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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

A product-oriented methodfor sustainability analysis

Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support

• Life cycle assessment (LCA)– product from cradle to grave (vertical integration)

• total picture; avoidance of problem shifting

– all types of impact (horizontal integration)– role of functional unit

• for comparability of different product systems

– integration over space and time– standardised in ISO (14040 series)


Now, we come to focus on LCA. First some general features.


- Product developmentand improvement

- Strategic planning

- Public policy making

- Marketing

- Other

Goaland scopedefinition

Inventoryanalysis

Impactassessment

Interpretation

Direct applications:

Life cycle assessment framework


Here, we see the ISO framework for LCA. It comprises the LCA procedure itself, as well as its relation with the direct applications. The four main phases of LCA are concerned with different types of data, assumptions,

procedures or calculations. The phases are mutually connected with arrows. These represent flows of information from one phase to another phase. The bidirectional flows stress that LCA is not a sequential process, starting with goal and scope definition and ending with interpretation. Rather, LCA is an iterative

process, in which the goal and scope may be refined after inventory analysis, impact assessment or interpretation, and likewise the inventory analysis may be refined after impact assessment or interpretation. The direct applications are not formally part of the LCA, as LCA is a tool for decision-support. However, they

are worth mentioning in relation to the LCA framework itself.


• Final result can be in terms of:– LCI results (extractions and emissions)– LCIA results (for separate impact categories)– weighted results (one index)

• Weighting (subjective!) possible on basis of:– distance to target (policy reference)– economic values (various possibilities, incl. collectively

revealed preferences)– social preferences (panel process)


Without discussing the machinery inside the LCA tool, the type of its results it yields are important to know.


• Example of the results of a comparative LCAImpact category Incandescent lamp Fluorescent lamp

Climate change 120000 kg CO2-eq 40000 kg CO2-eq

Ecotoxicity 320 kg DCB-eq 440 kg DCB-eq

Acidification 45 kg SO2-eq 21 kg SO2-eq

Depletion of resources 0.8 kg antinomy-eq 0.3 kg antinomy-eq

etc … …


An example of a table with category indicator results. Some people refer to this as the environmental profile (or ecoprofile), the characterisation table, or the impact table.



• Main applications– product comparisons– product improvement, design and development– strategy and policy development– LCA as a process


Product comparisons is the most obvious and striking application of LCA. However, product improvement, design and development are by far the most frequent applications.

Many of these LCAs are never made public: they are for internal use only. Larger companies and authorities use LCA for strategy and policy development, e.g. on the

design of logistics, waste policies, etc. LCA as a process, finally, means that doing an LCA implies learning:

1. learning about the product, 2. learning about the processes that are involved, 3. learning about the ideas of other stakeholders, etc.

• Product comparisons– by industry, government, NGOs– also for ecolabeling (type I, type III)

• Note:– need for authorized procedure and peer review– “comparative assertions disclosed to the public” (ISO)


Here are some uses of product comparisons. ISO stresses the importance of “comparative assertions disclosed to the public”, where qualiity requirements and

procedures are extremely important.

APLIKASI LCA


This gives an illustration of some ecolabeling criteria.

APLIKASI LCA

• Product improvement, design and development– by industry– also on the basis of adapted LCA-tools

• Learning curve: – LCA suggests rules of thumb– rules of thumb further validated and improved by

LCA


The use of LCA for improvement, design and development.

APLIKASI LCA

Level of improvement

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

time (years)

environmentalimprovement(factors)

System Innovation

Functional Innovation

Redesign


This graph illustrates that different types of improvements are of interest in different decision situations. As an example, we see three innovations for cars:

1) the catalyser2) the hybrid Toyota Prius3) the full hydrogen-based GM HydroGen3

APLIKASI LCA


Here, we see an example of simple visual LCA-based rules of thumb that are used by product designers.

APLIKASI LCA

• Policy and policy development– by government, sometimes together with industries

or NGOs– examples:

• waste management• packaging• EU's Integrated Product Policy (IPP)• energy policy• green building


The strategic use of LCA: some examples.

APLIKASI LCA

D r a f t


This shows the classical waste treatment hierarchy. LCA can be used to validate it, or to add some nuances for particular materials or products.

APLIKASI LCA

D r a f t


. This is an LCA application for total consumption patterns: which activities contribute to most to environmental problems? To the right, we see activities that contribute largely per euro of product. The

width indicates how much a household spends on that activity. Thus the area indicates the total impact of that activity. Car driving is the activity with the highest impact. This study has been done for the Integrated

Product Policy of the EU.

APLIKASI LCA

LCA as a process– LCA as a vehicle of discussion for various

stakeholders• producer• supply chain• competitors• purchasers• government• NGOs


Finally, LCA as a process of learning and getting to understand the problems and one another.

APLIKASI LCA

KETERBATSAN LCA

LCA in practice obstructed by:– data requirements– methodological inconsistencies– technical characteristics


LCA sounds nice. But now, we move to some of the problems in doing LCA.

• Data requirements– only general, no specific data– obsolete data– only data from industrialized countries– different data formats– databases not connected

• Role for ISO 14048 and UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative• Role for input-output analysis (and hybrids of IOA and

LCA)


LCA is very data intensive. General purpose databases are emerging, but there is still much to do.

KETERBATSAN LCA

• Methodological inconsistencies and debates:– main issues in LCI:

• system boundaries• multiple processes/allocation• attribution versus change oriented

– main issues in LCIA• midpoint versus damage level• heterogeneous mechanisms (e.g., toxicity)• regionalisation


Although the basic principles of LCA have been described in the ISO standards, many issues are still under debate, especially within

academic circles.

KETERBATSAN LCA

• Some specific details:– global/regional, not local– steady state, not dynamic, no one-time transitions – quantitative, not pass/fail criteria– risk approach, not prevention approach


Some explanations:1. LCA does not address the impact of a product for a specific user at a well-defined place. It

focuses on the impacts of a product as it is available and used in a certain country, continent, or even the world.

2. LCA studies products in a well-established situation, not the transition to that situation3. LCA is primarily a quantitative tool, it does not address issues as “contains hardwood” or “is

recyclable”4. LCA does not look at risks in the sense of pollutants exceeding threshold; it focuses on the

load

KARAKTERISTIK TEKNIS LCA

• Usual impact categories: – depletion of fossil fuels and minerals– climate change– ozone depletion– photo-oxidant formation– acidification– eutrophication– human toxicity and ecotoxicity



• Potential impact categories:– land occupation (area)– water use– salination– soil erosion– leakage of nutrients– noise


This is an additional list of impacts that are typically not included, but that are sometimes included, and that are certainly of interest

in special cases.


• Not fitting impact categories:– land use quality (forest, coral reefs)– depletion of wildlife and fish stocks– desiccation; desertification– biodiversity– contained toxics


There are some environmental issues that may be of interest as such, but that are difficult to fit into the overall LCA perspectives in

a satisfactory way.


• Need to make LCA– broader (more impacts, also covering economic and social

aspects)– deeper (more precise, more mechanisms)

• How to make LCA broader and deeper– three major options:

• extension of LCA• hybrid LCA• use of toolbox (with additional quantitative tools, or using pass-

fail criteria)LCA is not perfect. Important directions for improvement are indicated here,

making it broader and deeper. Three strategies to achieve this are listed as well. More on the last strategy in the

next few slides.

