Journal of
Refrigeration
Air Conditioning
Heating & Ventilation
STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical
(JoRACHV)
Jan - April 2014
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Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation
Focus and Scope Covers
† Ice harvesting
† Non-cyclic and cyclic refrigeration
† Vapor-compression and Vapor absorption cycle
† Electromechanical cooling
† Ductless (split-system) air conditioning
† Window air conditioning
† Hydronics
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I take the privilege to present the print version for the Volume 1 Issue (1) of Journal of Refrigeration,
Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation. The intension of JoRACHV is to create an atmosphere
that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning,
Heating and Ventilation.
The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by
eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoRACHV provides an outlet for Research findings
and reviews in areas of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation found to be relevant
for National and International recent developments & research initiative.
The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for
the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and
research in the domain of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation.
Finally, and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the
form of authoring I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board write
ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With
regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality
Research/Reviews findings for our customers base.
I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
Dr. Archana Mehrotra
Director
STM Journals
Director's Desk
STM JOURNALS
1. Cascade Refrigeration System with Internal Heat Exchanger: Suitable Natural Refrigerant Pair Selection Jahar Sarkar 1
2. Evaluation and Optimization of an Aqua-Ammonia Vapor-Absorption Refrigeration System S. P. Singh, D. K. Joshi 9
3. Investigation of Solar Cooling Systems based on Small-Scale Sorption Heat PumpsSuvanjan Bhattacharyya, Samir Kumar Saha 18
4. Performance Evaluation of Thermoacoustic Refrigeration SystemJagannath Korody, Princeton Lobo 22
5. Thermodynamic Analysis of an Adsorption Refrigeration System Anirban Sur, Randip K. Das 30
ContentsJournal of Refrigeration, Air conditioning, Heating and ventilation
JoRACHV (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation
Volume 1, Issue 1
www.stmjournals.com
Cascade Refrigeration System with Internal Heat
Exchanger: Suitable Natural Refrigerant Pair Selection
Jahar Sarkar* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
Abstract In this study, thermodynamic analyses and optimization of various natural fluids as
refrigerants in cascade system with internal heat exchanger have been done to get the
suitable pair in a wide range of temperatures based on best system performance
(maximum COP) as well as on operating characteristics. Out of the 56 possible
combinations of high and low temperature fluids with 8 natural refrigerants (ammonia,
carbon dioxide, propane, propylene, n-butane, isobutane, ethane, and ethylene), the primary selection has been done based on the criteria of normal boiling point and critical
point of both low and high temperature fluids following the guideline of the operating temperatures of a refrigerant to be within its critical point and normal boiling point. All
the selections have been made based on an optimum intermediate temperature leading to
maximum cooling COP for an individual pair. The results show that the internal heat exchanger is usefull in cascade system to improve performance for all natural
refrigerants except ammonia. However, it is not justified where ammonia can be applicable as a high temperature refrigerant.
Keywords: Cascade refrigeration, internal heat exchanger, natural refrigerants,
intermediate temperature, optimization, COP
JoRACHV (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation
Volume 1, Issue 1
www.stmjournals.com
Evaluation and Optimization of an Aqua-Ammonia
Vapor-Absorption Refrigeration System
S. P. Singh*, D. K. Joshi School of Energy and Environmental Studies, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road,
Indore-452017, India
Abstract The process parameters of ammonia-water absorption system were optimized in terms of temperatures of generator and condenser and heat ratios of generator-to-condenser and
generator-to-absorber. The iteration method was used to get the variation in generator
and condenser temperatures with coefficient of performance (COP) for the fixed evaporator temperature. The sizing of generator, absorber and condenser was found
from the variation of heat ratios of generator-to-condenser and generator-to-absorber for the fixed evaporator cooling load. The result showed that the optimum generator and
condenser temperatures were achieved at 88 and 32 °C, respectively for the maximum
coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.68. The simple rule of thumb was evolved for the sizing of condenser and absorber and found to be 1.2 times of generator size in terms of
heat value.
Keywords: Aqua-ammonia, vapor-absorption refrigeration, optimization, COP
JoRACHV (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation
Volume 1, Issue 1
www.stmjournals.com
Investigation of Solar Cooling Systems based on
Small-Scale Sorption Heat Pumps
Suvanjan Bhattacharyya1*, Samir Kumar Saha
2
1Mechanical Engineering Department, MCKV Institute of Engineering, 243 G. T. Road (N),
Liluah Howrah, India 2Department, MCKV Institute of Engineering, 243 G. T. Road (N), Liluah Howrah, India
Abstract This paper presents the development and investigation of solar cooling systems based on
small-scale sorption heat pumps and chillers, respectively. Ammonia or water absorption
chiller with a cooling capacity of 12 kW, a 17.5 kW water/lithium bromide absorber, the chilled WFC18 and two water or silica-gel adsorption chillers with cooling capacities of
7.5 and 15 kW, all single effect, are specified as core components of solar cooling systems. Up to now over twenty chilled Cooling and Solar Cooling Systems respectively
are installed in Germany, Austria, Spain, Italy, Malta, Romania, Syria, Canada, China
and Australia. Different kinds of applications are realised for residential buildings, retirement homes, office buildings, banks, bakeries, greenhouse and institutes.
Keywords: Solar cooling, absorption, adsorption, heat pump, chiller
JoRACHV (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation
Volume 1, Issue 1
www.stmjournals.com
Performance Evaluation of Thermoacoustic
Refrigeration System
Jagannath Korody*, Princeton Lobo Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Department at MIT Manipal, India
Abstract Today cooling technologies are going through a transformation phase. The advent of
ozone layer depletion and global warming caused by the use of synthetic refrigerants has
necessitated a search for alternative cooling technologies. Out of the several technologies which are emerging as alternatives, one technology that can provide cost
effective refrigeration without using any of the environment degrading refrigerants is the
thermoacoustic refrigeration system. Ideally, this device can be powered by a thermo acoustic Stirling heat engine which results in a system that can run on waste heat and
does not contain refrigerants or moving parts. In the current study, experiments are conducted to investigate the performance of the thermoacoustic refrigerating system
when subjected to various operating conditions. The temperature difference between the
hot end and the cold end of the stack ranged from 0 C to 15 C. The cooling load was controlled using resistance heating in place of the cold side heat exchanger. Results from
this study show that the cooling load increases with the temperature difference between the two ends of the stack. It is also found that high pressure alone in the system does not
necessarily result in a higher cooling temperature difference and thus a higher cooling
load. For the thermoacoustic refrigerating system, there exists for a given frequency, an optimum pressure that results in the maximum temperature difference which in turn
results in the possible maximum cooling load.
Keywords: Thermoacoustic refrigeration, Cooling load, Refrigeration system
JoRACHV (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation
Volume 1, Issue 1
www.stmjournals.com
Thermodynamic Analysis of an Adsorption
Refrigeration System
Anirban Sur1*, Randip K. Das
2
1Inderprasatha Engineering College, 63, Site IV, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
2Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
Abstract In this paper, thermodynamics analysis of an adsorption refrigeration pair (activated carbon and methanol) at adsorption equilibrium conditions has been proposed. Similar
analyses have been done by different scientists for different combinations of adsorbent-
adsorbate pairs. Adsorption refrigeration processes normally occurs in physical adsorption condition and activated carbon molecules being non-polar in nature,
micropores approach of adsorption (Polanyi’s micropores theory and D-A equation) has
been followed here. Analysis of the adsorption refrigeration system based on adsorption equilibrium and use of isotherms, isobars and isosteres, has been explained here.
Isosteric heat and total enthalpy of the system as a function of pressure, temperature and adsorbate uptake have been calculated. At the end, specific cooling power and coefficient
of performance (COP) of adsorption refrigeration system has been calculated.
Keywords: Adsorption, isosteric heat, differential heat isosteres, isobars, isotherms
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