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Name:- Jitendra Kumar Sahoo Regd. No. :- 070216120 Branch :- ETE Padmanava College of Engineering, Rourkela.
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TTHEHE BBLACKLACK BBOXOX
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INTRODUCTION TO BLACK BOX
Although they are called "blackboxes," aviation recorders areactually painted bright orange, are a
group of data collection devicesmounted on the tail of an aircraft.
Dr. David Warren, a Australian
aviation scientist proposed a flightrecording device and by 1958 he hadproduced a prototype ARL FlightMemory Unit
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Data from both the CVR and FDR is stored on
stacked memory boards inside the crash-survivable memory unit (CSMU)
The black box is powered by one of two powergenerators that draw their power from the
plane's engines. One generator is a 28-volt DC
power source, and the other is a 115-volt, 400-
hertz (Hz) AC power source
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TYPICALLY DOUBLE WRAPPED, IN STRONG
CORROSION-RESISTANT STAINLESS STEEL OR
TITANIUM,WITH HIGH-TEMPERATUREINSULATION INSIDE
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GENERATIONS OF DATARECORDER
First generation - Foil recorder
Second generation - Tape recorder
Third generation Solid state recorder
Components Of Black Box
CVR - Cockpit Voice Recorder
FDR Flight Data Recorder
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A. COCKPITVOICE RECORDERS
There are several microphones built into
the cockpit to track the conversation of the
flight crews.
These microphones are also designed to
track any ambient noise in the cockpitsuch as switches being thrown or any
knocks.
There may be up to 4 microphones in the
planes cockpit each connected to CVR.
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Any sound in the cockpit are picked up by
these microphones and sent to the CVR, wherethe recordings are digitized and stored.
The Associated Control Unit in the cockpit
provides pre amplification to the audio going
to CVR.
The positions of 4 microphones are-
1. Pilots headset
2. Co-pilot's headset
3. Headset for 3rd cabin crew4. At the centre of cabin
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B. FLIGHT DATARECORDER
The flight data recorder (FDR) is designed to
record the operating data from the planes
system.
There are sensors that are wired from various
areas on the plane to the flight-data acquisition
unit, which is wired to the FDR.When a switch is turned on or off, that
operation is recorded by FDR.
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FDR Location
Black boxes are installed in the tail of the plane. The
entire front of the aircraft acts as a "crush zone" to reduce
the shock that reaches the recorder. The precise location of the recorders depends on the
individual plane.
Sometimes they are located in the ceiling of the galley, in
the aft cargo hold or in the tail cone that covers the rear
of the aircraft.
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FDR LOCATION
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BUILT TO SURVIVE
The only device that survive are the Crash
Survival Memory Unit (CSMU) of the flight datarecorder and cockpit voice recorder
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CRASH - SURVIVABLE MEMORY UNIT
The cylindrical compartment on the
recorder device is engineered to withstand
extreme heat, violent crashes and tons of
pressure. In older magnetic-tape recorders,
the CSMU is inside a rectangular box.
Using three layers of materials, the CSMU
in a solid-state black box insulates and
protects the stack of memory boards that
store the digitized information.
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THREE LAYERS OF CRASH - SURVIVABLE
MEMORY UNIT
1.Aluminum housing - There is a thin layer of
aluminum around the stack of memory cards.
2. High-temperature insulation - This dry-silica
material is 1 inch (2.54 cm) thick and provideshigh-temperature thermal protection. This is
what keeps the memory boards safe during post-
accident fires.
3. Stainless-steel shell - The high-temperature
insulation material is contained within a
stainless-steel cast shell that is about 0.25 inches
(0.64 cm) thick. Titanium can be used to create
this outer armor as well.
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THERE ARE SEVERAL STAGES FOR
CRASH SURVIVAL SEQUENCE
Crash impact
Pin drop
Static crush
Fire test
Deep sea submersion
Salt water submersion
Fluid immersion
After finding the black box, the investigators
take the recorder to a lab where they can download
the data from the recorder and attempt to recreate
the accident.
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FDR Record Parameters
prior to September 30, 1969, record six flight
parameters: altitude; airspeed; heading; vertical
acceleration; time of day; and the relative time of
radio transmissions to and from air traffic
controllers.
Airplanes certificated after that date were
required to record a total of 11 parameters,
adding 5 more to the list.
Then, it had to record 17 parameters on any
flight after May 25, 1994. (six additional
parameters included)
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FDR Record Parameters
Currently, there are 88 parameters required as a
minimum
a few of the parameters recorded by most FDRs
- Time - Pressure altitude- Airspeed - Vertical acceleration
- Magnetic heading - Control-column position
- Rudder-pedal position- Control-wheel position
- Horizontal stabilizer - Fuel flow
- Engine information - Control and actuator
positions
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Retrieving Data
With the data retrieved from the FDR, the Safety
Board can generate a computer animated video
reconstruction of the flight.
The investigator can then visualize the airplane'sattitude, instrument readings, power settings
and other characteristics of the flight.
This animation enables the investigating team to
visualize the last moments of the flight before the
accident.
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AFTERA CRASH
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Locating Black Box
Underwater Locator Beacon In addition to the paint and reflective tape, black
boxes are equipped with an underwater locatorbeacon (ULB). If a plane crashes into the water,this beacon sends out an ultrasonic pulse at 37.5
kilohertz that cannot be heard by human ears butis readily detectable by sonar and acousticallocating equipment. There is a submergencesensoron the side of the beacon that looks like abull's-eye. When water touches this sensor, it
activates the beacon.
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