Mexican/U.S. borderMexican/U.S. border
The Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession
Mexico gives up Mexico gives up vast region known vast region known as the Mexican as the Mexican Cession:Cession: amounts to almost amounts to almost
oneone--half of Mexicohalf of Mexico U.S. pays Mexico U.S. pays Mexico
$15 million for $15 million for regionregion
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The Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession
Mexicans in U.S. Mexicans in U.S. become a become a minority and minority and contribute to contribute to American cultureAmerican culture
““From Sea to Shining Sea”From Sea to Shining Sea”
Mexico sells land to Mexico sells land to U.S., the Gadsden U.S., the Gadsden Purchase (1853):Purchase (1853): costs U.S. $10 costs U.S. $10
millionmillion includes southern includes southern
New Mexico and New Mexico and ArizonaArizona
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““From Sea to Shining Sea”From Sea to Shining Sea”
In 1848, the U.S. In 1848, the U.S. extends from the extends from the Atlantic to the Atlantic to the Pacific Pacific President Polk President Polk
learns gold was learns gold was found in found in CaliforniaCalifornia
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California Before the RushCalifornia Before the Rush
Before gold rush, Before gold rush, California is populated California is populated by Native Americans by Native Americans and Californiosand Californios CaliforniosCalifornios——California California
settlers of Spanish or settlers of Spanish or Mexican descentMexican descent Most live on huge cattle Most live on huge cattle
ranches ranches
Rush for GoldRush for Gold
News of gold News of gold discovery spreads discovery spreads rapidly and starts rapidly and starts California gold rushCalifornia gold rush Gold rush occurs Gold rush occurs
when many people when many people move to where gold move to where gold has been foundhas been found
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Rush for GoldRush for Gold
Thousands of gold seekers Thousands of gold seekers set out to California using set out to California using one of 3 routes:one of 3 routes: sail around South America sail around South America
and up Pacific coastand up Pacific coast sail to Isthmus of Panama, sail to Isthmus of Panama,
crossover, then sail to crossover, then sail to CaliforniaCalifornia travel overland across travel overland across
North AmericaNorth America
Life in the Mining CampsLife in the Mining Camps
FortyForty--ninersniners——people who go to people who go to California to find California to find gold, starting 1849gold, starting 1849 Often live in camps Often live in camps
with colorful names with colorful names like Coyote like Coyote Diggings, or Diggings, or HangtownHangtown
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Life in the Mining CampsLife in the Mining Camps
Camp life is Camp life is dangerous and the dangerous and the mining is hard work, mining is hard work, few find much goldfew find much gold Miners pay high Miners pay high
prices for supplies prices for supplies and con artists and con artists swindle minersswindle miners
The Impact of the Gold RushThe Impact of the Gold Rush
During gold rush 250,000 During gold rush 250,000 people flood into California people flood into California and it is over by 1852and it is over by 1852 San Francisco becomes San Francisco becomes
center for banking, center for banking, shipping, and trade shipping, and trade Gold rush ruins many Gold rush ruins many
Californios, Americans Californios, Americans seize their propertyseize their property
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The Impact of the Gold RushThe Impact of the Gold Rush Thousands of Native Thousands of Native
Americans die from Americans die from diseases brought by minersdiseases brought by miners Thousands of Native Thousands of Native
Americans were killedAmericans were killed Due to gold rush, California Due to gold rush, California
has enough people to apply has enough people to apply for statehoodfor statehood California is admitted as free California is admitted as free
state in 1850state in 1850
The Impact of the Gold RushThe Impact of the Gold Rush
Outlaws slavery but Outlaws slavery but does not grant African does not grant African Americans right to Americans right to vote vote Southerners fear Southerners fear
California will upset California will upset the balance between the balance between slave and free statesslave and free states Conflict over issue Conflict over issue
threatens survival of threatens survival of the Unionthe Union
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Chinese men came to Chinese men came to American to American to find jobs building find jobs building
railroadsrailroads to get rich finding gold to get rich finding gold
in Californiain California to find work as to find work as
agricultural harvesters.agricultural harvesters.
Chinese AmericansChinese Americans
Many immigrants coming into the US were Many immigrants coming into the US were detained for weeks and sometimes months detained for weeks and sometimes months before being granted entry. before being granted entry.
Chinese AmericansChinese Americans
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The first group of people to be legally The first group of people to be legally excluded from entering the US were the excluded from entering the US were the Chinese.Chinese.
Chinese AmericansChinese Americans
The Transcontinental The Transcontinental RailroadRailroad
•At the end of the Civil War railroad tracks still stopped at the Missouri River.
•Men had dreamed of building a line from coast to coast.
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The Transcontinental The Transcontinental RailroadRailroad
•The Transcontinental Railroad, when built, was 1,775 miles from Omaha, NE to Sacramento, CA.
The Transcontinental The Transcontinental RailroadRailroad
A path would have to be cut through:
•Mountains higher than any railroad-builder had ever faced
•Span deserts where there was no water anywhere
•Cross treeless prairies where anxious and defiant Indians would resist their passage.
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The Transcontinental The Transcontinental RailroadRailroad
•In 1862, Congress gave charters to two companies to build these tracks.
•The Central Pacific was to push eastward from Sacramento, over the Sierra Nevada mountains.
•The Union Pacific was to start from Omaha Nebraska, cross the great plains and cut through the Rockies.
The Transcontinental The Transcontinental RailroadRailroad
•The Union Pacific and Central Pacific were locked in a race to see who could lay the most track to get the most land and money.
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The Transcontinental The Transcontinental RailroadRailroad
Stanford Huntington Hopkins Crocker
The Central Pacific Railroad made these four investors some of the wealthiest men in America.
The Transcontinental The Transcontinental RailroadRailroad
•Finally, on May 10, 1869, The Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad met at Promontory Summit, Utah.