PROJEK AKHIR ARSITEKTUR
Periode LXVIII, Semester Gasal, Tahun 2015/2016
LANDASAN TEORI DAN PROGRAM
SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU FARMASI
Tema Desain
Biophilic Architecture
Fokus Kajian
Inovasi Desain untuk Menjaga Kualitas Udara yang Sehat di Dalam Bangunan
Diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan
memperoleh gelar Sarjana Arsitektur
Disusun Oleh :
Eva Litta Devitiani 11.11.0008
Dosen Pembimbing :
Ir. A.M.S. Darmawan M-Bldg
NIDN. 0006085001
PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR
FAKULTAS ARSITEKTUR DAN DESAIN
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK SOEGIJAPRANATA
November 2015
v
PRAKATA
Puji syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas rahmat-Nya sehingga LTP
Proyek Akhir Arsitektur 68 ini dapat terselesaikan. LTP ini berjudul Sekolah Tinggi
Ilmu Farmasi yang merupakan persyaratan kelengkapan untuk Proyek Akhir
Arsitektur 68, Fakultas Aristektur dan Desain Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata
Semarang.
LTP yang dibuat dapat terlaksana dengan baik atas dukungan dan bantuan
dari berbagai pihak yang terkait. Penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada:
1. Ir. A.M.S. Darmawan, M-Bldg, selaku dosen pembimbing Proyek Akhir Arsitektur
68
2. Ir. FX. Bambang Suskiyatno, MT selaku dosen Koordinator Proyek Akhir
Arsitektur 68
3. Ir. Afriyanto Sofyan, St.B, MT. selaku sekretaris Proyek Akhir Arsitektur 68
4. Vera Marina,S.Psi.,M.Psi, selaku Direktur Eksekutif Yayasan Pharmasi
Semarang
5. Pihak-pihak lain yang telah membantu baik secara langsung maupun tidak
langsung
Berharap dengan disusunnya LTP ini dapat memberikan gambaran
mengenai Proyek Akhir Arsitektur 68 yang berjudul Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi.
Akhir kata penulis mengucapkan Terimakasih.
Semarang, 13 November 2015
Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................. i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................... ii
PRAKATA .............................................................................................................. v
DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................ vi
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................................ xiv
BAB I. PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................................ 1
1.1. LATAR BELAKANG SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU FARMASI ........................... 1
1.2. TUJUAN DAN SASARAN PEMBAHASAN .................................................. 3
1.3. LINGKUP PEMBAHASAN ........................................................................... 4
1.4. METODA PEMBAHASAN ............................................................................ 5
1.4.1. Metoda Pengumpulan Data ............................................................... 5
a. Data Primer .................................................................................... 5
b. Data Sekunder ............................................................................... 6
1.4.2. Metoda Penyusunan dan Analisa ...................................................... 7
1.4.3. Metoda Pemrograman ....................................................................... 8
a. Analisa ........................................................................................... 8
b. Sintesa ........................................................................................... 8
1.4.4. Metoda Perancangan Arsitektur ......................................................... 9
1.5. SISTEMATIKA PEMBAHASAN ................................................................... 10
BAB II. TINJAUAN PROYEK SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU FARMASI ...................... 12
2.1. TINJAUAN UMUM ....................................................................................... 12
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2.1.1. Gambaran Umum .............................................................................. 12
2.1.2. Latar Belakang – Perkembangan – Trend ......................................... 15
2.1.3. Sasaran yang Akan Dicapai ............................................................... 17
2.2. TINJAUAN KHUSUS ................................................................................... 17
2.2.1. Terminologi ........................................................................................ 17
a. Pengertian Epistemologis .............................................................. 17
b. Latar belakang sejarah Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi (STIFAR)
Yayasan Pharmasi Semarang ........................................................... 22
2.2.2. Kegiatan ............................................................................................. 23
a. Pelaku ............................................................................................ 23
b. Fasilitas.......................................................................................... 28
c. Peralatan/ Prasarana ..................................................................... 32
2.2.3. Spesifikasi dan Persyaratan Desain................................................... 44
2.2.4. Deskripsi Konteks Desa/ Kota ............................................................ 65
a. Lokasi ............................................................................................ 65
b. Urgensi – Relevansi Proyek di Kota Semarang ............................. 67
c. Urban Issue .................................................................................... 68
2.2.5. Studi Banding/ Komparasi Kasus Proyek Sejenis .............................. 68
2.2.6. Permasalahan Desain ........................................................................ 77
2.3. KESIMPULAN, BATASAN DAN ANGGAPAN ............................................. 78
2.3.1. Kesimpulan ...................................................................................... 78
2.3.2. Batasan ............................................................................................ 78
2.3.3. Anggapan ......................................................................................... 79
BAB III. ANALISA PENDEKATAN PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR ............................. 80
3.1. ANALISA PENDEKATAN ARSITEKTUR ..................................................... 80
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3.1.1. Studi Aktifitas ..................................................................................... 80
a. Pengelompokan Aktifitas ............................................................... 80
b. Pola Kegiatan ................................................................................ 93
c. Jadwal Kegiatan ............................................................................. 97
d. Perhitungan Jumlah Pelaku ........................................................... 97
e. Jumlah Pelaku di Sekolah.............................................................. 100
f. Perhitungan Time Slot .................................................................... 102
3.1.2. Studi Fasilitas ..................................................................................... 117
a. Pengelompokan Ruang dan Sifat .................................................. 117
b. Persyaratan Ruang ........................................................................ 120
c. Pola Ruang .................................................................................... 124
d. Studi Ruang Khusus ...................................................................... 127
e. Studi Kebutuhan Luas Ruang ........................................................ 130
f. Perhitungan Area Parkir ................................................................. 141
g. Fasilitas Kaum Difabel ................................................................... 143
h. Citra Arsitektural ............................................................................ 145
3.2. ANALISA PENDEKATAN SISTEM BANGUNAN ......................................... 146
3.2.1. Studi Sistem Struktur & Enclosure ..................................................... 146
3.2.2. Studi Sistem Utilitas ........................................................................... 157
a. Tangga........................................................................................... 157
b. Lift .................................................................................................. 158
c. Sistem Air Bersih ........................................................................... 159
d. Sistem Distribusi Listrik .................................................................. 160
e. Sistem Pengolahan Limbah ........................................................... 160
f. Sistem Jaringan Telepon ................................................................ 166
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g. Sistem Jaringan Telekomunikasi ................................................... 166
h. Sistem Penangkal Petir ................................................................. 167
3.2.3. Studi Pemanfaatan Teknologi ............................................................ 168
3.3. ANALISA KONTEKS LINGKUNGAN ........................................................... 175
3.3.1. Analisa Pemilihan Lokasi ................................................................... 175
3.3.2. Analisa Pemilihan Tapak .................................................................... 179
BAB IV. PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR ....................................................................... 189
4.1. KONSEP PROGRAM .................................................................................. 189
4.1.1. Aspek Citra ........................................................................................ 189
4.1.2. Aspek Fungsi ..................................................................................... 190
4.1.3. Aspek Teknologi ................................................................................ 190
4.2. TUJUAN PERANCANGAN, FAKTOR PENENTU PERANCANGAN, FAKTOR
PERSYARATAN PERANCANGAN .............................................................. 190
4.2.1. Tujuan Perancangan (Design Objective) ........................................... 190
4.2.2. Faktor Penentu Perancangan (Design Determinant) ......................... 191
4.2.3. Faktor Persyaratan Perancangan (Design Requirement) .................. 192
a. Persyaratan Arsitektur ................................................................... 192
b. Persyaratan Bangunan .................................................................. 193
c. Persyaratan Lingkungan ................................................................ 193
4.3. PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR ........................................................................... 194
4.3.1. Program Kegiatan .............................................................................. 194
4.3.2. Program Sistem Struktur .................................................................... 198
4.3.3. Progam Sistem Utilitas ....................................................................... 200
4.3.4. Program Lokasi dan Tapak ................................................................ 203
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BAB V. KAJIAN TEORI ......................................................................................... 209
5.1. KAJIAN TEORI PENEKANAN/ TEMA DESAIN ........................................... 209
5.1.1. Uraian Interprestasi dan Elaborasi Teori Tema Desain...................... 209
5.1.2. Studi Preseden .................................................................................. 214
5.1.3. Kemungkinan Penerapan Teori Tema Desain ................................... 216
5.2. KAJIAN TEORI PERMASALAHAN DOMINAN ............................................ 218
5.2.1. Uraian Interprestasi & Elaborasi Teori Permasalahan Dominan ........ 218
5.2.2. Studi Preseden .................................................................................. 221
5.2.3. Kemungkinan Penerapan Teori Permasalahan Dominan .................. 222
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................... 223
LAMPIRAN
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1. Peralatan Umum Laboratorium .............................................................. 38
Tabel 2.2. Pengelompokkan Mata Kuliah dan Sebaran SKS .................................. 46
Tabel 2.3. Kurikulum D3 Anafarma ......................................................................... 47
Tabel 2.4. Kurikulum D3 Farmasi ........................................................................... 50
Tabel 2.5. Kurikulum S1 Farmasi ............................................................................ 53
Tabel 2.6. Mata Kuliah Pilihan ................................................................................ 57
Tabel 2.7. Kurikulum Profesi Apoteker.................................................................... 58
Tabel 3.1. Kategori Pimpinan STIFAR .................................................................... 80
Tabel 3.2. Kategori Karyawan STIFAR ................................................................... 85
Tabel 3.3. Mahasiswa, Pengunjung/ Tamu ............................................................. 91
Tabel 3.4. Jadwal Pelayanan Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi .................................... 97
Tabel 3.5. Jadwal Kegiatan ..................................................................................... 97
Tabel 3.6. Data Jumlah Mahasiswa Jurusan Farmasi di Semarang ...................... 98
Tabel 3.7. Rata-rata Jumlah Mahasiswa Jurusan Farmasi (D3) ............................. 98
Tabel 3.8. Rata-rata Jumlah Mahasiswa Jurusan Farmasi (D3) ............................. 99
Tabel 3.9. Rata-rata Jumlah Mahasiswa Jurusan Farmasi (S1) ............................. 99
Tabel 3.10. Rata-rata Jumlah Mahasiswa Jurusan Profesi Apoteker ..................... 100
Tabel 3.11. Jumlah Pelaku di Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi (STIFAR) ................... 100
Tabel 3.12. Time Slot D3 Farmasi ( SEMESTER GANJIL) ..................................... 102
Tabel 3.13. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas SEMESTER GANJIL ......................... 103
Tabel 3.14. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Lab SEMESTER GANJIL ............................ 103
Tabel 3.15. Time Slot D3 Farmasi ( SEMESTER GENAP) ..................................... 104
Tabel 3.16. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas SEMESTER GENAP ......................... 105
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Tabel 3.17. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Lab SEMESTER GENAP ............................ 105
Tabel 3.18. Time Slot D3 Anafarma ( SEMESTER GANJIL) .................................. 105
Tabel 3.19. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas SEMESTER GANJIL ......................... 107
Tabel 3.20. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Lab SEMESTER GANJIL ............................ 107
Tabel 3.21. Time Slot D3 Anafarma ( SEMESTER GENAP) .................................. 107
Tabel 3.22. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas SEMESTER GENAP ......................... 108
Tabel 3.23. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Lab SEMESTER GENAP ............................ 109
Tabel 3.24. Time Slot S1 Farmasi ( SEMESTER GANJIL) ..................................... 109
Tabel 3.25. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas SEMESTER GANJIL ......................... 110
Tabel 3.26. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Lab SEMESTER GANJIL ............................ 111
Tabel 3.27. Time Slot S1 Farmasi ( SEMESTER GENAP) ..................................... 111
Tabel 3.28. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas SEMESTER GENAP ......................... 112
Tabel 3.29. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Lab SEMESTER GENAP ............................ 113
Tabel 3.30. Time Slot Progdi Profesi Apoteker ....................................................... 113
Tabel 3.31. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas Profesi Apoteker ................................ 113
Tabel 3.32. Kebutuhan Slot Kelas 1 jam ................................................................. 114
Tabel 3.33. Kebutuhan Slot Kelas 2 jam ................................................................. 114
Tabel 3.34. Kebutuhan Slot Kelas 3 jam ................................................................. 114
Tabel 3.35. Pengelompokan Ruang dan Sifat ........................................................ 117
Tabel 3.36. Persyaratan Ruang .............................................................................. 120
Tabel 3.37. Kebutuhan Luas Ruang ....................................................................... 130
Tabel 3.38. Alternatif Struktur Pondasi ................................................................... 146
Tabel 3.39. Alternatif Dinding .................................................................................. 150
Tabel 3.40. Alternatif Lantai .................................................................................... 153
Tabel 3.41. Alternatif Struktur Atap ......................................................................... 155
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Tabel 3.42. Analisa Lokasi BWK II .......................................................................... 175
Tabel 3.43. Analisa Potensi dan Kendala ............................................................... 176
Tabel 3.44. Analisa Lokasi BWK VI ........................................................................ 177
Tabel 3.45. Analisa Potensi dan Kendala ............................................................... 178
Tabel 3.46. Pemilihan Lokasi .................................................................................. 179
Tabel 3.47. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Tapak 1 .................................................... 181
Tabel 3.48. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Tapak 2 .................................................... 184
Tabel 3.49. Penilaian Alternatif Tapak .................................................................... 187
Tabel 4.1. Tabel Luas Bangunan ............................................................................ 194
Tabel 4.2. Tabel Jenis Vegetasi dalam Bangunan .................................................. 204
Tabel 4.3. Tabel Jenis Vegetasi di Luar Bangunan ................................................ 206
Tabel 5.1. Hubungan Green Arcitecture dan Biophilic Architecture ........................ 210
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1. Diagram Metoda Penyusunan dan Analisa ........................................ 7
Gambar 1.2. Diagram Metoda Perancangan Arsitektur .......................................... 9
Gambar 2.1. Lambang STIFAR, Yayasan Pharmasi Semarang ............................. 19
Gambar 2.2. Struktur Organisasi STIFAR ............................................................... 27
Gambar 2.3. Struktur Organisasi Program Studi .................................................... 28
Gambar 2.4. Mikroskop ........................................................................................... 32
Gambar 2.5. Timbangan Neraca ............................................................................ 32
Gambar 2.6. Lemari Pengering ............................................................................... 32
Gambar 2.7. Lemari Asam ...................................................................................... 33
Gambar 2.8. Timbangan Elektrik ............................................................................ 33
Gambar 2.9. Spectrophotometer ............................................................................ 33
Gambar 2.10. Waterbath ........................................................................................ 34
Gambar 2.11. Centrifuge ........................................................................................ 34
Gambar 2.12. Rotarod Test .................................................................................... 34
Gambar 2.13. Laminair Air Flow (LAF) ................................................................... 35
Gambar 2.14. Inkubator .......................................................................................... 35
Gambar 2.15. Enkas ............................................................................................... 35
Gambar 2.16. Alat Uji Waktu Alir Granul ................................................................. 36
Gambar 2.17. Alat Waktu Leleh Suppo ................................................................... 36
Gambar 2.18. Brookfield ......................................................................................... 36
Gambar 2.19. Friability Rotator Machine ................................................................ 37
Gambar 2.20. Refraktometer .................................................................................. 37
Gambar 2.21. Piknometer ....................................................................................... 37
Gambar 2.22. Disolution Test ................................................................................. 37
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Gambar 2.23. Autoclave ......................................................................................... 38
Gambar 2.24. Disintegration Tester ........................................................................ 38
Gambar 2.25. Beaker Glass ................................................................................... 38
Gambar 2.26. Batang Pengaduk ............................................................................ 39
Gambar 2.27. Cawan Petri ..................................................................................... 39
Gambar 2.28. Cawan Porselin ................................................................................ 39
Gambar 2.29.Corong Kaca ..................................................................................... 39
Gambar 2.30.Erlenmeyer ........................................................................................ 39
Gambar 2.31. Gelas Ukur ....................................................................................... 40
Gambar 2.32. Labu Takar ....................................................................................... 40
Gambar 2.33. Tabung Reaksi ................................................................................. 40
Gambar 2.34. Pipet Volume .................................................................................... 40
Gambar 2.35. Thermometer ................................................................................... 41
Gambar 2.36. Kamera CCTV Dome ....................................................................... 41
Gambar 2.37. Fire Extinguisher .............................................................................. 42
Gambar 2.38. Kotak Hydrant .................................................................................. 42
Gambar 2.39. Pintu Darurat .................................................................................... 42
Gambar 2.40. Genset ............................................................................................. 42
Gambar 2.41. Lift .................................................................................................... 43
Gambar 2.42. Ruang Kelas dengan Lampu LED Otomatis .................................... 43
Gambar 2.43. Absensi Fingerprint .......................................................................... 43
Gambar 2.44. Parking System ................................................................................ 44
Gambar 2.45. Letak Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah ............................................... 65
Gambar 2.46. Peta Pembagian BWK Semarang .................................................... 66
Gambar 2.47. Pintu Gerbang STIFAR Pucanggading Semarang ........................... 69
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Gambar 2.48. Denah Lantai 1 STIFAR ................................................................... 70
Gambar 2.49. Denah Lantai 2 STIFAR ................................................................... 70
Gambar 2.50. Denah Lantai 3 STIFAR ................................................................... 71
Gambar 2.51. Ruang Kelas STIFAR ....................................................................... 71
Gambar 2.52. Ruang Lab. Mikrobiologi .................................................................. 72
Gambar 2.53. Rak Penyimpanan Barang Di Ruang Lab. Mikrobiologi ................... 72
Gambar 2.54. Ruang Laboran ................................................................................ 72
Gambar 2.55. Ruang Lab. Farmasetika .................................................................. 72
Gambar 2.56. Ruang Lab. Kimia Farmasi ............................................................... 72
Gambar 2.57. Selasar Di STIFAR ........................................................................... 72
Gambar 2.58. Ruang Aula ...................................................................................... 72
Gambar 2.59. Ruang Lab. Komputasi ..................................................................... 72
Gambar 2.60. Ruang Lab. Steril ............................................................................. 73
Gambar 2.61. Oven di Ruang Lab. Steril ................................................................ 73
Gambar 2.62. LAF di Ruang Kerja Steril ................................................................. 73
Gambar 2.63. Ruang Inokulasi ............................................................................... 73
Gambar 2.64. LAF di Ruang Inokulasi .................................................................... 73
Gambar 2.65. Kondisi Bangunan Lama .................................................................. 74
Gambar 2.66. Kondisi Bangunan Baru Progdi Profesi Apoteker ............................. 74
Gambar 2.67. Kondisi Bangunan Lama .................................................................. 74
Gambar 2.68. Bangunan Baru Progdi Profesi Apoteker ......................................... 74
Gambar 2.69. Letak Bangunan Baru Progdi Profesi Apoteker dalam Siteplan ....... 75
Gambar 2.70. Kantin Lantai 1 ................................................................................. 75
Gambar 3.1. Pola Kegiatan Kedatangan ................................................................ 93
Gambar 3.2. Pola Kegiatan Kepergian/ Kepulangan .............................................. 93
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Gambar 3.3. Pola Kegiatan Kelompok Pimpinan STIFAR ...................................... 94
Gambar 3.4. Pola Kegiatan Kelompok Karyawan STIFAR ..................................... 95
Gambar 3.5. Pola Kegiatan Mahasiswa .................................................................. 96
Gambar 3.6. Pola Kegiatan Pengunjung/ Tamu ..................................................... 96
Gambar 3.7. Pola Hubungan Ruang (Privat) .......................................................... 124
Gambar 3.8. Pola Hubungan Ruang (Semi Publik- Publik) ..................................... 124
Gambar 3.9. Pola Hubungan Ruang (Servis) ......................................................... 125
Gambar 3.10. Pola Hubungan Ruang Makro .......................................................... 126
Gambar 3.11. Jarak Antar Meja .............................................................................. 127
Gambar 3.12. Jarak Jangkauan untuk Difabel ........................................................ 143
Gambar 3.13. Minimum Lebar Koridor .................................................................... 144
Gambar 3.14. Ruang Gerak pada Toilet ................................................................. 144
Gambar 3.15. Potongan Footplat ............................................................................ 147
Gambar 3.16. Footplat ............................................................................................ 147
Gambar 3.17. Bore Pile .......................................................................................... 148
Gambar 3.18. Pondasi Rakit ................................................................................... 148
Gambar 3.19. Struktur Rangka ............................................................................... 149
Gambar 3.20. Batu Bata ......................................................................................... 150
Gambar 3.21. Bata Ringan ..................................................................................... 151
Gambar 3.22. Penggunaan Papan Kalsiboard sebagai Dinding ............................. 152
Gambar 3.23. Penggunaan Alumunium Composite Panel ...................................... 152
Gambar 3.24. Lantai Keramik ................................................................................. 153
Gambar 3.25. Penggunaan Lantai Vinyl pada Laboratorium .................................. 154
Gambar 3.26. Penggunaan Lantai Karpet pada Laboratorium ............................... 155
Gambar 3.27. Penggunaan Atap Beton .................................................................. 156
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Gambar 3.28. Penggunaan Roof Garden ............................................................... 156
Gambar 3.29. Penggunaan Space Frame .............................................................. 157
Gambar 3.30. Lebar Tangga untuk 2 Orang ........................................................... 157
Gambar 3.31. Lebar Tangga untuk 3 Orang ........................................................... 158
Gambar 3.32. Ketinggian Antar Tangga ................................................................. 158
Gambar 3.33. Model Anak Tangga ......................................................................... 158
Gambar 3.34. Lebar Lift untuk Difabel .................................................................... 159
Gambar 3.35. Jaringan Air Bersih ........................................................................... 159
Gambar 3.36. Sistem Distribusi Listrik .................................................................... 160
Gambar 3.37. Incinerator ........................................................................................ 161
Gambar 3.38. Needle Destroyer ............................................................................. 162
Gambar 3.39. IPAL Laboratorium STIFAR ............................................................. 162
Gambar 3.40. Sistem Sub Surface Flow Wetlands ................................................. 164
Gambar 3.41. Recirculating Fume Scrubber ........................................................... 165
Gambar 3.42. Sistem Jaringan Telepon ................................................................. 166
Gambar 3.43. Sistem Jaringan Telekomunikasi ..................................................... 166
Gambar 3.44. Contoh Penggunaan Smart Window ................................................ 168
Gambar 3.45. Cara Kerja Smart Window ................................................................ 168
Gambar 3.46. Penggunaan Green Wall .................................................................. 169
Gambar 3.47. 5 Komponen Pemasangan Green Wall ............................................ 170
Gambar 3.48. Double Skin Facade ......................................................................... 171
Gambar 3.49. Refleksi, Absorbsi dan Transmisi Radiasi Matahari ......................... 171
Gambar 3.50. Penerapan DSF pada Gedung UMN ............................................... 172
Gambar 3.51. Penerapan Anidolic Daylighting System .......................................... 173
Gambar 3.52. Penerapan Anidolic Daylighting System pada Ruangan .................. 173
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Gambar 3.53. Rain Haversting System ................................................................... 174
Gambar 3.54. Peta BWK II Kota Semarang ............................................................ 175
Gambar 3.55. Peta BWK VI Kota Semarang .......................................................... 177
Gambar 3.56. Lokasi Alternatif Tapak 1 ................................................................. 179
Gambar 3.57. Panorama Alternatif Tapak 1 .......................................................... 180
Gambar 3.58. Kondisi Alternatif Tapak 1 ............................................................... 182
Gambar 3.59. Lokasi Alternatif Tapak 2 ................................................................. 183
Gambar 3.60. Kondisi Alternatif Tapak 2 ............................................................... 186
Gambar 3.61. Panorama Alternatif Tapak 2 .......................................................... 187
Gambar 3.62. Ukuran Alternatif Tapak 1 ................................................................ 188
Gambar 4.1. Struktur Rangka ................................................................................. 198
Gambar 4.2. Tabel Kebutuhan Air Bersih ............................................................... 200
Gambar 4.3. Kapasitas dan Ukuran Tangki Air ....................................................... 201
Gambar 4.4. Tangki Air ........................................................................................... 201
Gambar 4.5. Prakiraan Jumlah Sampah ................................................................. 202
Gambar 5.1. Hubungan Antara Manusia, Bangunan dan Alam .............................. 210
Gambar 5.2. Interaksi Antara Bioclimatic dan Biophilic Architecture ..................... 211
Gambar 5.3. Kebutuhan Manusia Akan Oksigen .................................................... 213
Gambar 5.4. Pasona Group Office ......................................................................... 214
Gambar 5.5. Tanaman sebagai Partisi ................................................................... 214
Gambar 5.6. Double Skin Green Facade ................................................................ 215
Gambar 5.7. Area Hijau di Lantai 1 ......................................................................... 215
Gambar 5.8. Area Hijau di Lantai 2 ......................................................................... 215
Gambar 5.9. Cross Vetilation .................................................................................. 216
Gambar 5.10. Earth Cooling Tubes ........................................................................ 219
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Gambar 5.11. Earth Tubes ..................................................................................... 219
Gambar 5.12. Stack Effect (Vertical)....................................................................... 220
Gambar 5.13. Stack Effect (Horizontal) .................................................................. 220
Gambar 5.14. Ventury Effect .................................................................................. 220
Gambar 5.15. Eco Laboratory ................................................................................. 221
Gambar 5.16. Sistem Ventilasi Alami Eco Laboratory ............................................ 221