Knowledge Markets: More than Providers and Users
Presented to: IPSI Montreal
June 30 to July 3, 2006
Albert SimardDirector, Knowledge StrategiesNatural Resources Canada
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Presentation Outline
Background
Knowledge Markets
Knowledge Services System
Application
3
An Opening Thought…
“One of the saddest features of the real world is that goods do not spontaneously present themselves for distribution.”
The Economist (Nov. 5, 1994)
Background
4
Task Group Mandate
“Examine the nature of science-related programs in Natural Resources Canada, describe appropriate elements in the context of Government of Canada Service Transformation, and submit a report.”
Background
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Orders of Knowledge
1. Routine
•Standards, manuals•Bureaucrats, administrators•Categorize, process
2. Specialized
•Technical documents•Experts, consultants•Design, develop systems
3. Complex
•Tacit knowledge•Scientists, experience•Find patterns, understand
4. Chaotic
•Observations•Explorers, innovators•Explore, test
Adapted from Snowden (2002)
Background
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Traditional Information Market Model
Demand (Users)
Supply (Providers)
Providers and users connect
through an Information
Market
Government On-Line
Global Disaster Information Network
Markets
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Knowledge Services
Content: “Embedded value, in the form of the message or signal contained within elements of the content value chain.”
Products: “Tangible, storable commodity or merchandise, with embedded value, derived from content.”
Services: “Intangible, non-storable work, function, or process, with embedded value, derived from content.”
Solutions: “Successful use of content, products, or services to embed and extract value by accomplishing organizational tasks.”
Markets
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Content Value Chain
Objects
Data Information
Knowledge Wisdom
“Flow of content through sequential stages, each of which changes its form and increases its usefulness and value.”
Markets
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Knowledge Services Value Chain
Generate
Transform
Add Value
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Use Internally
Use Professionally
Use Personally
Transfer
Evaluate
Enable
Extract
Advance
Embed
Legend
Markets
Organization
Society
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Knowledge Services Stages
1. Generate (start Knowledge Services value chain)
2. Transform (goods & services increase utility, value)
3. Manage (permit transfer)
4. Use Internally (accomplish organizational objectives)
5. Transfer (enable external use)
6. Enhance (increase availability, utility, value)
7. Use Professionally (sector derives benefits)
8. Use Personally (individuals derive benefits)
9. Evaluate (organizational mandate, resources)
Markets
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Value-Chain Knowledge Market Model
(Performance / Supply)
(Market / Demand)
6. Add Value
7. Use Professionally
8. Use Personally
Evaluate
Natural Resources
Forestry
Metals & Minerals
Earth Sciences
Energy
1. Generate
2. Transform
3. Enable
4. Use Internally
5. Transfer
Organization
Markets
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Insights: Knowledge Markets
There are four types of knowledge services: content, products, services, and solutions.
A Knowledge-services value chain represents the flow of goods and services through sequential stages, in which value is embedded, advanced, or extracted.
A knowledge market consists of a group of cyclic, interrelated knowledge services value chains.
A knowledge market model is a useful approach for measuring and managing knowledge services.
Markets
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Knowledge Services System
Indirect Outputs Sector
OutcomesCanadians
Intelligence
Organization
Mandate
Body of Knowledge(Knowledg
e cycle)
Direct Outputs
EvaluatorsRecommendations
Benefits
(tertiary)
(secondary)
(primary)Knowledge
System
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System Hierarchy
Knowledge Services System
Knowledge Services Sub-Systems (5)
Stages (9)
Components (34+9)
Sub-Components (245+44)
System
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System Framework
Component a Component d Component…
Component b Component e Component…
Component c Component f Component…
Purpose 1 Purpose 2 Purpose…
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage …Outputs & Services Value Chain
Benefits
Who
Work
What
Why
Elements of Zachman (1992)
System
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System Stages
Organization
Society / Nature
Interme-diaries
Add Value
Enhanced Outputs
Developers
Transform
Products / Services
Users
Use
Internall
y
Solution
s
Evaluator
s
Evaluate
Performan
ce/
Markets
Recommen
d
Clients
Use Profession-ally
Outcomes / Societal B.
Canadia
ns
Use Personall
y
Personal
Benefits
Originato
rsGenerat
eContent*
Lost
ManagersPreserve / Enable
Existing / Available Inventory
*
* = essential
Prov
ide
rsTr
ansa
ct
/ Tr
ansf
er
Outpu
t
s
Knowledge
*Other Services
System
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Production Sub-System
to Inventory
from Inventory
Society & Nature
Content
Generate
Originators1
Partners OrganizationMandate
2
Products & Services
Transform
Developers
System
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Transform Content
Developers Transform Products Services
Engineer
Data Architect
Systems Analyst
Information analyst
Programmer
Specialist
Author
Compiler
Editor
Develop
Codify
Embed
Analyse content
Write
Assemble
Produce
Database
Scientific article
Technical report
Outreach material
Geospatial products
Statistical products
Standards
Policies
Regulations
Systems
Devices
Answers
Advice
Teaching
Facilitation
Support
Laboratory
System
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Insights: Knowledge Services System
A Knowledge Services System integrates many components, flows, and interactions across organizations, sectors, and society.
In a properly functioning system, the components work as a group to support the flow of knowledge services through a value chain.
A Knowledge Services System includes nine sequential stages, three of which are essential.
Each stage includes who, work, what, and why components.
System
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Implementing a Service Framework
Knowledge Services System Model
Serviced-Based Framework
Management Plans
Programs
Content Strategy
Business
Mandate
Business Model
Establishment
Direction
Priorities
Organization (implement)
People (culture change)
Process (inventories)
Technology (systems)
DM / IM / KM /
RM / Lib. / Coll.
Recommendations Direction
Coordination
Reports
Application
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Some Strategic Questions
Organizational role in information and knowledge markets?
Balance between supply- and demand-driven approaches to knowledge markets?
Distribution of outputs among different user groups?
Position of outputs and services along a spectrum from rich to reach?
Functional or service framework for managing content?
Application
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A Final Thought…
“The first task of any theory is to clarify terms and concepts that are confused… Only after agreement has been reached regarding terms and concepts can we hope to consider the issues easily and clearly and expect to share the same viewpoint.”
Karl Von Clausewitz (1780-1831)