Lab 6: Respiratory System
Announcements
Extra Credit Assignment
Extra Credit Quiz
Quick and Painless Review
Where is your thymus?
What is the difference between lymph nodules and MALT?
What is the difference between your lymph nodes and your spleen?
Respiration OverviewAnatomy of the Respiratory System
Mathematics of the Respiratory System
How do you evaluate malfunctions in the respiratory system?
Respiratory System
Respiratory System:
Functions?
Respiratory System
Respiratory System:
Functions?
1. Receive air for breathing
2. Exchange gases (O2. CO2) with the blood
3. Expel modified air
Schematic of Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory TractNasal Cavity Guard Hairs Mucous
Oral Cavity
Pharynx Posterior to Nasal
and Oral Cavities Cleans Air Intersection of
Respiratory and Digestion
Upper Respiratory Tract
Epiglottis- Flap blocks food
from entering the lower respiratory tract
Larynx 9 plates of Cartilage Large Chamber Contains vocal cords
Anatomy of the Larynx
Anatomy of the Larynx
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles in larynx pull the cartilage
This causes the cords to move
Males have thicker cords
Functions of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Cleans airGuard hairsMucus (MALT)Cilia
Warms air
Moistens air
Anatomy of the Lungs
Trachea C-shaped cartilage Mucociliary escalator
Primary Bronchi Cartilage Right wider than left
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi More branches on right
Mucociliary Escalator
Muscus- Traps particles
Cilia- Move particles up
toward pharynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
Bronchioles Small – 1mm or less No longer contain cartilage Continue Branching
Terminal Bronchioles Last passages before aveoli Still have Cilia
Alveoli – where gas exchange occurs Phagocytosis removes small particles
Lower Respiratory Tract
Convey air to alveoli
Clean air and remove particles by mucociliary elevator
Macrophages in aveoli phagocytize foreign particles – last line of defense
Dynamic Human
Anatomy
Airflow in the Lungs1º Bronchi
2 º Bronchi
3 º Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles
Alveolus
GAS EXCHANGE with Capillary Bed
Mechanism of Airflow
Airflow is a result in changes of pressure between two systemsSystem 1: the outer atmosphereSystem 2: the pressure within the alveoli
How does pressure change within the alveoli?
Mechanisms of Airflow
How does pressure change within the alveoli?Boyles Law: P 1/V
(Changes in Volume result in changes in Pressure!!!!!)
How does volume change within the alveoli?
Mechanism of Airflow
How does volume change within the alveoli?
Inspiration The diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity during
quiet inspiration Deep inspiration is aided by the pectoralis minor,
the sternocleidomastoid and the erector spinae muscles (external intercostals)
Mechanism of Airflow
ExpirationQuiet Breathing: Volume changes are not
caused by muscular contraction, rather the elasticity of the lungs and ribs
Deep expiration: internal intercostals, abdominal muscles
Alveolar Gas Exhange
O2 loads into RBC; CO2 unloads into the alveoli
Factors involved:Concentration gradientsSolubility in H2OMembrane thicknessMembrane area
Alveoli
Oxygen Transport and Carbon Monoxide
Oxygen is carried through the blood stream by hemoglobin
Carbon Monoxide binds to hemoglobin 200x better.
Carbon Monoxide
Sources?
Carbon Monoxide
Sources?Car Exhaust
Cigarette Smoke
Smoking
Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and cancer
Over 2000 chemicals in tobacco smoke.
What gives the lung at the top its dark color?
Carcinogens in Tobacco
Carcinogen: substance that increases the potential for tumor growth
50 carcinogens in smoke (2 radioactive)eg.- Nicotine, Formaldehyde
Implicated in 90% of lung cancers
Dynamic Human
Mechanics of Breathing, Gas Exchange, and Carbon Monoxide
Spirometry
Spirometry
Respiratory volumes tidal volume: air inhaled or exhaled in one quiet
breath inspiratory reserve volume: air in excess of tidal
inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort
expiratory reserve volume: air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort
residual volume: air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration, keeps alveoli inflated
Spirometry Exercise
Each group is to measure one members tidal and expiratory reserve volume.Record on front board, indicating gender.After all groups are done, average total to get class average tidal and expiratory reserve volume and compare to known averages.
Bronchioscopy
Flexible tube with camera attached
Used to identify blockages in bronchi and to biopsy tumors/growths
Dynamic Human
Spirometry and Bronchoscopy
Asthma
Inflammation reaction in the lung caused by and allergen
Results in bronchoconstriction and sometimes suffocation
Treatments for Asthma
Inhalers – daily or rescueAlbuterolVanceril
Pills - dailyAccoladeSingular
Injection or Nebulizer - rescueEphinedrine
Gross Anatomy
Human/Cow Trachea Primary Bronchi Lungs
How many lobes?
Larynx Epiglottis
Cat Left and right lungs
How many lobes?
Trachea Primary Bronchi Larynx