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Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jq j ojqkq nir Dsqmkd mk~kgf8 Cp|crkcgacq jgb
_cjmkxjkigq
O{ [sqsn Dirjmcq
Kgribsakig8
R`c kqqsc jgb Ri|ka in \msrjmkqd vk`kg `c Kqmjdka \jrjbkfd `jq
jmvj{q occg bcjm vk` vk` ck`cr nrid j `kf`m{ kd|riojomc mkcrjmkq
|crq|cak~c ir ~cr{ kd|iqqkomc bkjmcakaq'
Bcq|kc `c cp|cacb bknncrcgacq- Difj`cb jgb Cq|iqki dcgkigq kg
`ckr oiie V`i q|cjeq nir Kqmjd `j j gsdocr in aiddigjmkkcq
ocvccg `c virmb jgb Kqmjd cpkqq `j q`jcrq djg{ d{`q5 j qkfgknkajg
gsdocr in |ci|mc nrid bk~crqc njk`q ocmkc~c `j rcmkfkig isf` i oc j
|kmmjr in qiakc{- kgnirdcb jgb fskbcb o{ `ckr qark|src jgb vj{ in mknc- jq
rcmkfkig |mj{q j ~kjm rimc kg `c |rcqcr~jkig in ~jmscq oi` kg |somka mknc jq
vcmm jq |rk~jc mknc- q|caknkajmm{ kg `c bidjkg in `c njdkm{&q ~jmscq- v`ka` kq
`c airc sgk in c~cr{ qiakc{' Cja` rcmkfkisq fris| jak~cm{ qs||irq `c
rcdi~jm in cprcdkqd:'
Jq igc dj{ qcc k- `crc jrc vi |iqqkomc j||rija`cq i kq
bkqasqqkgf `kq i|ka' R`c nkrq kq i cmsakbjc jgb jqqcr- vk` jmm qcgqc in
qcmn$rkf`cisqgcqq- `c rskqd `j Kqmjd |rcja`cq \msrjmkqd' R`kq vismb
kg~im~c j gjrrjkig- |jrri$mkec- in `c ~jrkisq Zsr&jgka ~crqcq |rcja`kgf
\riok{ jgb Jaaisgjokmk{ jq vcmm jq Rrjbkkigq in `c @im{ \ri|`c
(Q'J'V'+- jgcabicq nrid `c mk~cq in `c rkf`m{ fsjrbcb E`smjnj&-
`c Qj`joj- `c Rjok&kgjgb frcj |kisq rsmcrq mkec Sdjr kog Jobsm &Jxccx'
: Cq|iqki jgb Dif`j`cb- V`i q|cjeq nir KqmjdFjmms| \rcqq-?
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J `c cgb in `c bj{ c~cr{igc `crc vismb amj|- a`ccr- nccm fiib jgb
fcgcrjmm{ `j~c `c qjkqnjakig in `j~kgf `cjrb j fiib mcasrc'
Os i bi `kq kq i dcrcm{ cgfjfc kg jg cpcrakqc ocq bcqarkocb jq
`c fk~kgf kg i `c arivbq (kn {is nirfk~c `c crd+ in isr aimmcak~c cfiq' K
qjcq `c io~kisq- j~ikbq `c bknnkasm jgb kg gi vj{ aigrkoscq i `c
|sr|iqc in qsa` j fj`crkgf' Ri qj{ `j Kqmjd |rcja`cq \msrjmkqd jgb
kgcr$rcmkfkisq sgbcrqjgbkgf- jgb i r{ i|ri~c k i j Dsqmkd jsbkcgac- kq
j diq rkbkasmisq kgcmmcasjm cpcrakqc'
K vismb arcjc j qacgjrki inRj`qccm jm$`jqccm(jjkgkgf `j v`ka` kq
jmrcjb{ jjkgcb+5 nir c~cr{ Dsqmkd qsrcm{ egivq `j gi hsq Kqmjd- os
c~cr{ virmb$~kcv ir ak~kmkxjkig vir` kq gjdc- |rcja`cq \msrjmkqd jgb
sgbcrqjgbkgf'
R`crc kq- `ivc~cr- j qcaigb j||rija`8 dirc aid|mcp- mcqq |jmjjomc
jgb acrjkgm{ dirc inncgqk~c i acrjkg qcgqkokmkkcq' K kq jg j||rija` v`ka`
jqeq j `kqirkajmm{ ~jmkb zscqkig v`ka` ocfq ccrgjmm{ i oc jgqvcrcb8 v`{
kq k `j kgq|kc in `c nja `j vc jmm egiv- jajbcdkajmm{ ir kgskk~cm{- `j
_cmkfkisq kgimcrjgac jgb i||rcqqkig kg jmm kq nirdq kq sgKqmjdka- k rcdjkgqj |cr~jqk~c ncjsrc |crdcjkgf kg qidc Dsqmkd aiddsgkkcq9 Jgb `c vc
vismb bkqasqq jmm `c jgfmcq jgb rcnmcakigq jgb qidc cp|crkcgacq rcfjrbkgf
`c i|ka j `jgb'
Igc vismb oc kgamkgcb i jqe- V`{ `j~c Dsqmkd mcjbcrq- kgamsbkgf
`iqc v`i `j~c rsmcb Qjsbk Jrjokj Jnf`jgkqjg jgb \jekqjg kg `c rcacg
|jq- gi occg j |jrjfig in \msrjmkqd jgb sgbcrqjgbkgf 9
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R`kq kg kqcmn kq igc in `c djhir qcojaeq kg `c bkqasqqkig in `kq
|jrjbkfd- `ivc~cr- jq `crc jrc jak~c jb~iajcq in `kq aigac|- vc dj{
djgjfc i qsb{- cmsakbjc jgb bkqasqq `cqc kbcjq nrid oi` j `circkajm
jgb |rjakajm |crq|cak~c
\msrjmkqd nrid jg Kqmjdka \crq|cak~c
Kqmjd jq j rcmkfkig kq kgbccb oi` kgcmmcasjm jgb |`kmiqi|`kajm kg
gjsrc- rka` kg rjbkkig jgb bcc|m{ riicb kg bkqaisrqc' R`c gjsrc in `kq
bkqaisrqc `jq occg oi` i|cg i j ~jrkc{ in i|kgkigq oi` jfrcckgf jgb
aigrjbkakgf i `c aigcp in Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd'
R`c |ci|mc vcrc igc aiddsgk{(Sddj`+5 `cg Fib qcg nir` `c
\ri|`cq- Fiib Rkbkgfq i ocjr jgb vjrgkgf- @c qcg bivg vk` `cd `c
Oiie vk` `c rs`- `j @c dkf` bcakbc `c |ci|mc isakgf `ckr
bknncrcgacq'
(Qsrj` jm$Ojzjrj` 8?:1+
K vismb oc gkac i zsic virbq nrid j nirdcr Qcgkir Jb~iajc j
`c Qs|rcdc Aisr in \jekqjg- Ojrrkqcr Jobsm _c`jdjg v`i qjkb Bsrkgf
d{ rcqcjra`cq- njmqc kbcjq jois Kqmjd jrc qkmm |i|smjr''' jgb `j
dkqsgbcrqjgbkgf jgb dkqkgcr|rcjkigq `jq jbbcb i `c nsr`cr kfgirjgac
jois Kqmjd' Cqqcgkjmm{ j q{qcd in |cjac- Kqmjd |rcqcgq j gig$
jgjfigkqka ~kcv in jmm rcmkfkisq q{qcdq'?
? _c`jdjg- Jobsm' R`c \cjac-Bsojk \somkq`kgf' :;;;
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R`c |icgkjm |riomcdq in Kgcr$_cmkfkisq jgb kgcrasmsrjm Bkjmifsc
kgcgqkn{ kg |ri|irkig i `c cpamsqk~k{ in `c rcmkfkisq biarkgc jgb kq
jb`crcgq- kg q`ir- `c i|kgkig `j igc jb`crcg ~kcvq jgi`cr'
Cpamsqk~kq _cmkfkisq irkcgjkigq jgb ocmkcn q{qcdq incgkdcq
ocaidc bk~kqk~c niracq `j jffrj~jc rcmkfkisq aignmkaq `j rk|q `c
nrjfkmc gjkigjm |q{a`c in j gjkig jgb kg `c aigcp in dsmk$asmsrjm
qiakckcq rcjrb `c cdcrfcgac in j gjkigjm kbcgk{ in j |ci|mc' Vc `j~c
qccg `cqc `kgfq `j||cg aisgmcqq kdcq'
Vc `j~c qccg `j gi igm{ kg `c Dsqmkd virmb jmigc `j v`cgc~cr
rcmkfkig |crdcjcq `c gjkigjm asmsrc- _cmkfkisq rjbkkig djkgjkgq jg
jak~c kgcrcq kg kqqscq in gjkigjm |imkkaq jgb qiakjm hsqkac' Kg `c Dsqmkd
aigcp `c mkdk in qrkam{ rcmkfkisq ~jmscq kg bccrdkgkgf `c gjkigjm
|imkakcq in j Dsqmkd Gjkig qjc `j~c gc~cr occg nsmm{ cp|mjkgcb ir
fcgcrjmm{ jaac|cb o{ Dsqmkd aiddsgkkcq- `sq arcjkgf j frj{ jrcj kg
rcmjkgf i asrrcg kqqscq'
Asrrcgm{ `crc `jq occg kg cpkqcgac Dsqmkd gjkig qjcq `j qcce
i djgkncq `c Kqmjdka ir Dsqmkd a`jrjacr in `ckr aisgr{ jgb `sq kg
`c |riacqq dj{ qcce i cp|rcqq `ckr |jrkasmjr virmb$~kcv ig |jrkasmjrm{
rcmkfkisq dirjm |rcac|q'
R`c Ncjr in Vcqipknkajkig (F`rjoxjbcf k+ qkmm cpkqq jrisgb
jm`isf` `kq kq djgkncqcb kg bk~crqc nirdq' Jgb qkgac amjqqkajm Kqmjdka
Hsrkbkajm `isf` kq ockgf jsf` qkmm s| i `c |rcqcg- `c bsjm virmb$~kcv
in Bjrsm @jro jgb bjrsm Kqmjd kq qkmm ockgf |crack~cb o{ `c Vcqcrg dcbkj
jq `c bidkgjg virmb$~kcv in Dsqmkdq fmiojmm{'
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@ivc~cr k vismb oc dcrkirkisq i gic `j jm`isf` `kq kq rsc i
qidc cpcg `j bsc i `c cpkqcgac in fris|q v`i r{ i niqqkmkxc Kqmjdka
`isf`- gijom{ `crc jrc kgbccb c~kbcgacq `j kgbccb c~cg kg isr ivg
qjarcb cpq- `crc jrc bk~kgc irbkgjgacq `j irbcr sq i jme ir bi bkjmifsc
vk` i`cr njk`q- jgb `j c~cg `c Ocmi~cb \ri|`c Ds`jddjb
(Qjmjvjsmmj`k jmj{`k+ `jq aigbsacb bkjmifsc ir `jq irbcrcb `kq
aid|jgkigq i bi bkjmifsc'
Kg `c mjq `rcc bcajbcq- rcmkfkig `jq rc$cdcrfcb jq jg kd|irjg
qisrac in dirjm kd|crjk~c gccbcb i djkgjkg qiakjm ai`cqkig' _cmkfkisq
aiddkdcg `jq gi igm{ diokmkxcb |ci|mcq qcgqc in isrjfc kg rcqkqkgf
josqcq os k jmqi `jq |mj{cb j ~cr{ aigqrsak~c rimc kg gjkigjm
rcaigakmkjkig jgb gjkig oskmbkgf'
K kq kgbccb kg `kq rjbkkig `j vc vkq` i mj{ j `sdomc vrcj` in
jaegivmcbfcdcg jgb `j vc vismb mkec i aigkgsc kg `j |j` in
bkjmifsc jq vcmm'
Ocajsqc in `c rkqc in `c |imkkajm biarkgc in oi` `c amjq` in
ak~kmkxjkigq in @sgkgfig jgb `c \rccd|k~c qrkec biarkgc `crc vjq
j rkqc in Kqmjdka `kgecrq v`i `j~c ocaidc jmjrdkq- dkqjecgm{ |iqqcqqkgf
j aigac|sjm aigkgsk{ vk` `c rjbkkigjm ~kcvq ig Hk jb jgb `c
kgarcjqkgf bjgfcrisq zsjgbjrkcq ibj{' R`kq `jq ocaidc `c in$akcb
amjq` vk` rcmkfkisqm{ kgq|krcb dkmkjga{ djqqcb jfjkgq `c mkocrjm jgb
bcdiarjka ~jmscq in `c Vcq'
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Kg `c aig~cgkigjm ~kcv in `c jajbcdc jgb `c dcbkj (mjrfcm{ `c
dcbkj+- gi igm{ jrc Dsqmkdq cgfjfcb kg bcqjokmkxkgf `c rcfkigjm qcasrk{
jrrjgfcdcgq `c{ jrc jmqi xcjmisqm{ i||iqcb i jg{`kgf `j qdjaeq in
vcqcrg mkocrjm jgb bcdiarjka ~jmscq'
R`kq qecvcb ~kcv|ikg `jq occg |cr|csjcb o{ qa`imjrq k| `j
rcjq Dsqmkd nsgbjdcgjmkqd jq zsjmkjk~cm{ bkqkga jgb krrcbsakomc i jg{
aiddig frisgb- rc|rcqcgkgf jg kdjfc in Kqmjd kg joqrjakig' Jbb i `kq
`c ~cr{ ~iajm jgb ~kqkomc kdjfc in dkgirkkcq `j |rcqcg `kq kbcj'
Fk~cg `c bcc|cgkgf fmiojm arkqkq jrkqkgf nrid `c dkqsqc in rcmkfkig
o{ `kf`m{ ~iajm dkgirkkcq- k kq kgbccb kd|irjg nir Dsqmkd `kgecrq i
rcbkqai~cr jgb |ridic j aiddig aigacrg nir |cjac vk` hsqkac' Gi
Dsqmkd qa`imjr aismb sgbcrdkgc `c cpkqkgf kgcrgjkigjm irbcr vk`is
jekgf j arkkajm rcjqqcqqdcg in `c rcmkfkisq jgb kbcimifkajm mjgbqaj|c `j
`c mkcq `crckg' Jncr jmm- kg Kqmjd- jmm `sdjg cgbcj~irq jrc bkqkga jq|caq
in j ijm bkjmcaka v`iqc jkd kq `c cqjomkq`dcg in j fmiojm aiddsgk{
sgbcr Fib'
R`crckg mkcq `j bkqkga gccb nir |msrjmkqd'
V`j `cg kq `c Ojqkq in Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd
Ocnirc hsqkn{kgf Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd- vc dj{ gccb i bcnkgc k' V`j cgkrcm{
kq Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd9
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Kqmjdka |msrjmkqd kq bcnkgcb jq `c aigac| in djkgjkgkgf |cjacnsm
rcmjkigq ocvccg bknncrcg rcmkfkigq- `j kq djgkncqcb kg j gsdocr in
rcmjcb vj{q8
:' Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd dj{ bcqarkoc `c Kqmjd&q virmb~kcv `j k kq gi igm{
igc&q rcmkfkig jq gi `c qimc jgb cpamsqk~c qisrac in rs`- jgb `sq
rcaifgkxcq `j qidc mc~cm in rs` jgb ~jmsc cpkqq kg j mcjq qidc
i`cr rcmkfkigq'
?' Kqmjdka |msrjmkqd incg kq sqcb jq j Ojqkq nir kgcrnjk` bkjmifsc' J j
dkgkdsd- R`kq mcjbq |ridikig in sgk{- ai$i|crjkig- ir kd|ri~cb
sgbcrqjgbkgf ocvccg bknncrcg rcmkfkigq- ir bcgidkgjkigq vk`kg `c
qjdc rcmkfkig
R kq kq girdjmm{ j q{gig{d nir rcmkfkisq imcrjgac- v`ka` kq j
aigbkkig in `jrdigkisq ai$cpkqcgac ocvccg jb`crcgq in bknncrcg
rcmkfkigq ir rcmkfkisq bcgidkgjkigq'
Oc{igb `c |jrkasmjrkq bidjkgq in `c a`sra`- diqzsc- cd|mc jgb
q{gjfifsc- `c casdcgkajm qcgqkk~k{ in `j~kgf |msrjmkqd jq j aiddig
frisgb `jq brjvg `c jcgkig in `c |ci|mc jrisgb `c virmb- kgnmscgakgf
`ckr mk~cq oc{igb `c aignkgcq in `ckr njk` aiddsgkkcq' K kq `c gig$
kgqkskigjm in |msrjmkqd `j `jq jrjacb j qsoqjgkjm djhirk{ in `c
virmb |i|smjkig'
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K djgkncqq `c sgk~crqjm qiakjm bkdcgqkig in igcq |crqigjm jgb
|rk~jc njk` kg irbcr i |rihca `cd kg `c virmb' R`kq nsr`crq kgcr$`sdjg
sgbcrqjgbkgf oc{igb jg cpamsqkigjr{ jgb aigqczscgm{ kgimcrjg
kgqkskigjm rcmkfkiqk{'
Kqmjdka rc~cmjkig |rcqcgq j `cimif{ `j rcqigjcq vk` `c dibcrg
|msrjmkqka ocmkcn `j i`cr njk`q jrc gi dcrcm{ kgncrkir djgkncqjkigq in
rcmkfkiqk{- os ~jrkjg nirdq in kgbk~kbsjm jgb aiddsgjm rcq|igqcq i `c
|rcqcgac in `c Rrjgqacgbcg kg `sdjg mknc' Jmm |ci|mc jrc arcjcb kg qjdc
bk~kgc gjsrc (nkrj` Jmmj`+ vk` j bkq|iqkkig `j mcjbq i `c egivmcbfc in
Fib- `c Arcjir i v`id jmm virq`k| kq bsc qkd|m{ ocajsqc in `c
arcjkig'1
R`kq sgk~crqjm egivmcbfc in `c ockgf kg arcjkig `imbq czsjmm{ nir `c
ocmkc~cr ir gig$ocmkc~cr- `c virq`k|cr in igc ockgf ir in kbimq' Dirc
kd|irjg- oi` j digi`ckq jgb jg kbimjcr ajg sgbcrqjgb Fib o{
kgq|krkgf njk` kg bk~kgc dcra{ jgb nirfk~cgcqq- ajg fskbc jg{igc v`i @c
vkmmq i qj~c'2
R`c crd |msrjmkqd kq igc in `c aja`virbq in j gcv irbcr v`iqc
bk~crqk{ in asmsrcq- ocmkcn q{qcdq jgb ~jmscq kgq|krcq oi` cp`kmjrjkig j
`c cgbmcqq q`jbkgfq in `sdjg cp|rcqqkig jgb brcjb in krrcaigakmjomc
aignmka'
1 Qja`cbkgj- Jobsmjxkx- R`c Kqmjdka _iiq in Bcdiarjka \msrjmkqd-Acgcr nir Qrjcfka jgbKgcrgjkigjm Qsbkcq-?
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R`kq gccb i jaegivmcbfc `c cpkqcgac in `c i`cr dj{ oc bsc i
`c ca`gimifkajm jb~jgacq |sq`kgf `c virmb kgi j fmiojm aiddsgk{
v`crc sgmkec ocnirc vcrc gjkigq kqimjcb o{ |`{qkajm - asmsrjm jgb
kbcimifkajm oisgbjrkcq'
Jgb |rkir i `c bc~cmi|dcg in kq aigcp- `c{ `j~c occg
rcmjk~cm{ kqimjcb nrid igc jgi`cr jgb |rc~kisq cgaisgcrq vk` bk~crqk{
vcrc gi jq jmvj{q nrkcgbm{ jgb vjrdm{ rcack~cb' Jgb kg `c cgb- aignmkaq
jgb amjq`cq iaasr jq j rcqsm in asmsrjm jgb ak~kmkxjkigjm bknncrcgacq-
ocaidkgf j djhir qisrac in bc`sdjgkxkgf i`crq'
_caifgkkig in rcmkfkisq |msrjmkqd vk`kg j aiddsgk{ in njk`nsm
|ridkqcq i jb~jgac `c |rkgak|mc in kgamsqk~cgcqq- v`ka` vismb aisgqcm
jaaiddibjkig- gi aignmka- jdigf aid|ckgf amjkdq i rcmkfkisq rs` kg
rcmkfkisqm{ jgb asmsrjmm{ `ccrifcgcisq qiakckcq' R`kq aismb mcjb kg j vj{
i qcgqc in dsmk|mc jgb sgkzsc |iqqkokmkkcq nir cgrka`kgf `c `sdjg zscq
nir q|krksjm jgb dirjm vcmmockgf'
R`c Zsrjg kg rcaifgkxjgac in `c sgk~crqjmk{ in djg `jq jmvj{q occg
amcjr kg kq bcamjrjkig `j8
I @sdjgekgb- Vc `j~c arcjcb {is djmc jgb ncdjmc- jgb j||ikgcb {is
rjacq jgb rkocq- `j {is dj{ egiv igc jgi`cr' Qsrcm{ `c Giomcq jdigf
{is kg `c qkf` in Fib kq `c Diq Fib$ncjrkgf jdigf {is' Fib kq Jmm$
egivkgf jgb Jmm$Jvjrc'
(Qsrj` jm$@shsrj8:1+
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R`c Zsr&jg `jq sqcb `c virb mk Rj&jrjns ({is dj{
egiv)aid|rc`cgb+ v`iqc rii virb- jrkn dcjgq i nsmm{ sgbcrqjgb' Nir o{
sgbcrqjgbkgf {isrqcm~cq igm{ `j {is ajg jme vk` cja` i`cr'
Kg miiekgf j \msrjmkqd kg `c Kqmjdka rjbkkig-vc q`jmm miie j `c
aigcp in `c Zsr&jg- ockgf `c \rkdjm qisrac in Dsqmkd arccb jgb mjv'
R`c Dsqmkd |msrjmkq arccb kq nsr`cr cmsakbjcb kg Qsrj` jm$Ojzjrj` J{j`
?03 v`ka` qjcq8
R`c Dcqqcgfcr (Ds`jddjb \OS@+ ocmkc~cq kg v`j `jq occg qcg bivg i
`kd nrid `kq Mirb- jgb qi bi `c ocmkc~crq' Cja` igc Ocmkc~cq kg Jmmj`- @kq
Jgfcmq- @kq Oiieq jgb @kq dcqqcgfcrq'(`c{ qj{+ VC djec gi bkqkgakig
ocvccg jg{ in @kq dcqqcgfcrq jgb `c{ qj{ &Vc `cjr jgb ioc{'&
(Qsrj` jm$Ojzjrj`8 ?03+3
K kq |jr jgb |jracm in ockgf Dsqmkd i jaac| qc~crjm fcgcrjm njaq8
Nkrq- `j ocnirc `c jb~cg in Ds`jddjb (\OS@+ `crc vcrc i`cr
\ri|`cq qcg ocnirc `kd-
Qcaigb- jgb `j qidc in `cqc \ri|`cq orisf` qark|srcq ir
rc~cmjkig jq j |riin in `ckr jqeq'
Jgb `krbm{ k kq |jr jgb |jracm in `ckr njk` `j `c{ dsq
jaegivmcbfc `cqc \ri|`cq qj{kgf Mj gsnjrkzs oj{gj J`jbkg dkg _sqsmk`
Vc djec gi bkqkgakig ocvccg jg{ in `cd'
3 @kmjmk jgb E`jg-Rrjgqmjkig in `c Dcjgkgfq in `c @im{ Zsr&jg kg R`c Cgfmkq` Mjgfsjfc-EkgfNj`b Aid|mcp nir `c \rkgkgf in `c @im{ Zsr&jg- EQJ
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V`j kq amcjr `crcnirc kq `j nrid `c ~cr{ qjr Dsqmkdq jrc
irbcrcb i oc i|cg jgb vcmaidc i i`cr njk`q'
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rc~cmjkig jgb `j Fib `jq qcg `kq dcra{ i jmm in djgekgb' Jq k rsgq
qjcq8
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8/9/2019 Islamic Pluralism as a Basis for Muslim Livin
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Jgb nir c~cr{ Sddj` (j aiddsgk{ ir gjkig+ `crc kq j dcqqcgfcr5 v`cg
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rcmjcb'
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|jr in `c rs`' Jaairbkgf i \ri|`cka Rrjbkkigq- Fib `jq qcg :?
8/9/2019 Islamic Pluralism as a Basis for Muslim Livin
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R`c Zsr&jg jmqi qcq j qjgbjrb ig `iv bcjmkgfq vk` \ci|mc in `c Oiie
(J`msm Ekjjo+ q`ismb oc aigbsacb8
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qa`iimq- `kq ocaidcq j sgkzsc a`jmmcgfc i jg{ |jrkasmjr aiddsgk{ jq
vcmm jq i mcjbcrq- v`c`cr qksjcb kg j Dsqmkd ir j qcasmjr qjc'
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i `kq' C~cgsjmm{ ocaidkgf `c nsqc in qcajrkjg aignmkaq jrisgb `c
fmioc'
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i `c{ dj{ egiv cja` i`cr' R`c `kf`mkf`kgf in `c aiddigjmkkcq in
qa`iimq in `isf` dsq jmqi oc cd|`jqkxcb'
:6Dirjmcq- _izsc Qjgiq- Sqkgf `c iimq in kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jgb Dibcrjkig jq iimq nirkgcrnjk` bkjmifsc jgb j ojqkq nir qsoasmsrc in ibj{&q Dsqmkd {is`' Aigncrcgac |j|cr-?
8/9/2019 Islamic Pluralism as a Basis for Muslim Livin
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Jmm Dsqmkdq q`jrc `c qjdc |kmmjrq in Kqmjd- jrkamcq in njk` jq vcmm jq
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Kqmjd
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dkqsgbcrqjgbkgf- mkec `c rkiq jgb rk~jmr{ kg Kgbkj jgb \jekqjg v`ka` `jq
figc i kgaigqkbcrjomc cpcgq in ~kimcgac'
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rcq|ca jgb imcrjgac in `c i`cr'
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Dsqmkd qjcq'
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jrc ajmmkgf nir jmcrgjk~c q{qcdq `j ajg niqcr jg Kqmjdka ~kqkig in
qiakc{ jgb qkdsmjgcisqm{ jaaiddibjc isr kgarcjqkgfm{ |msrjmkqka
qiakckcq'
8/9/2019 Islamic Pluralism as a Basis for Muslim Livin
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R`c{ ocmkc~c `j |msrjmkqd jgb `c sgk~crqjm bcdiarjkxjkig in
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jois `c gjsrc- q`j|c jgb |sr|iqc in jg Kqmjdka qjc- rjgfkgf nrid `c
aigqcr~jk~c i `c ~cr{ |rifrcqqk~c' @ivc~cr- Kqmjdka qjcq jq vc egiv
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qsa` kbcjq:;'
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virbq in `c \ri|`c Ds`jddjb (QJV+- dcra{ kg bknncrcgacq in `c
sddj`
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`c Kqmjdka qjc' Nir sgmcqq `kq Kqmjdka q|krk kq ncm o{ `c Sddj` jgb kq
mcjbcrq- jg Kqmjdka qjc vkmm gi c~im~c kg kqcmn kgi kq bcqkrcb nird'
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qiakckcq i jojgbig `c Kqmjdka qjc |jrjbkfd jgb kgqcjb qrk~c nir j
fmiojm sddj`- j fmiojm aiddsgk{ `j q`jrcq `c airc ~jmscq in nrccbid
jgb hsqkac' Ri `kd- Kqmjd kq cdoibkcb kg `c aigac| in /bknncrcgacq vk`kg
sgk{/- gjdcm{ |msrjmkqd?
8/9/2019 Islamic Pluralism as a Basis for Muslim Livin
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Njrkb Cqjae kq jgi`cr Dsqmkd qa`imjr- nrid Qis` Jnrkaj- v`i jrfscq
jfjkgq jg Kqmjdka qjc kg ibj{&q virmb8 kn Kqmjd&q dcqqjfc kq i nkf` nir
i||rcqqcb aiddsgkkcq- `cg Kqmjdka qjcq jq vc asrrcgm{ egiv `cd jrc
jg{`kgf os Kqmjdka' @c ajdc i `kq aigamsqkig jq j rcqsm in `kq |crqigjm
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jq jg jak~kq kg Qis` Jnrkaj- v`cg `c cp|crkcgacb qimkbjrk{ vk` |ci|mc
nrid jmm njk`q jfjkgq j|jr`ckb'
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jmqi |ri|iqcq j bknncrcg nird in Kqmjdka kgnmscgac cdoibkcb kg j fmiojm
sddj` `j bicq gi qkd|m{ imcrjc bknncrcgacq os jmqi sgkcq `sdjgekgb
oc{igb rjac jgb rcmkfkig nir j q|caknka |sr|iqc8 hsqkac'
Cqjae ocmkc~cq `j `c sddj` ajggi oc bcnkgcb o{ ekgq`k| os o{
jaq in njk`8 `c rcjm sddj` kq j sgkcb kgcrrcmkfkisq qrsffmc jfjkgq
i||rcqqkig kg jmm kq nirdq'
Jobsmmj`k Gj&kd- j Qsbjgcqc Dsqmkd kgcmmcasjm v`i `jb i nmcc
E`jrisd nir nimmivkgf `c i|cg rcmkfkisq biarkgc in Dj`disb Rj`j- j
Qsbjgcqc `cimifkjg jgb |imkkajm nkfsrc v`i jb~iajcb |imkkajm jgb mkocrjm
rcmkfkisq rcnird- kq aig~kgacb `j jg Kqmjdka qjc kq biidcb i njkmsrc jgb
`j qcasmjrkqd$riicb kg nrccbid in rcmkfkig- c kaq jgb dirjmk{- jgb
rkf`q jgb bskcq$kq o{ njr `c ocq q{qcd nir Dsqmkdq `risf`is `c
virmb' R kq nird in qcasmjrkqd vismb `j~c i oc kgamsqk~c in bknncrcg
virmb~kcvq jgb aismb igm{ oc oskm `risf` `c bkjmifsc jgb cpa`jgfc in j
fmiojm ak~km qiakc{'
8/9/2019 Islamic Pluralism as a Basis for Muslim Livin
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R`c kd|irjgac in `c sddj` i~cr `c Kqmjdka qjc bcdigqrjcq j
q`kn nrid `c qjc$`c |imkkajm j||jrjsq$i kgbk~kbsjmq jgb aiddsgkkcq
v`i ocaidc jak~c jfcgq rcq|igqkomc nir kd|mcdcgkgf Kqmjdka kbcjmq kg
`ckr |msrjmkqka qiakckcq?:'
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j dirc nmskb jgb qskjomc nrjdcvire nir isr fmiojmkxcb virmb' R`kq kg kqcmn
djgkncqq `c dirc i|cg bkqaisrqc i jaac|kgf kgcrgjm bknncrcgacq kg `c
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cp|crkcgacq jgb rcjmkxjkigq
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rc|cjcbm{ sqcb i bcgic jg{ jak~k{ v`crc `crc kq bqasqqkig in rcmkfkisq
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sgbcrqjgbkgf- mcjrgkgf jgb rj~cmmkgf jmigf `c |j`- jq j dcdocr in `c
Gjzq`jojgbk Qsnk Rjrkzj`- jq vcmm jq jg jak~c dcdocr in `c Jghsdjg
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|ri|jfjc j |cjacnsm jgb kgcrjak~c Kqmjd `j brjvq nrid `c cp|crkcgacq
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Dkrxj F`smjd J`djb'
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8/9/2019 Islamic Pluralism as a Basis for Muslim Livin
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Ockgf j qa`imjr egivg i cq|isqc kgcmmcasjm cpa`jgfc jq vcmm jq
kgcr$rcmkfkisq sgbcrqjgbkgf- K vjq kg~kcb i bcmk~cr j qcrkcq in jmeq ig
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q{qcdq i ai$cpkq jgb rcq|ca cja` i`cr'
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vkmmq i qj~c?1'
??Qja`cbkgj- Jobsmjxkx- R`c Kqmjdka _iiq in Bcdiarjka \msrjmkqd-Acgcr nir Qrjcfka jgbKgcrgjkigjm Qsbkcq-?
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Jgb jq qsa` `kq qcakig vkmm niasq |rkdjrkm{ `c cp|crkcgcacq jgb
mcjrgkgfq `j K `j~c fjkgcb nrid oi` `c |riacqq in `c qcdkgjrq vc `j~c
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vcmm jq `c |ci|mc `crc- v`id K bcbkajc `kq |j|cr'
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|jrjbkfd i oc cdsmjcb o{ Dsqmkdq jq vcmm jq djekgf `c a`rkqkjgq jgb
Msdbq sgbcrqjgb `j `crc kjq vj{ i jme jgb qkmm ecc| `c |cjac'
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Ockgf j {isgf fris| `j vjq in dkpcb |crqsjqkigq jgb rcmkfkisq
irkcgjkigq- k vjq zskc j a`jmmcgfc `iv i arcjc j |rcqcgjkig `j
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Girdjmm{ `c nkrq bj{ vjq fckgf i egiv cja` i`cr jgb ajd| rsmcq' R`c
qcaigb bj{ vjq `c kg|sq bj{- girdjmm{ kqmjd vi{mb oc `c nkrq qc in
i|kaq i cgqsrc `j dkqaigac|kigq jgb amjrknkajkigq vismb oc bigc kg `c
nkrq bj{'
V`cgc~cr K vismb aidc kgi j riid K vismb jmvj{q r{ i bi j mkmc
jqqcqdcg jgb |crqigjm zscqkig qsnn `j vismb djec `cd dirc
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aidnirjomc mkqcgkgf- |rc|jrkgf j |ivcr|ikg |rcqcgjkig jq vcmm jq
brcqqkgf s| aidnirjom{'
Qcckgf j Kqmjdka qa`imjr brcqq kg j ajqsjm djggcr vjq `c nkrq
qsr|rkqc `c{ fi- fckgf j ~cr{ qkd|mc bivg i$cjr` mcasrc `j bcm~cb
dirc kg i `c |rjakajm qkbc `jg `c `circkajm qkbc djbc `cd dirc
aidnirjomc i mkqcg jgb jqe zscqkigq' Jm`isf` ig i`cr |mjacq K vismb
igm{ bcmk~cr vi mcasrcq jq `c i`crq vcrc |rc|jrcb o{ i`cr qa`imjrq'
@igcqm{- nrid `c njacq jgb qdkmcq K qjv- `c{ vcrc jmm `i|cnsmm in
qidc qimskig i `c aignmka `j jnnmkacb `ckr njdkmkcq jgb `ckr mk~cq- jgb
`j qimskig mj{ j`cjb in `iqc v`i vcrc mcasrkgf ocnirc `cd' Risf`
msae- ocajsqc `igcqm{- `c qimskig jasjmm{ mj{ ocnirc `ckr c{cq'
V`cg K bcmk~crcb j jme ig /\kmmjrq jgb Nsgbjdcgjmq in Kqmjd/- K
qkgacrcm{ ocmkc~cb `j k vjq gi `c Dsqmkdq `j K q`ismb niasq d{ jme
kgi- jq c~cr{ Dsqmkd egivq jois `cqc `kgfq- K vjq qrsasrkgf `c
mcasrc ig `iv i |rcqcg `c fcgcrjm aigac|q jgb kbcjq v`{ `cqc kqqscq
jgb aigac|q vcrc arcjcb jq fskbjgac nir Dsqmkdq jq vcmm jq `c
|`kmiqi|`kajm nisgbjkigq nir Dsqmkdq ockgf rczskrccb i ocmkc~c kg `cd'-
R`c gcp i|ka `j K bcmk~crcb- vjq /Qkddkmmjrkkcq jgb bknncrcgacq in
Dsqmkdq jgb A`rkqkjgq-/ nsgg{ jq k vismb j||cjr- j mi in A`rkqkjg a`kmbrcg
vcrc qsr|rkqcb i `cjr `j Dsqmkdq mi~cb- rcq|cacb jgb a`crkq`cb `c
Okomkajm |ri|`cq' R`kq vjq j rc~cmjkig nir `cd' Qkgac [isgf Dsqmkdq vcrc
gi `j i|cg i jmekgf ir bkqasqqkgf `cimifkajm aigac|q vk` `ckr
A`rkqkjg nrkcgbq- kq vjq okf rcmkcn nir `cd i `cjr `iv i orcje a`sgeq in
rcmkfkisq kbcjq kgi bivg i cjr` kbcjq `j aismb oc bkfcqcb o{ oi`
Dsqmkdq jgb A`rkqkjgq jmkec'
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V`cg K bcmk~crcb `c jme /Dibcrjkig kg Kqmjd- j ojaebrjn kg
rcnmcakig/ K rcjmkxcb `j kgbccb jm`isf` `crc vcrc Dsqmkdq jgb `j d{
djkg jrfc jsbkcgac vjq i djec A`rkqkjgq sgbcrqjgb Dsqmkdq- k
j||cjrb `j K jmqi `jb i cp|mjkg `cqc aigac|q i Dsqmkdq jq vcmm v`i
vcrc qs||iqcb i cq|isqc `kq aigac|' Ocajsqc- `c ~cr{ aigac| in ockgf
dibcrjc jgb gi i oc cprcdc kg ocmkcnq jgb `c aignmkaq q|rkgfkgf nrid
`c aigrjbkkigq vjq jg cp|crkcgac gi igm{ aignkgcb i Dsqmkdq
`cdqcm~cq- k vjq jg cp|crkcgac jgb |jrjbkfd `j q|rcjb i i`cr
rcmkfkigq jq vcmm'
R`kq vjq dssjmm{ jfrccb s|ig o{ A`rkqkjgq jgb Dsqmkdq jq vcmm' Nir
`cd- `c aigac| in dibcrjkig jq `c ocq djgkncqjkig in njk` vjq qsa`
j ~cr{ jrjak~c kbcj- `j igc ajg oc A`rkqkjg)Dsqmkd jgb oc aiim j `c
qjdc kdc vk`is aid|ridkqkgf `ckr rcmkfkig'
V`cgc~cr K vismb bcmk~cr d{ jme ig Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jq j iim nir
sgbcrqjgbkgf i`crq-k jmvj{q djecq `cd rcjmkxc `j kgbccb `kq kq j
gcv |jrjbkfd q kn kg bcjmkgf vk` cja` i`cr- `j kgbccb `crc jrc
|iqqkokmkkcq in djekgf `kq `j||cg jgb kgbccb k kq j ~cr{ |rjakajm qimskig
nir `cd- i dssjmm{ rcq|ca jgb jaac| cja` i`crq ~kcvq jgb i|kgkigq-
v`c`cr `c{ dj{ jfrccc vk` cja` i`cr ir gi' Kgkkjmm{ `c{ vcrc j j
miqq `iv i jaac| `c kbcj in jfrcckgf i jfrcc jgb jfrcckgf i bkqjfrcc' K
cp|mjkgcb `j k kq mkec jg kqqsc in `j~kgf qkddkmjr `kgfq {is mkec jgb qidc
`kgfq `j {is bkqmkec kg |ci|mc- igm{ kg `kq qksjkig `cqc jrc aigac|q
jgb gi |ci|mc `j {is dj{ gi jfrcc vk`- os {is dj{ qkmm rcq|ca jgb
jfrcc vk` i`cr `kgfq `j j |crqig dj{ ocmkc~c kg'
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Kg|sq fk~cg bsrkgf `c qcdkgjr8
Ri|ka Fcgcrjm aigac| \`kmiqi|`kajm ~jmscv`{ k kq jsf`
Nsgbjdcgjmq inKqmjd
K kq j fskbc i `cocmkcn q{qcd inDsqmkdq jgb jfskbc nir `cd jq jvj{ in mknc
K q`ivq `cd oi``iv i bcjm vkoi` `c kgrkgqkajgb cprkgqka kqqscqjq j Dsqmkd'Kq`ivq `iv
|ripkdjc `ckrocmkcn q{qcd kq iA`rkqkjgk{
Aiddigjmkkcq inKqmjd jgbA`rkqkjgk{
K q`ivq `iv|ripkdjc `ckrocmkcn q{qcd kq iA`rkqkjgk{- k jmqiq`ivcb `jDsqmkdq jgbA`rkqkjgq `j~c jmi kg aiddig'
Dibcrjkig KgKqmjd
Ri cp|jmkg `c`cimifkajm ojqkq inDibcrjkig jgb `cbjgfcr in cprcdkqd jq jqkfg in bc~kjgacjgbdkqsgbcrqjgbkgfin `c Rcja`kgfq inKqmjd
Dibcrjkig jmmivq|ci|mc cgisf`q|jac i kgcrjavk` qiakc{ vk`isr`j~kgf i oc jnrjkbin `c `cimifkajmmkdkjkigq `j kqkd|iqcb s|ig jocmkc~cr' K cgqsrcq`j `c egivq `j`c kq jakgf jmigf`c rsmcq qc o{rcmkfkig'
Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jqj ojqkq nirsgbcrqjgbkgfi`crq
R`kq aigac||ri~kbcq `c`cimifkajm ojqkq nirkgcrnjk` bkjmifscjq vcmm jq `c
K cgjomcq Dsqmkdqi oc |jrkak|jk~cjgb kgcrjak~c vk`|ci|mc in i`crrcmkfkigq vk`is
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|`kmiqi| kajm ojqkqnir bcjmkgf vk`|ci|mc v`i bknncrqkg ocmkcnq jgb|crac|kigq'
ockgf kg `cdkgbqc `j `c{jrc `c igm{ igcqvir`{ in qjm~jkig'
J `c cgb in `c |rcqcgjkigq- oi` Dsqmkdq jgb A`rkqkjgq rcjmkxcb
`j oi` jq kgbk~kbsjmq jgb Aiddsgk{ mcjbcrq- `c{ `j~c j mi i q`jrc-
sgbcrqjgb jgb rcmjc vk` cja` i`cr' R`c kg|sq fj~c `cd j dirc okffcr
|crqc|cak~c ig `iv i bcjm vk` |ci|mc nrid jgi`cr rcmkfkisq irkcgjkig
jgb `j~c j migf jgb mjqkgf nrkcgbq`k| vk` `cd' Kg nja k `jq djbc `cd
rcjmkxc `j j `c cgb in `c bj{- `c{ dj{ `j~c i qsoqsdc - |crk|`crjm
kqqscq jgb niasq dirc ig `c vcmnjrc in `c aiddsgkkcq `c{ qcr~c nir `c
occr kgcrcq jgb vcmnjrc in jmm'
V`j vjq jmqi fiib- vjq `j Rcja`crq nrid Rsoib- mjgji bcm Girc
jmqi rczscqcb nir qsa` j rjkgkgf jgb irkcgjkig- K vjq jomc i aigbsa j
qsddjrkxcb |rcqcgjkig mkec `kq nir qidc cja`crq in \imidimia Qis`
Aijoji jgb R`c{ rcjmm{ j||rcakjcb `c asmsrjm jgb rcmkfkisq qcgqkk~kkcq
`j K vjq jomc i `kf`mkf` jgb djec `cd sgbcrqjgb `cqc kqqscq'
\crqigjmm{ K `j~c rcjmkxcb j mi in `kgfq d{qcmn' Nkrq- `c |jrjbkfd
in kgcrrcmkfkisq bkjmifsc dsq gi oc aignkgcb i ck`cr `c rcmkfkisq |ci|mc
ir amcrf{ jgb qc|jrjcb nrid `c rcfsjmr djqqcq'
K dsq oc sgbcrqiib `j `c rcmkfkisq |ci|mc)amcrf{ dsq orkgf jgb
cp|mjkg jak~cm{ i `ckr hjdj&j`)nmiae `c gccb in kgcrrcmkfkisq bkjmifsc jq
vcmm jq sgbcrjec aiddsgk{ vkbc qc|q i cgqsrc `c qsaacqq in `cqc
cgbcj~isrq' K `j~c rcjmkxcb `j oi` A`kqkjg jgb Dsqmkd rcmkfkisq qa`imjrq
gccb i kgasmajc `kq aigac| jdigf `ckr ~cr{ ivg amcrf{)mj{ |ci|mc' Jq
diq in `c {isgf |ci|mc v`i `j~c ncjrq rcfjrbkgf `kq aigac|q girdjmm{
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jrkosc `ckr hsqknkajkigq nrid `ckr ~cr{ ivg qa`imjrq jgb amcrf{
rcfjrbkgf `c kgj||mkajokmk{ in kgcr$rcmkfkisq bkjmifsc'
\cr`j|q kg Dcri Djgkmj `kq dj{ gi oc `j ajqc- os kg kqimjcb
jrcjq- `kq `jq occg diqm{ `c ajqc jq K `jb cp|crkcgacb kg jmm in `c `rcc
jrcjq `j K `j~c bigc d{ rjkgkgfq' Jgb `sq K ocmkc~c `j cnnirq dsq oc
bigc qi `j `cqc aigac|q rkaemc bivg i `cqc jrcjq jgb oc c~cgsjmm{
oc j |jrjbkfd `j vismb oc q`jrcb o{ jmm'
K kq kd|irjg `j kg irbcr nir `c {isgfcr |ci|mc i jbi| `c
|jrjbkfd in Kgcrnjk` bkjmifsc- |jrkasmjrm{ jbi|kgf `c iimq in Kqmjdka
|msrjmkqd- `c rcmkfkisq |ci|mc dsq `j~c jg jak~c |jr kg sgbcrqjgbkgfjgb asmk~jkgf `kq kgcmmcasjm mcfja{ `j kq djgkncqcb kg oi` `c Zsr&jg
jgb `jbk`' Nir k kq `c i|kgkig in `c ec{ nirdjirq in `cqc {is` `j
dj{ c~cgsjmm{ oc kd|rcqqcb kg `ckr dkgbq5 jgb kn `c nirdjirq
`cdqcm~cq jrc gi i|cg i `cqc |jrjbkfd q`knq- `cg kgbccb vc gccb i
bi cprj cnnirq i oc jomc i mc `cd cdorjac `kq |jrjbkfd' Qsa` j
qsoasmsrc kg is {is` dj{ kgbccb oc `c kd|csq in j rcgcvcb `rsq nir
\cjac'
V`i q`ismb vc oc kg~im~kgf kg `kq |jrjbkfd q`kn9
I`cr `jg `c {is` `cdqcm~cq- vc dsq kg~im~c `c aiddsgk{
mcjbcrq- `c cja`crq v`i jrc vk` `cd `cd bsrkgf `c bj{- jq vcmm jq `c
qa`imjrq v`i jb~kqc `cd ig rcmkfkisq djcrq' O{ kg~im~kgf `cqc `rcc ec{
fris|q- vk` qs||ir nrid oi` `c miajm fi~crgdcg jgb gjkigjmkgkkjk~cq- rcq jqqsrcb `kq |jrjbkfd in Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd ockgf jbi|cb o{
Dsqmkdq jq vcmm jq |msrjmkqd nrid j A`rkqkjg |crqc|cak~c vismb oc
cdorjacb jq j vj{ ni mknc cgqsrkgf dssjm rcq|ca jgb |cjac nir `c aidkgf
kdcq'
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R`c Js`ir vismb jmqi mkec i jaegivmcbfc jgb `jge `c Kgcr$
Jfcga{ jqe nirac `j irfjgkxcb `c [is` mcjbcrq`k| qsddk- hikgm{
`cjbcb o{ Qca' Dcqj a`kcn in `c-GARS jgb Aidddkqqkigcr Di`jddjb
Ajdkb in `c Gjkigjm [is` Aiddkqqkig- nir jmmivkgf dc i oc |jr in `j
jak~k{ jq vcmm jq sqc `c kg|skq nrid `c qcdkgjr)rjkgkgfq jq `c ojqkq in
d{ aigncrcgac |j|cr'
_cncrcgacq8
1' Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jq j iim nir sgbcrqjgbkgf i`crq- aigncrcgac |j|cr
|rcqcgjkig-R`cirkcq jgb \rjakacq in Kgcrnjk` Bkjmifsc kg R`c
\`kmk||kgcq-J|rkm?2$?>- Bcmj Qjmc Sgk~crqk{ -Djgkmj
2' Qja`cbkgj- Jobsmjxkx- R`c Kqmjdka _iiq in Bcdiarjka \msrjmkqd-Acgcr
nir Qrjcfka jgb Kgcrgjkigjm Qsbkcq-?
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Mk~kgf vk` Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jq j vj{ in Mknc ( \iqqark|+8
@j~kgf bkqasqqcb jgb qjkb c~cr{`kgf jois `c bknncrcg jq|caq in
Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jgb `iv kd|crjk~c `j vc kg j fmiojmkxcb virmb vismb
gccb i sqc k jq j fskbc|iq nir rcmjkigq`k|q vk` oi` |ci|mc vk`kg isr
rcmkfkisq rjbkkigq (Kqmjd+ jq vcmm jq `iqc isqkbc isr rcmkfkisq rjbkkigq
(gig$Dsqmkdq+'
V`jr r`c Zs&jg |sq`cq nivjb jq j |jjbkfd kq |mjkg jgb qkd|mc5
Kqmjdka \msjmkqd kq j |iacqq o{ v`ka` kr aismb |i~kbc oir` j
cr`kajm-r`cimifkajm jgb q|kkrsjm ojqkq ni bkjmifsc- dcbkjrkig jgb r`c nifkgf
in kgrc$cmkfkisq cmjrkigq k|q ri oskmb j fmiojm aiddsgkr{ in bk~cqc
q|kkrsjm rjbkrkigq'
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