International Organization for Migration
Human Trafficking and Statistics:
The State of the Art
Heikki Mattila, Research and Publications Division
IOM Geneva, Switzerland
Irregular Migration Data
Sources:Sources:Border ApprehensionsBorder ApprehensionsTraffickingTraffickingRegularisations and AmnestiesRegularisations and AmnestiesReturns and DeportationsReturns and Deportations
Irregular Migration Data
Net Immigration (EU & Efta 2003): 1 MillionNet Immigration (EU & Efta 2003): 1 Million Illegal Inflows to EU 15 (2001): 808,300Illegal Inflows to EU 15 (2001): 808,300 Regularizations:Regularizations:
EU – 15 EU – 15 1995 – 2002: 2,5 Million1995 – 2002: 2,5 Million
1973 - 1973 - : < 4 Million: < 4 Million
Border Apprehensions
Long Term Trend in CEE, 1999 - 2003Long Term Trend in CEE, 1999 - 2003
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Czeck Republic*
Hungary
Cyprus
Turkey
Slovakia
Border Apprehensions
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
German Border Apprehensions (1990-2002)
Regularizations in OECD Countries
Global Estimates
U.S. State Department, Trafficking in Persons Report U.S. State Department, Trafficking in Persons Report
2004: 600,000 – 800,000 men, women and children trafficked 2004: 600,000 – 800,000 men, women and children trafficked
yearly yearly
European Commission 2001: 120,000 people trafficked into European Commission 2001: 120,000 people trafficked into
EU each yearEU each year
Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe
(OSCE) 2000: 200,000 women and children trafficked to OSCE (OSCE) 2000: 200,000 women and children trafficked to OSCE
countries each yearcountries each year
ILO 2002: 1.2 million children trafficked worldwideILO 2002: 1.2 million children trafficked worldwide
Definition
““Trafficking in persons” shall mean the recruitment, Trafficking in persons” shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.
Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs;”slavery, servitude or the removal of organs;”
Issues & Areas
Poverty Poverty
UnemploymentUnemployment
GovernanceGovernance
Gender EqualityGender Equality
CrimeCrime
MigrationMigration
SecuritySecurity
GlobalizationGlobalization
Labour MarketsLabour Markets
Human RightsHuman Rights
HealthHealth
Types of Data
Indicators – Numbers of victimsIndicators – Numbers of victims
Routes; Profiles & Modi Operandi of Routes; Profiles & Modi Operandi of
traffickerstraffickers
Profiles of victimsProfiles of victims
Current Data Collection
Authorities: Social, Police, Immigration, Authorities: Social, Police, Immigration, Judiciary Judiciary
Administrative data on assisted victimsAdministrative data on assisted victims
NGOs & IGOs: Assisted casesNGOs & IGOs: Assisted cases
Research: SamplesResearch: Samples
Obstacles
Clandestine PhenomenonClandestine Phenomenon Access to victims difficultAccess to victims difficult Reluctance of victims to reportReluctance of victims to report Many players – fragmentary datasetsMany players – fragmentary datasets Difficult to distinguish in practice from smuggling, other Difficult to distinguish in practice from smuggling, other
exploitation, other prostitutionexploitation, other prostitution TaboosTaboos No capacity nor tasking to collect dataNo capacity nor tasking to collect data Comparability: Differing Divisions of LabourComparability: Differing Divisions of Labour Comparability: No systematic exchange of information Comparability: No systematic exchange of information
between agencies & countriesbetween agencies & countries
UNODC Database
Sources: Statistics, Research, NGOs, MediaSources: Statistics, Research, NGOs, Media 500 Sources, 4,500 500 Sources, 4,500 ““casescases”” Type of Trafficking; Countries; Profiles of Victims and Type of Trafficking; Countries; Profiles of Victims and
Offenders; Prosecution StatisticsOffenders; Prosecution Statistics Country of Origin: Ukraine, Russia, Nigeria, Albania, Country of Origin: Ukraine, Russia, Nigeria, Albania,
RomaniaRomania Country of Destination; US, EU, Japan; Asia CEEC, AfricaCountry of Destination; US, EU, Japan; Asia CEEC, Africa Victims: 83% women, 4% men, 48% childrenVictims: 83% women, 4% men, 48% children Type of Exploitation: 92% sexual exploitationType of Exploitation: 92% sexual exploitation
21% forced labour21% forced labour
IOM Database
Results as of July 2004Results as of July 2004 2791 victims2791 victims 35 nationalities35 nationalities 7 top nationalities: Mol,Rom,Ukr,Bel,Bul,DomRep,Rus7 top nationalities: Mol,Rom,Ukr,Bel,Bul,DomRep,Rus Age: 13% under 18 years/ 72% under 24/ 90% under 30Age: 13% under 18 years/ 72% under 24/ 90% under 30 50% worked50% worked 45% earned less than $50/month45% earned less than $50/month 57% earned less than $100/month57% earned less than $100/month 10% are married, 17% divorced or separated, 61% single10% are married, 17% divorced or separated, 61% single Single mothers: Mold: 26.50%, Ukr.: 32.3%, Dom.Rep.: Single mothers: Mold: 26.50%, Ukr.: 32.3%, Dom.Rep.:
72.90%72.90% 46% of all known recruiters are females46% of all known recruiters are females
Better analysis of existing data Better analysis of existing data
Better identification of indicatorsBetter identification of indicators
Assistance & capacity building for more systematic data Assistance & capacity building for more systematic data
collectioncollection
Guidelines for harmonizationGuidelines for harmonization
National coordinatorsNational coordinators
Regional coordinationRegional coordination
Suggestions