Introduction to Networking Concepts
Mahmmoud Mahdi
Introductory
Understanding TCP/IP Addressing The Domain Name System (DNS) The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) The Routing & Remote Access (RRAS)
service The Network Access Protection (NAP)
service
Understanding TCP/IP Addressing
Network Protocols
Provide the logical "language" for communication
Two computers must be configured with the same network protocols in order to communicate and transfer information.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
The most common networking protocol
Consists of a suite of different protocols that work in concert to allow computers to communicate on a TCP/IP network.
By subdividing TCP/IP networks into smaller groupings called subnets.
Addressing
In order for any computer or host, a computer, printer, or other device configured with a network interface, to communicate on a TCP/IP network, it must be configured with a valid IP address.
IP address: Is a software address, not a hardware address Used for finding hosts on a local network. Allow hosts on one network to communicate with
a host on a different network.
TCP/IP Basics
192.168.2.1 192.168.2.3
192.168.2.2
192.168.2.4
192.168.2.5
IP address
Each IP address consists of two components: Network Address:▪ This portion of the IP address is shared by all TCP/IP
hosts on a particular network or subnet. Host Address:▪ This comprises the portion of me IP address that is
unique to a particular computer or host. IP address = the network address + the host
address must be unique across an entire TCP/IP network.
IP address
In addition to the IP address, each TCP/IP host must be configured with the following: Subnet Mask▪ Used to identify which network the TCP/IP host
resides on by defining where the network address stops and the host address begins.
Default Gateway▪ Allows a host to communicate with devices that reside
on a remote network or location.
IP version 4 (IPv4)
The first implementation of the Internet Protocol (IP)
It uses 32 bits (4 bytes, or octets) for addressing. providing a limit of 232 possible addresses
Represented using dotted-decimal notation the decimal value of each byte is shown using
periods to separate the bytes for example:
192.1.120.84 or 192.5.18.102
IPv4 Address
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12
48
1632
64128 128+64=192
192.168.2.1
IP Terminology
Network address: Uniquely identifies each network. Every host on the same network share that
network address as a part of its IP address Used in routing to send packets to a remote
network▪ Ex: 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, 192.168.10.0
Host address: Uniquely identifies each host on a network
IP Terminology
Broadcast address: Used by application and hosts to send
information to all nodes on a network. Ex: 255.255.255.255 ▪ all networks, all hosts
Ex: 172.16.255.255 ▪ all subnets and hosts on a network 172.16.0.0
Classes of Network
Classful Addressing The field for the network number was a
different length for different classes of network, and the remaining bits were used for the host number.
Summary of the three classes of networks
Network Host Host Host
Network Network Host Host
Network Network Network Host
Class A:
Class B:
Class C:
Class E:
Class D:
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
Multicast
Research
Classes of Network
Network Class
Leading Bits
Bits for Network Number
Number of Networks
Bits for Host Number
Maximum Hosts
Class A 0 7 126 24 16,777,214
Class B 10 14 16,384 16 65,534
Class C 110 21 2,097,152 8 254
Class D (multicast)
1110
Class E(reserved)
1111
Network Address Range
Class A 00000000 = 0 01111111 = 127
Class B 10000000 = 128 10111111 = 191
Class C 11000000 = 192 11011111 = 223
Class D 11100000 = 224 11101111 = 239
Class E 11110000 = 240 11111111 = 255
Network Classes Address Range
Network Class Starting Address
Ending Address Bitmask
Class A 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 255.0.0.0
Class B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 255.255.0.0
Class C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 255.255.255.0
Class D (multicast) 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.251
Class E (reserved) 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
Reserved IP Address
Address FunctionNetwork address of all 0’s Mean this network
Network address of all 1’s Mean all networks
Network 127.0.0.1 Reserved for loopback tests
Host address of all 0’s Mean network address
Host address of all 1’s Mean all hosts
Entire IP address set to all 0’s The default route, Any network
Entire IP address set to all 1’s Broadcast to all hosts on the current network
IPv4 Address Blocks
Two Types of IP Addresses Public▪ Obtained from ISP▪ One for every computer directly connected to the Internet▪ Block – A group of IP addresses sharing a single network ID
The addresses included within the address block
Private▪ Freely assigned in private network
Private IP Addresses
Can be used on private network Not routable through the internet Creating a measure of well-needed security Saves valuable IP address space Network Address Translation (NAT)
Takes a private IP address and convert it for use on the internet.
Reserved Private IP Address Space
Address Class Address RangeClass A 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
APIPA
Self-assigned private IP address Allows computers to communicate without
requiring DHCP or manual IP configuration.
Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255
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