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Pavement MaterialsPavement Materials
&&Desirable PropertiesDesirable Properties
ByDr. Tom. V. Mathew
IIT Bombay
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TVM Highway materials 2
Overview
Pavement materials
Soil (sub-grade, embankment)
Aggregates(coarse, fine)
Binders (Bitumen, cement)
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Soil
Soil is all unindurated mineral material lying above rock
strata including air, water, and organic matter
It is non-homogeneous and porous
Properties greatly influenced by moisture, density and
compaction
A number of pavement failure is attributed to soil failures
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Soil
Soil is a very essential highway material
1. Soil sub grade is part of the pavement
structure; the design and behaviour of
pavement depends to a great extent on the subgrade properties
2. Soil is one of the principal materials of
construction in stabilized soil base and sub
base and also in embankment construction
±
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Properties of soil
Shape of soil particles (bulky, flaky)
Particle size classification (clay, silt, sand, gravel)
Grain size distribution (sedimentation analysis for <75m)
Porosity and void ratio
Soil density (dry and wet density)
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Properties of soil
Moisture-density relationship (Proctor density, OMC)
Chemical properties (Organic matter, minerals, pH)
Soil-water (Capillary water, water table)
Physical properties (Permeability, compressibility, shearresistance)
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Properties of soil
Atterberg limits (Index properties)
Liquid Limit (LL): Moisture content at which statechanges from viscous liquid to plastic solid
Plastic Limit (PL): Moisture content at which statechanges from plastic solid to semi solid state
Plasticity Index (PI): Range during which it acts asplastic PI = LL – PL
Liquidity Index LI= (NMC – PL) / PI
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Liquid Limit
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Liquid Limit
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Liquid Limit
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Liquid Limit
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Plastic limit
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Plastic limit
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Plastic limit
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Desirable Properties
(soil as a highway material)
Stability: Adequate stability to resist permanentdeformation under loads
Incompressibility: Minimum variation in volumeensures minimum differential expansion andstrength values
Permanency of Strength: Should retain desiredsub-grade support i.e. resistance to weathering
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Minimum changes in volume and stability
under adverse conditions of weather and
ground water
Good drainage: Essential to avoid excessive
moisture retention and to reduce thepotential frost action
Ease of compaction: Ensures higher drydensity and strength under particular typeand amount of compaction
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Bitumen is a petroleum product obtained by the
distillation of petroleum crude
Bitumen is a hydrocarbon material of either natural or
pyrogenous origin, found in gaseous, liquid,
semisolid or solid form
Highway construction: hydrocarbon material which
are cementitious in character
Bitumen
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Bitumen
1. Natural product (lake asphalt, rock asphalt)
2. Fractional distillation of petroleum
a. Asphalt cement (Penetration grade)
b. Oxidised asphalt (softening point grade)
c. Liquid asphalt
3. Tar: destructive distillation of coal
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1. Normal Bitumen
Production
The portion of bituminous material present in petroleummay widely differ depending on the source
Almost all the crude petroleum's contain considerable
amounts of water along with crude oil
Hence the petroleum should be dehydrated before thedistillation
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Petroleum distillation Flow Chart
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Petroleum distillation
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Types of Distillation Processes
Fractional distillation
In the fractional distillation the various volatileconstituents are separated at successively highertemperatures without substantial chemical change
The fractions obtained yield gasoline, naphtha,
kerosene and lubricating oil and the residue would bepetroleum bitumen
Destructive distillationThe material undergoes chemical changes under theapplication of extreme heat and pressure
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Steam distillation
1. Steam distillation is employed to produce
steam refined petroleum bitumen without
causing chemical change
2. When the residue is distilled to a definite
consistency without further treatment it is
called as Straight-run Bitumen
Types of Distillation Processes
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It should be fluid enough at the time of mixing to
coat the aggregate evenly by a thin film
It should have low temperature susceptibility
It should show uniform viscosity characteristics Bitumen should have good amount of volatiles in
it, and it should not lose them excessively when
subjected to higher temperature
Desirable Properties of Bitumen
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The bitumen should be ductile and not brittle
The bitumen should be capable of being heated to thetemperature at which it can be easily mixed without anyfire hazards
The bitumen should have good affinity to the aggregate and should not be stripped off in the continuedpresence off water
Desirable Properties of Bitumen
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2. Cutback BitumenBitumen, the viscosity of which has been reduced
by a volatile dilutent
For use in some constructions like, surfacedressings, some type of bitumen macadam andsoil-bitumen stabilization, it can be mixed at low
temperatures
Thus to increase fluidity at lower temperaturesbitumen is blended with a volatile solvent
After the use of cutback, the volatiles getevaporated and binding property gets developed
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The viscosity of cutback and the rate atwhich it hardens on the road depend on the
characteristics and quantity of both bitumenand volatile oil used as the dilutent
Types: classification based on rate of curing
or hardening after application
1. Rapid Curing (RC)2. Medium Curing (MC)
3. Slow Curing (SC)
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Viscosity of Cutbacks
60 to 100RC-5, MC-5 & SC-5
14 to 45RC-4, MC-4 & SC-4
25 to 75RC-3, MC-3 & SC-3
10 to 20RC-2, MC-2 & SC-2
50 to 100RC-1, MC-1 & SC-1
25 to 75RC-0, MC-0 & SC-0
10mmorifice40oC
10mmorifice25oC
4mm orifice25oC
Viscosity in seconds in tar viscometer
Type and grade ofCutback
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Grade designated by figure which follows initialseg. RC-1, RC-2, MC-1, MC-2, SC-1, SC-2 etc
Lower grade cutbacks like RC-0, RC-1 etc.would contain higher proportion of solvent
RC-0 & MC-0: 45% solvent, 55% bitumen
RC-5 & MC-5: 15% solvent, 85% bitumen
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Rapid Curing Cutbacks are bitumen's, fluxed or cutback with apetroleum distillate such as naphtha or gasoline which will
rapidly evaporate after use
Medium Curing Cutbacks are bitumen fluxed to greater fluidityby blending with an intermediate-boiling-point solvent likekerosene or light diesel oil
Slow Curing Cutbacks are obtained either by blending bitumen
with high-boiling-point gas oil, or by controlling the rate of flowand temperature of the crude during the first cycle of refining
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3. Bituminous Emulsion
A liquid product in which substantial amount ofbitumen is suspended in a finely divided condition inan aqueous medium and stabilized by means of oneor more suitable materials.
Two phase system, one liquid being dispersed as fineglobules in the other
Bitumen is broken up into fine globules and keptsuspended in water
Small proportion of an emulsifier is used to facilitatethe formation of dispersion and to keep the globulesof dispersed binder in suspension
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Bitumen content of emulsion ranges from 40 to 60% andthe remaining portion is water
Emulsifiers usually adopted are soaps, surface activeagents and colloidal powders (1.5 to 1%)
Penetration values of bitumen grades that are emulsifiedfor road construction are generally between 190-320
Manufactured emulsions stored in air tight drums
Used mainly in maintenance and patch works and also inwet weather conditions
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Breaking of Emulsion When applied on road, breaks down and the binder starts
binding the aggregates, though the full binding power developsslowly as and when the water evaporates.
First sign of breakdown is change in colour of film from chocolatebrown to black
Rapid-set grades: Emulsion which break rapidly on coming in
contact with aggregates
Medium-set grades: Which do not break spontaneously oncoming in contact with aggregates but break during mixing or byfine mineral dust
Slow-set grades: When special emulsifying agents are used tomake emulsion relatively stable
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Aggregate
Aggregate is the major component of allmaterials used in road construction
It is used in granular bases and sub base,bituminous courses and in cement concretepavements
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Types of aggregate
Most of the aggregates are prepared from natural rockand the properties of aggregate depend on properties
of rock:1. Igneous rocks
2. Sedimentary rocks
3. Metamorphic rock
Aggregates are specified based on:
1. Grain size: ascertained by sieving through squaresieves of successive decreasing size
2. Shape: gravel, angular, flaky, elongated etc
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Gradation: grading for different road making
purposes specified by like ASTM, BSI, ISI and IRC.
Texture: Coarse aggregates and fine aggregates
Hardness: Hard aggregates and soft aggregates
(Different specifications apply for each)Hard aggregates like, crushed stone are generally
used for wearing course of superior pavement types
Soft aggregates like, moorum, kankar, laterite, brick
aggregates and slag are generally used in
lower layers of low-cost/inferior road construction
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Desirable properties of Aggregate
Strength:
The aggregate should be sufficiently strong to
withstand the stresses due to traffic wheel loadHardness:
Aggregate should have hard enough to resist the
wear due to abrasive action of traffic
Toughness:
Aggregate should have resistance to impact or toughness
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Durability:The aggregate used in pavement should
resistance to disintegration due to the actionof weather
Shape of aggregate:
Should not be flaky and elongated
Adhesion with Bitumen:Should have good affinity to bitumen
Quality Control Tests
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Quality Control Tests
Soil
1. Gradation
2. Atterberg Limits and indices (LL, PL,PI, SL)3. Laboratory Compaction (MDD and OMC)
4. Field density test
5. CBR Test
6. Plate bearing test
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Quality control tests
Aggregate
1. Sieve analysis
2. Aggregate crushing test
3. Aggregate impact test
4. Abrasion Test (LA abrasion test)
5. Shape test (FI, EI, Angularity no)
6. Soundness Test
7. Specific gravity and water absorption test
8. Stripping value test
Continue
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Bitumen (Normal)1. Penetration2. Ductility
3. Softening point4. Specific gravity5. Loss on heating6. Flash & Fire point7. Viscosity
8. Solubility
Modified Bitumen (PMB, CRMB etc)
1. Elastic Recovery2. Separation Difference3. Tests on TFOT residue
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Cutback Bitumen
1. Viscosity test using specified orifice
2. Penetration test
3. Ductility test
4. Solubility test
5. Flash point test
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Bituminous Emulsion
1. Residue on sieving: not more than 0.25% by wt. ofemulsion consists of particles greater than 0.15mmdiameter
2. Stability of mixing: To test if emulsion breaks downand coats the coarse aggregates with bitumen tooearly before mixing is complete
3. Stability of mixing: To assess the stability ofemulsions when the aggregate contains largeproportions of fines with cement
Continue….
Contin e
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4. Water Cement: To know the percentage
of water in the emulsion which depends on
the type of the emulsion
5. Sedimentation: Some sedimentation may
occur when a drum of emulsion is leftstanding before use
6. Viscosity: Should be Low enough to be sprayed
through jets or to coat aggregates in simple mixing
BIS C d f T ti P d
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BIS Codes for Testing Procedures
Specification for industrial bitumenIS 702: 1988
Specification for preformed fillers for
expansion joint in pavements andstructures (non extruding and resilienttype): Part 1 Bitumen impregnated fiber
IS 1838: part1:
1983
Glossary of Terms Relating to Bitumenand Tar
IS 334: 2002
Specification for Cutback BitumenIS 217: 1988
Specification for paving bitumenIS 73: 1992
Title of the SpecificationSpecificationNo.
Bituminous Material
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Methods of Test for Tars andBituminous Materials - Determinationof Breaking Point for Cationic BitumenEmulsion
IS 15173: 2002
Method for Determination of WaxContent in Bitumen - Specification
IS 10512: 2003
Methods for testing tar and bituminousmaterials: Determination of FRAASS
breaking point of bitumen
IS 9381 : 1979
Specification for distributors for hot tar
and bitumen
IS 2093 : 1974
Title of the SpecificationSpecificationNo.
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Methods for Testing Tar andBituminous Material - Determination ofBreaking Point for Anionic Bitumen
Emulsion
IS 15174:2002
Polymer and Rubber Modified Bitumen- Specification
IS 15462:2004
Title of the SpecificationSpecificationNo.
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Methods of test for aggregates for concretePart 4 Mechanical properties
IS 2386: Part4: 1963
Methods of test for aggregates for concretePart 3 Specific gravity, density, voids,
absorption and bulking
IS 2386: Part3: 1963
Methods of Test for Aggregates for
Concrete - Part I : Particle Size and Shape
IS 2386: Part
I: 1963
Specification for coarse and fineaggregates from natural sources forconcrete
IS 383: 1970
Title of the SpecificationSpecificationNo.
Aggregate Material
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Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete- Part VIII : Petrographic Examination
IS 2386: Part8: 1963
Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete- Part VII : Alkali Aggregate Reactivity
IS 2386: Part7: 1963
Methods of test for aggregates for concrete :Part 6 Measuring mortar making propertiesof fine aggregates
IS 2386: Part6: 1963
Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete- Part V : Soundness
IS 2386: Part5: 1963
Title of the SpecificationSpecificationNo.
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Schedule for Properties and Availability ofStones for Construction Purposes - Part II :
Maharashtra State - Section 3 : EngineeringProperties of Stone Aggregates
IS 7779: Part2: Section 3:
1979
Method of Test for Determination ofStripping Value of Road AggregatesIS 6241: 1971
Method of test for determining aggregateimpact value of soft coarse aggregates
IS 5640: 1970
Methods for Sampling of Aggregates for
Concrete
IS 2430: Part I:
1986
Title of the SpecificationSpecificationNo.
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Specification for cylindrical metal
measures for use in tests ofaggregates and concrete
IS10079: 1982
Specification for machine for abrasiontesting of coarse aggregates
IS 10070: 1982
Title of the SpecificationSpecificationNo.
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Thank You