By Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Define the concept Literature Review Discuss some sources of Literature Review Explain the importance of review of related
literature Explain the limit and review of Literature Explain the different approaches of
referencing, citation and direct quotes Conduct literature review
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
• According to Owolabi.J(2006), literature review is the gradual process which the researcher uses to search out, read, digest and critically evaluating previous works of scholars related to the problem under investigation
• In order to understand your study, you need to familiarize yourself with what other scholars have done in your proposed topic/study
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
In literature review, you are getting full knowledge of the area of your interest
Literature review is chapter two of the research proposal
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Definition:• Systematic identification and location of
documents concerning information related to the research problem.
• Mugenda & Mugenda(199:29) reports that the reviewing of literature involves:– The systematic identification– Location and analysis of documents containing
information related to the research problem being investigated.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Summary and analysis of previous researches showing how they are linked to the present study.
Re+ view=look again at what others have done in areas that are similar, though not necessarily identical to one’s own area of investigation.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
A thoughtful thematic review of any historical, theoretical and methodological issues you are dealing with
Written discursively telling your readers which academic conversation you are taking part in and why.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Historical issues-what past work has been done in this area?
Methodological issues: how have others tackled similar(or even very different) problems?
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Integrative◦ Drawing conclusions from many separate studies
Theoretical◦ Present different theories to explain a certain
phenomenon, comparing breadth, consistency and predictions
Methodological◦ Examine research methods that have been
applied to particular problem.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
It can reveal to you sources of data you never thought of.
Without an effective literature review, the rest of the research work will be shallow, substandard and naive and will most certainly duplicate work that has already been done
It can introduce you to eminent scholars It can increase your confidence in your selected
topic It can reveal investigations similar to yours and
it can now show how other scholars handled methodological and design issues.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Literature review helps the researcher to get used to the related material on the study
avoid unnecessary and unintentional duplication of others researchers' projects-It will help to contribute to knowledge
Helps to summarize the results of previous studies in order for you to use them as data base for your findings.
You can learn from other researchers’ mistakes and avoid making the same
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
It may suggest further research questions for you.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Gives an overview of the field of inquiry on what has been already said about the topic
Shows how the prevailing ideas fit into your study
How your study agrees or differs from them It may reveal data sources of that you may
not have known to have existed It can reveal methods of dealing with
problematic situations
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
It can help you interpret and make sense of your findings and ultimately help you to tie your results to the works of those who have preceded you.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Identify key issues to be addressed by the literature review i.e◦ Clarify the research topic◦ Relationships between variables◦ Be specific on the problem the literature should
address Identify sources of information
◦ Books, articles, professional papers
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Analyze critically the articles identified Create an outline of the review
◦ Use objectives Write review of literature
◦ Use objectives here Reviewing should be critical
◦ This means not taking things at the face value and adopting a questioning attitude.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
You might need to ask the following questions of the things you read:◦ What claims and arguments are being made?◦ Are the arguments logically consistent(do they
make sense)◦ What evidence is cited in support?◦ What source(primary and secondary have been
used?◦ What objections may be raised?◦ How does the study fit into the field of research?
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Compare and contrast varying theoretical perspectives on the topic
Show how approaches to the topic have changed over time
Describe general trends in research findings Identify discrepant or contradictory findings
and suggest possible explanations for such discrepancies'
Identify general themes that run throughout the literature
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
The literature review does not simply;◦ Show that nothing has been written about the
topic◦ Show your awareness of the big names in the
field◦ Provide a summary of all the literature about the
topic◦ Simply occur at the beginning of the research
process◦ Occur once all relevant material have been
searched or copied.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Must; Organize information and relate it to the
thesis or research question you are developing
Synthesize results into what is and isn’t known
Identify controversy when it appears in the literature
Develop questions for further research
Bro.ncis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Be critical; you are not recording or describing other peoples work, you are providing a critique by pointing out the strengths & weaknesses of other research & evaluating other studies, theories etc with reference to your study.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Avoid temptation to include everything Must plan and clearly define the topic and
research objectives Start with the most recent studies because
they rely on new discoveries in knowledge Indicate any thought that comes to your
mind eg what don’t you understand, points you disagree/agree with etc
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
A number of questions especially from graduate students are asked:◦ How wide or narrow should the literature be ie
when should some body stop reviewing ?
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
A reasonable of references in literature review would be;◦ Undergarduate review: 15-20 titles◦ Masters thesis 50+ titles◦ Doctoral thesis: 80+ titles
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Harried review of literature in order to get started on the research project
Overconcentration on secondary sources Overconcentration on the findings and
overlooking valuable information on methods and measures.
Overlooking other sources such as; news papers, and popular magazines which often contain articles on education topics.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Do not conduct a hurried review for fear of overlooking important information
Do not rely too heavily on secondary sources
Many people concentrate only on findings from journals when reviewing literate. Endeavor to read about the methodology used
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
It is important to check daily newspapers because contain very educative and current information educative
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Primary Source: Primary source is direct description of any
occurrence by an individual who actually observed or witnessed the occurrence
A review of literature should be based on primary sources as much as possible because information from secondary source may be altered by writers.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Original work by the person who conducted the study
Eye witness Original documents Periodicals (journals, dissertations/thesis,
conferences papers)
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Secondary Source:These include any publication written by the
an author who was not a direct observer or participant in the events being described.◦ Books◦ Reports◦ News papers◦ The print journals
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Grey literature Internet References quoted in the book
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Literature review leads to the development of the literature review chapter which may include;◦ Introduction◦ Theoretical review◦ Conceptual frame work(some times in chapter
One or two◦ Actual review objectives
&objectives………………….
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Abstracting the references Locating, reviewing, summarizing and classifying
reference Seven steps
◦ Read the article abstract◦ Skim the entire article◦ Record complete bibliographic information◦ Summarize the article◦ Identify thoughts about the article you believe
important◦ Indicate direct quotes properly
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Be familiar with the library before beginning the literature review
Make a list of key word or phrases to guide your literature search. Family conflict, family violence or abuse, family dissolution.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Differences between Quantitative & Qualitative reviews◦ Quantitative reviews are typically conducted in
initial stages of the study◦ Qualitative are ongoing throughout the entire
study reflecting the need to understand data as it is collected, interpreted and synthesized.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
It is an important part of literature of your review Referencing the work of others is an important
academic convention because it emphasizes that you are ware of the historical development of your subject.
It shows that you recognize that your research builds on the works of others.
The goal is to allow readers to find your source Most institutions have preferred system of
referencing Whatever system preferred/adopted has to be
consistent
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Create bibliography as you go along to avoid having to retrace the material at the final write up stage
The system preferred at UMU is the Harvard system
The references should be presented in alphabetical order.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
For books◦ The author’s or editor’s name (or names)◦ year the book was published◦ title of the book◦ edition ◦ city the book was published in◦ name of the publisher
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Example:◦ Berkman.R. (1994): How to Uncover Expert
Information on any subject, Harper Perennilla, New York.
Two or More Authors Example
◦ Moir,A & Jessel,D.(1991),The real difference Between Men and Women, Mandarin,London
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Adair, J. (1988) Effective time management: How to save time and spend it wisely, London: Pan Books.
Book with two authors◦ McCarthy, P. and Hatcher, C. (1996) Speaking
persuasively: Making the most of your presentations, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Journal Article◦ the author’s name or names ◦ The year in which the journal was published ◦ The title of the journal ◦ The page number/s of the article in the journal ◦ As much other information as you can find about
the journal, for example the volume and issue numbers
HuffmanProcessing Proteins for use as a food ingredient,LM.(1996),. Food Technology , Vol 50 no. 2 pp 49-52
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Conference Paper◦ Bohrer, S.,Zielke,T. & Freiburg, V.(1995),
“Integrated obstacle detection frame work for intelligence cruise control and motorways”. IEE intelligence Vehicles Symposium,Detroit,MI,Piscataway,pp 256-281
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
News Paper article◦ Orungo S. “Malnutrition among Ugandan children”
The Daily Monitor 9 May,2012 P.32 Direct quote from a book or journal
article with one author◦ When organizing our time, Adair (1988: 51) states
that ‘the centerpiece will tend to be goals and objectives’.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Chapter, essay or section of an edited book◦ Helse,D.R.(1970) Problems of Path Analysis and
Causal Inference.In Borgatta,E.F.& Bohrnstedt(Eds), Sociological Methodology(pp 38-730. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass)
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Television Program(Hypthetical)Oketch,Julius.(producer). 2012,)October 8).
Career choices among Ugandans. Kampala: NTV
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
For electronic resources, try to collect the information on the left if it is available, but also record:◦ The date you accessed the source◦ The electronic address or email◦ The type of electronic resource (email, discussion
forum)
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Example:◦ Global Business Corporation(on line) (cited 1
September 2012) .Available from www.globuscorp.co.uk/faq.index.htl)
In the text, ◦ (Global business Corporation 2004)
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
If no date is provided;◦ Write the article(nd)
To quote the bible◦ Just quote directly ie Psalm85:5) but should not
quoted in the reference
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Use only the name of the author followed by the year of publication. Eg Berry &Williams(1987) found a positive relationship between income and satisfaction with quality of life
Foot notes◦ References which appear at the bottom of the
journal, book or article◦ Provides additional information
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
c Copyright
Chap.chaps Chapter, chapters
et al. Used when more than two authors eg. Kikuulo et al,2005
Ibid As cited above(using the same author in the next paragraph)
Ed eds Editor, editors
p., pp Page(s)
Vol,vols Volume(s)
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
It can be conducted objectives by objectives, research questions by research questions or according to reaesrch hypothesis.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
2.1 Literature Review2.2 IntroductionIn this chapter, the works of the past researchers
will be summarized and only those pertinent ideas relevant to this study will be highlighted. As such areas which were not sufficiently covered in the past studies will be identified and only those in line with the objectives of the study will be captured.
The literature review will be conducted in accordance with the objectives and citations made in each objective indicating the research gaps that the study intends to fulfill
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
2.3 Overview of Remuneration and Motivation
2.4 Conceptual Framework2.5 Review of Related Literature2.5.1 Basic Salary and Motivation of Lecturers2.5.2 Housing and Motivation of Lecturers2.5.3 Health Scheme and Motivation of
Lecturers
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Basic Salary & Motivation of LecturersCombs.M(2000) defines basic salary
as…..while Saleemi and Bokongo(1997) defines basic salary as………. According to Gamal(2001), basic salary is……….These definitions agree that basic salary is…………. However, the authors ignore…………..(mention weaknesses/failures/gaps).
Note: Relate salary and motivation while reviewing.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Summary: Here the researcher ties the main issues revealed in the literature and present a composite picture of what is known to date. A summary is a recapitulation of the main issues of the review.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891
Note: This section can be presented as a series of
short paragraphs that identify three or four short comings and discuss how past researchers overlooked or by passed it.
Use words like argues, asserts, affirm, contends, agrees, while, however while conducting your literature review.
Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)
Tel.0703826155,0753521891