James M. Ebeling, Ph.D. Research Engineer Aquaculture Systems
Technologies, LLC Michael B. Timmons, Ph.D. Professor Dept. of Bio.
& Environ. Eng. Cornell University
Slide 2
2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality H YDROPONICS R AFT
NFT R ECIPROCATING
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course H YDROPONICS F LOATING R AFT NFT M EDIA B ED D RIP
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Fish Culture Tank Anything that holds water 2015 Greenhouse
Crop Production & Engineering Design Short Course
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality Anything that holds
water Fish Culture Tank
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Fish Culture Tank Tank
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Fish Culture Tank Tank
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course ! Fish Culture Tank Tank
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Fish Culture Tank Tank
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Fish Culture Tank Tank
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality Cornell type
Dual-Drain Culture Tanks Fish Culture Tank "R ULE OF T HUMB "
Dual-Drain Design Dia:Depth = 3:1 to 6:1 15 to 25% through center
drain 75 to 85% through sidewall discharge
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality HRT = Hydraulic
Retention Time Drain lines vs. Pumped Return Lines Fish Culture
Tank "R ULE OF T HUMB " Circulation Fry/Fingerlings 15 to 30 Min
HRT Growout 30 to 45 min HRT Broodstock 60 min HRT Purging 1 to 2
Tank exhanges per day Maximum Flow (gpm) Pipe DiaDrain LinePumped
Return (inches)(1 to 2 fps)(< 5 fps) 1/215 3/4210 1515 1.51030
22050 345125 475200 6150500
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality Weight = function
(length) 3 Fish Culture Tank "R ULE OF T HUMB " Weight vs Length CF
trout = 400 CF tilapia = 760 CF perch = 490 CF striped bass = 720
TroutTilapiaPerch T base 326550 TU base 281525 T max 728575 Growth
= function (Temperature)
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality Fish Culture
Density Fish Culture Tank "RULE OF THUMB" Fish Culture Density (at
harvest) D density Density in kg/m 3 (lbs/ft 3 ) LLength of fish in
cm (inches) C density tilapia: 0.24 for L in cm (1.5 for L in
inches) trout: 0.32 (2.0) perch: 0.40 (2.5) hybrid striped bass:
0.45 (2.8)
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality Swirl separators/
Swirl separators/ Radial Flow Clarifers "R ULE OF T HUMB " Radial
FlowDesign Surface-loading rate for the radial-flow settler 4.6
gpm/ft 2 of settling area
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Suspended Solids Sludge 75-90% Screen filtration rotating
microscreens horizontal screen vertical screen Pressurized bead
filters Pressurized sand filters 2015 Greenhouse Crop Production
& Engineering Design Short Course Bag filters
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality Screen filtration
Pressurized bead filters Bubble Washed Bead Filter "R ULE OF T HUMB
" Suspended Solids Capture Design Bead Filter 5 to 6 lbs of feed
per flush per ft 3 of media Screen Filters see manufacturer
recommendations Propeller Washed Bead Filter
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Fine & Dissolved Solids Removal Sludge Foam Fractionation
Foam Fractionation Protein Skimmers Protein Skimmers 2015
Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short Course "R
ULE OF T HUMB " Foam Fractionation Tank Volume treated every 2 to 4
hours
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Suspended Solids Sludge 75-90%
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality Solids Disposal
Land application Composting GeoTextile Bags By-Product NOT a Waste
Stream Aquaponics
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Suspended Solids Sludge 75-90%
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Suspended Solids Sludge 75-90% "R ULE OF T HUMB " Suspended
Solids Capture Design Bead Filter 5 to 6 lbs of feed per ft 3 of
media
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Suspended Solids Sludge 75-90%
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Sludge Land application Composting Aquaponics GeoTextile Bags
2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course By-Product NOT a Waste Stream
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality Biofiltration /
Nitrification Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria
2 NH 4 + + OH - + 3 O 2 2 H + + 2 NO 2 - + 4 H 2 O 2 NO 2 + 1 O 2 2
NO 3 - Ammonia Nitrite Nitrite Nitrate 1 KG FEED ABOUT 0.03 KG
AMMONIA "R ULE OF T HUMB " Nitrification of 1 g of ammonia-nitrogen
Yields 5.93 g of carbon dixoide Consumes 4.57 g of oxygen and 7.14
g alkalinity
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality Moving Bed
Biofilter Bead Bioclarifiers "R ULE OF T HUMB " MBBR Design 17.14 g
TAN/ft 3 /day curler media @ 25 to 30 Deg C 13.26 g TAN/ft 3 /day @
15 to 20 Deg C 10.14 g TAN/ft 3 /day @ 5 to 10 Deg C 3 to 5 min HRT
50% fill factor max 65% Air flow: 0.125 scfm/ft 3 of reactor About
1 g TAN / m 2 of media per day or ~ 500 to 1000 g per cubic meter
per day
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality R ULE OF T HUMB 1
KG FEED ABOUT 1 KG O XYGEN
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality
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Aeration Air/Oxygen Aeration Systems 2015 Greenhouse Crop
Production & Engineering Design Short Course "R ULE OF T HUMB "
1 KG FEED 0.65 TO 1.00 KG OF O 2 Air Stones, Packed Towers
Oxygenation Systems Micro-Diffusers, Speece Cones
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Disinfection Ultraviolet radiation Ultraviolet radiation 2015
Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short Course
Ozone Ozone "R ULE OF T HUMB " UV 30 mW-sec/cm 2 10-30 second
contact times
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Continuous DO DO Level Level Flow Flow Temperature Temperature
Air pressure Air pressure Periodically pH pH NH 3 NH 3 NO 2 NO 2 NO
3 NO 3 CO 2 CO 2 Alkalinity Alkalinity Phone Dialer Monitoring
& System Control It takes only one mistake to KILL EVERYTHING
IN YOU FACILITY!!!! 2015 Greenhouse Crop Production &
Engineering Design Short Course The most sophisticated monitoring
and alarm system is an attentive human operator!
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality Alarm Low Water
Level Low Water Level High Water Level Local audible alarms for Low
and High Water Level M ONITORING & S YSTEM C ONTROL Water
Level
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Loss of Oxygen More fish are probably lost in recirculation
systems due to lack of oxygen than to any other single cause!
(actually, draining the tank unintentionally is the number one
reason) A three tier emergency oxygen supply is not an extravagance
(Just ask NASA!) 2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality
normally open, electrically operated solenoid valve
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Sensaphone WEB600 Based Monitoring System Sensor Inputs: 6
Universal Inputs Normally Closed/Normally Open Dry Contacts 2.8 and
10K Thermistors for Temperature 4-20 mA Current Loop for external
sensors, pH, EC, DO Alarm Notification Methods: E-mail, text
messages Web page Eight alarm levels, 8 programmable user profiles
Data Logging: 32,000 samples (date and time stamped) from every
second to monthly Monitoring & System Control
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Monitoring & System Control
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BioSecurity 2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering
Design Short Course
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Water Quality Lab Water Quality Lab Storage - Feed, Chemicals,
Product Storage - Feed, Chemicals, Product Equipment Storage
Equipment Storage Staff Support Staff Support Back-up Generator
Back-up Generator Quarantine Area Quarantine Area Waste Disposal
Waste Disposal 2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering
Design Short Course
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality
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Unless Youre a Fish, You Cant Tell By Sticking Your Fin in the
Water! You Cant Tell By Sticking Your Fin in the Water! Critical
Parameters dissolved oxygen dissolved oxygen temperature
temperature pH pH un-ionized ammonia un-ionized ammonia nitrite
nitrite nitrate nitrate carbon dioxide carbon dioxide alkalinity
alkalinity solids solids 2015 Engineering Design & Water
Quality
Slide 40
CO 2 and dissolved oxygen concentrations CO 2 and dissolved
oxygen concentrations pH versus ammonia-nitrogen concentration pH
versus ammonia-nitrogen concentration Temperature and growth rate
and health Temperature and growth rate and health 2015 Engineering
Design & Water Quality
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Too much is definitely better than too little! Amount of water
needed will depend on: species species density density management
practices management practices production technology production
technology degree of risk one is willing to accept degree of risk
one is willing to accept Rule of Thumb 100% water exchange of total
system volume per day (good operators will do 3 to 20% per day)
2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality
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Groundwater Groundwater Surface Water Surface Water Municipal
Water Supplies Municipal Water Supplies 2015 Engineering Design
& Water Quality
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Advantages: Constant Temperature Constant Temperature
Disadvantages: Dissolved H 2 S and CO 2 Dissolved H 2 S and CO 2
Low Dissolved Oxygen Low Dissolved Oxygen Supersaturation
Supersaturation High Iron Concentration High Iron
Concentration
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality Advantages:
Available?? Available?? None None Disadvantages: High / Low
Temperatures High / Low Temperatures Disease!!!! Disease!!!!
Pollution! Pollution! Too Many! Too Many!
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Designed and treated to safeguard the health of humans, not
fish! Disadvantage Chlorine Chlorine Chloramines Chloramines
Fluorine Fluorine Cost Cost Advantages Availability Availability
Reliability Reliability 2015 Engineering Design & Water
Quality
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Parameter Concentration (mg/L) Alkalinity (as CaCO 3 ) 50-300
50-300 Ammonia (NH 3 -N unionized) < 0.0125 (Salmonids) <
0.0125 (Salmonids) Ammonia (TAN) Cool-water fish < 1.0 < 1.0
Ammonia (TAN) Warm-water fish < 3.0 < 3.0 Carbon Dioxide (CO
2 ) Tolerant Species (tilapia) Tolerant Species (tilapia) < 60
< 60 Sensitive Species (salmonids) Sensitive Species (salmonids)
< 20 < 20 2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality
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Parameter Concentration (mg/L) Hardness, Total (as CaCO 3 )
> 100 > 100 Iron (Fe) < 0.15 < 0.15 Nitrogen (N 2 )
< 108% total gas pressure < 108% total gas pressure < 103
% as nitrogen gas < 103 % as nitrogen gas Nitrite (NO 2 -N) <
1 (0.1 in soft water ) < 1 (0.1 in soft water ) Nitrate (NO 3
-N) 0 - 400 or higher 0 - 400 or higher 2015 Engineering Design
& Water Quality
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Parameter Concentration (mg/L) Oxygen Dissolved (DO) > 5
> 90 mm Hg partial pressure Ozone (O 3 ) < 0.005 pH 6.5 - 8.5
6.5 - 8.5 Salinity < 0.5 to 1 ppt (Osmotic Regulation) < 0.5
to 1 ppt (Osmotic Regulation) Total dissolved solids (TDS) < 400
< 400 Total suspended solids (TSS) < 40 < 40 Total Gas
Pressure < 103 % (death at ~ 108%) 2015 Engineering Design &
Water Quality
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Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen Temperature Temperature
Ammonia/Nitrite/Nitrate Ammonia/Nitrite/Nitrate pH pH
Alkalinity/Hardness Alkalinity/Hardness Salinity Salinity Carbon
Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Solids Solids Critical Parameters Important
Parameters 2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality
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Equilibrium Reaction - Ammonia NH 4 + + OH - NH 3 + H 2 O Note:
NH 4 + -N + NH 3 -N TAN NH 4 - -N Ammonia - nitrogen Increase in pH
Increase in temperature 2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality
Toxic! Non-Toxic!
Equilibrium Reaction Nitrite NO 2 - + H 2 O HNO 2 + OH - Note:
NO 2 - -N Nitrite - nitrogen (mitigated by adding salt (chlorides)
Decrease in pH 2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality
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Equilibrium Reaction Nitrate NO 3 -N Note: NO 3 - -N Nitrate -
nitrogen Non-toxic (freshwater systems) Can be Problem in saltwater
systems 2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality
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pH value expresses the intensity of the acidic or basic
characteristic of water. Seawater: 8.0- 8.5 Seawater: 8.0- 8.5
Freshwater: 6.5 9.0 2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality
Hydroponic systems like pH ~ 5.8 a challenge for Aquaponics !
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Alkalinity (50 -150 mg/l as Ca CO 3 ) FormulaCommon Name
Equivalent Weight NaOHsodium hydroxide40 Na 2 CO 3 sodium
carbonate53 NaHCO 3 sodium bicarbonate83 CaCO 3 Calcium Carbonate50
CaOslaked lime28 Ca(OH) 2 hydrated lime37 2015 Engineering Design
& Water Quality
Slide 56
The relationship between pH, alkalinity, and CO 2
concentrations. Alkalinity 100 mg/L 2015 Engineering Design &
Water Quality
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soft (0-75 mg/L moderately hard (75 150 mg/L) hard (150-300
mg/L) very hard (> 300 mg/L) Classified as: Recommended range:
20 to 300 mg/L CaCO 3 2015 Engineering Design & Water
Quality
Slide 58
Exposure to high carbon dioxide concentrations reduces
respiration efficiency reduces respiration efficiency and decreases
the tolerance and decreases the tolerance to low dissolved oxygen
concentrations. to low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Carbon
dioxide is a highly soluble in water. Carbon dioxide is a highly
soluble in water. Concentration in pure water: 0.54 mg/L at 20 C.
Concentration in pure water: 0.54 mg/L at 20 C. Groundwater
concentrations range from 0-100 mg/L. Groundwater concentrations
range from 0-100 mg/L. 2015 Engineering Design & Water
Quality
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Three categories: settleable settleable suspended suspended
fine or dissolved solids fine or dissolved solids upper limit: 25
mg TSS/L upper limit: 25 mg TSS/L normal operation (species
dependent) normal operation (species dependent) 10 mg/L for cold
water species 10 mg/L for cold water species 20 30 mg/L for warm
water species 20 30 mg/L for warm water species Rule of Thumb
Solids produced by fish : 0.25 to 0.4 kg TSS for every 1 kg of feed
fed 2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality
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Osmoregulation Rule of Thumb To reduce stress and reduce energy
required for osmoregulation, freshwater aquaculture systems are
maintained at 2-3 ppt salinity. Usually reported as parts per
thousand, ppt. 2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality
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Winkler Titration DO Meters polarographic - galvanic - optical
2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality
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Dr. James M. Ebeling 18 years Cornell University Short Course
HBOI Short Course Dr. Michael B. Timmons Cornell University
Professor
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2015 Engineering Design & Water Quality For copy of
presentation: [email protected]
Slide 64
THE FISH! Unit Operation (Treatment Process) INOUT Closed
Environmental Life Support System for Fish and Plants Support
System for Fish and Plants James M. Ebeling, Ph.D. Research
Engineer Tucson. AZ Michael B. Timmons Ph.D. J.Thomas Clark
Professor of Entrepreneurship & Personal Enterprise Cornell
University
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course H YDROPONICS R AFT NFT R ECIPROCATING
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Advantages of Aquaponics with RAS systems Dissolved
nutrients recovered by plants Minmizes water exchange rate
Secondary crop improves profitability Disadvantages of Aquaponics
with RAS systems Large ratio of plants area to fish rearing area
New set of skills Green Thumb Limits treatment options for both
plants and fish
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Water Based Culture: Floating Hydroponic TechniqueFloating
Hydroponic Technique (Raft Culture, Deep water Culture) Nutrient
Film Technique (NFT )Nutrient Film Technique (NFT ) Media Based
Culture: Reciprocating SystemsReciprocating Systems (Ebb &
Flow, Flood & Drain)(Ebb & Flow, Flood & Drain) Dutch
BucketDutch Bucket Drip System Rockwool SlabsDrip System Rockwool
Slabs Air Based Culture: AeroponicsAeroponics Vertical
GardensVertical Gardens
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Hydroponics Raft System Nelson & Pade, Inc. Friendly
Farm Hawaii. Lettuce Factory, Ithaca, NY Tanque Verde High
School
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Raft System Deep water Advantages Significant buffering due
to large volume of water Well adapted for the production of short
stature crops pH and EC maintained at constant levels Temperature
of root zone optimized Dissolved oxygen maintined with airstones
Ease of handling/harvesting Maximized greenhouse floor space
Disadvantages Limited to crops like lettuce/basal/herbs Plants low
to ground
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course NFT System Advantages Low capital start-up costs Ease of
handling/harvesting Maximized greenhouse floor space Plants are
typically at waist level Disadvantages Limited buffering due to
small volume of water Difficult to control root temperature
Disruption in water flow leads quickly to dehydration and
wilting
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Hydroponics NFT System Nelson & Pade, Inc. E&T Farms
Aquaponics. Aquaculture Systems Tech., LLC Continental
Organics
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Reciprocating System (flood and drain or just flood!) To
ensure adequate aeration of plant roots, gravel beds are operated
in a reciprocating (ebb and flow) mode, where the beds are
alternately flooded and drained or just flooded.
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Reciprocating System (flood and drain) Advantages Lowest
capital start-up costs Ease of handling/harvesting Grow a wide
variety of crops Maximized greenhouse floor space Media beds at
waist level!!!! Disadvantages Media is or can be very heavy &
expensive Disruption in water flow leads to dehydration and
wilting. although not a problem in flooded systems
Slide 74
2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Dutch Bucket System (bato buckets) Dutch Bucket is basically
a 2.5 to 3 gallon bucket with a special drain fitting that
maintains a small reserve of nutrient at the bottom as a
precautionary measure.
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Drip System Rockwool Slabs These cucumbers are being grown
in a slab- drip-irrigation system. The nutrient solution is
delivered via drip irrigation lines.
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Aeroponics In an aeroponics environment the plants grow with
the roots suspended in a misted solution of nutrients.
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Vertical Gardens Tower Gardens In an aeroponics environment
the plants grow with the roots suspended in a misted solution of
nutrients.
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Perfect Medium Holds a even ratio of air to waterHolds a
even ratio of air to water Helps to buffer pH changes with
timeHelps to buffer pH changes with time Is easily flushed and
re-wets easily after being dehydratedIs easily flushed and re-wets
easily after being dehydrated Is reusable or biodegradableIs
reusable or biodegradable Is inexpensive and easy to obtainIs
inexpensive and easy to obtain Lightweight and easy to work
with.Lightweight and easy to work with. Sometimes the Perfect
Medium is NO medium
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Commonly Used Mediums: Coconut Coir Lightweight Expanded
Clay Pellets Clay Pellets Rockwool Common Pea Gravel Perlite Coco
Peat
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Hydroponics Raft System Raft System: channel (raceway) with
a 1 ft depth, usually 4 to 8 ft wide covered by a floating sheet of
polystyrene ( 4 ft x 8 ft x 1 to 1 inches) for plant support.
Design Crieria: daily feed input/plant growing area (Hydroponics
makes up 75% of the system water volume) "R ULE OF T HUMB ???" 30
to 60 g of fish feed/day m 2 of raft area 60 to 90 min water
turnover rate Aeration airstones or diffusers
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2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Hydroponics NFT System NFT System: shallow flow of water, 1
lpm with 1% slope Design Crieria: daily feed input/plant growing
area (Hydroponics makes up small fraction of the system water
volume) "R ULE OF T HUMB " Waste Treatment 15-40 g of fish feed/day
m 2 of trough area 1 lpm for rate per 10 ft tray x ~ 4 inch width
1% slope
Slide 82
2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Hydroponics Reciprocating System (flood and drain) Volume
ratio of 1 ft 3 of fish-rearing to 2 ft 3 of media Design Crieria:
daily feed media volume (Hydroponics makes up small fraction of the
system water volume) "R ULE OF T HUMB " Waste Treatment 1 ft 3 of
fish fish rearing volume to 2 ft 3 of media (1/4 to inch in
diameter)
Slide 83
Production = Consumption + Accumulation 2014 Greenhouse Crop
Production & Engineering Design Short Course Design Crieria:
daily feed input / plant growing area? Golden Rule of Engineering
Mass Balance Nutrients from Fish Plant Growth Excess or Deficit in
Nutrients
Slide 84
2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course
Slide 85
pH Control Calcium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide (Never Baking
Soda) 2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design
Short Course Macro-nutrients (5 to 10% of dry matter) nitrogen (N):
22% phosphorus (P): 6% potassium (K): 29% calcium (Ca): 21%
magnesium (Mg): 6% sulfur (S): 11% Micro-nutrients (less than 1%
dry weight) chlorine (Cl) iron (Fe) manganese (Mn) boron (B) zinc
(Zn) copper (Cu) molybdenum (Mo) Free Macronutrients (90 to 95% dry
weight) carbon (C): 30 to 50% oxygen (O): 30 TO 48% hydrogen (H):
6%
Slide 86
2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course High pH: Decreases the availability of Iron, Manganese,
Boron, Copper, Zinc and Phosphorous Low pH: Decreases the
availability of Potassium, Sulphur, Calcium, Magnesium and
Phosphorous
Slide 87
2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Compromise of Aquaculture and Hydroponics pH: 6.5 to 7.0
Raise pH Calcium Hydroxide or Potassium HydroxideRaise pH Calcium
Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide Lower pH nitric, phosphoric or
acetic acidLower pH nitric, phosphoric or acetic acid Temperature:
21 to 23 C ( 70 to 74 F) Tilapia usually: 25 to 28 C ( 78 to 84
F)Tilapia usually: 25 to 28 C ( 78 to 84 F) Plants over 23 C ( 75
F) slow growth & susceptible to funus and phthiumPlants over 23
C ( 75 F) slow growth & susceptible to funus and phthium
Slide 88
2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Compromise of Aquaculture and Hydroponics Ammonia: < 3.0
Species dependentSpecies dependent High ammonia concentrations
toxic to both plants and fishHigh ammonia concentrations toxic to
both plants and fish Dissolved Oxygen: 80% saturation Tilapia: >
3.0 mg/LTilapia: > 3.0 mg/L Plants just as important!!Plants
just as important!! Alkalinity: ~ 15 to 30 mg/L as (lowly buffered)
CaCO 3 Low levels of CO2 compared to a fish systemLow levels of CO2
compared to a fish system Never use Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking
Soda), high sodium levelsNever use Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking
Soda), high sodium levels
Slide 89
2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Compromise of Aquaculture and Hydroponics Electrical
Conductivity: lower than hydroponics systems Hydroponics:
1500-1800Hydroponics: 1500-1800 (S m 1 ) Aquaponics: 300 to
800Aquaponics: 300 to 800 (S m 1 ) Continuous generation of
nutrients Organic nature of nutrients results in a lower
concentration of salts Common Deficiencies: Potassium potasium
hydroxidePotassium potasium hydroxide Calcium calcium
hydroxideCalcium calcium hydroxide Iron chelated ironIron chelated
iron
Slide 90
2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Construction Team: Alison Burton, Isaac Hung, Aaron Tirado
Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering University of Arizona
Greenhouse Design
Slide 91
Slide 92
2015 Greenhouse Crop Production & Engineering Design Short
Course Dr. James M. Ebeling Dr. Michael B. Timmons Cornell
University Professor 21 years Cornell University Short Course June
23-25, 2015. Newburgh, New York