Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Integrated Food Waste Management for Climate Change Mitigation in Developing Asian Countries
Janya SANG-ARUN, ResearcherMagnus BENGTSSON, Senior Policy Researcher
Taib SHAZWIN, Intern
Integrated Waste Management and Resource Efficiency
Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Introduction to IGES
• IGES is an NPO based in Japan (5 branch offices)• Working on policy-research and providing services and
facilitating policy development to Ministries in Japan (esp. Ministry of Environment) and Governments in Asia and the Pacific.
• 7 Divisions: Waste and Resources Management, Natural Resource Management (Forest, Fresh Water, Biodiversity), Climate Policy, Climate Market Mechanism, Environmental Education, Economic Analysis, and Program Management Office.
• Download publications: www.iges.or.jp
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Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Presentation outline
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• Potential GHG emissions and reductions from food waste
• Food waste management hierarchy based on 3Rs• Example of food waste management in Cambodia,
Thailand and India• Conclusion
Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Waste composition in developing Asia countries
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Waste composition
Developing Asia* (%)
India** (%)
Food waste 31-74 40
Plastic 5-17 4
Paper 4-20 5
Metal 0.1-6 1
Glass 0.2-7 2
Miscellaneous 2-55 47
*Compile from various sources
** toxic link, 2002
Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Potential GHG emissions through landfill of food waste
Country MSW (Mt/yr)
Food waste (Mt/yr)
GHG emissions(MtCO2eq/yr)
Shallow landfill Deep landfill
China 120 60 25.2 63.0
India 42 16.8 7.1 17.6
Indonesia 22.5 16.6 7.0 17.5
Thailand 14.7 9.4 4.0 9.9
Viet Nam 12.8 7.7 3.2 8.1
Philippines 11 5.0 2.1 5.2
Malaysia 8.7 4.3 1.8 4.5
Bangladesh 4.9 3.3 1.4 3.5
Sum 236.6 123.1 51.8 129.35
Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Potential GHG emissions reduction through waste reduction, composting, and anaerobic digestion
Management practice GHG emissions reduction compared to landfill
(KgCO2eq/kg of food waste)
Waste reduction 0.42 - 1.05
Anaerobic digestion 0.25 - 1.05
Composting 0.07 - 1.03
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Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Preferable food waste management technology
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Low GHG emissions
Efficient resource recovery
Low energy input
Low monetary investment
Low environmental impact
Simple and easy to handle
Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Integrated food waste management hierarchy
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Reduce over
consumption
Human consumption
Animal feed
Anaerobic digestion
Composting
Mechanical biological treatment (combined with landfill/incineration)
Sanitary landfill equipped with methane collection
Reduce overall environmental impact
Main Benefits Notes
Direct nutrient recovery
Direct nutrient recovery
Energy and indirect nutrient recovery
Indirect nutrient recovery
Reduce impact from landfill/ incineration
Reduce methane emission
High quality leftover food
Medium quality leftover food
Low quality food waste, high investment capacity
Low-medium quality food waste
Unsorted waste
Unsorted waste, high investment
capacityLess preferable
Most preferable
Reuse
Recycle
Recovery
Reduce
Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Urban Composting in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
• Waste generation is 1,200 ton/day• 30 ton/day of waste from food market is composting by a
NGO (COMPED)
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Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
• Compost price is 75 USD/ton of compost
• GHG emissions reduction is around 1.7 tCO2eq/day
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Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Urban Composting in Bangkok, Thailand
• Waste generation : 8,500 tons/day• Composting: 1,000 tons/day of waste • Compost price: 63 USD/ton
• GHG emissions reduction: 659 tCO2eq/day
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Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Household composting in Bangkok (pilot scale)
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Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Anaerobic digestion in Rayong, Thailand
• Waste generation: 60 tons/day
• Capacity of the plant: 60 tons/day
• Actual operation: 25-30 tons/day
• Use of biogas: Generating electricity sell to national grid
• GHG emissions reduction: 26 tCO2eq/day
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Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Anaerobic digestion in Kerala, India
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• Initiated by BIOTECH India (Trivandrum, Kochi, etc)• 35% of investment cost is subsidized• 16,000 household with waste input of 3 kg/day • 220 community’s digesters • 25 schools with capacity of 50 kg of waste per day• 45 plants with capacity of 250 kg of waste per day is
generating electricity from biogas produced• 30-50% saving LPG use for cooking• Short term economic return
Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Biogas plant at a school in Trivandrum
• Plant capacity: 100 kgs of waste input• Current waste input: 25-30 kgs + 20 l kitchen wastewater• Energy saving: 35%• Effluent: use as liquid fertilizer in school• Plan to collect food waste from other organization
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Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Biogas plant at YWCA (dormitory) in Trivandrum
• Capacity: 25 kgs of waste input• Waste input: 25 kgs waste + 75 kitchen wastewater• Effluent: discharge to wastewater canal• Energy saving: not yet obvious
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Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Biogas plant at a fish market in Trivandrum
• Capacity: 250 kgs waste input/day• Use of biogas: Generating electricity (5kW) for lighting
the market and community road
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Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Household biogas project in Trivandrum
• Waste input 3 kg/day• Size: 1 m3
• Biogas use: cooking• Effluent: use for gardening• Saving 50% of LPG for cooking
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Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Mechanical Biological Pre-Treatment (MBT)
• Implement in Phitsanulok, Thailand since 1999
• Could reduce GHG emissions and extend lifetime of landfill
• Plastic waste is segregated before dumping into landfill
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Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Conclusion
• Food waste contributes large amount of GHG emissions from the waste sector of developing Asian countries.
• The government should promote use of food waste as a resource (e.g. animal feed, biogas, and composting) in household or community scale.
• To increase efficiency of food waste utilization, food waste separation at source is required.
• Not all of food waste can be separated, MBT should be applied for mixed waste.
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Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
IGES future work on food waste and climate change
1. Supporting local governments by developing an implementation guideline and decision tool for promoting use of organic waste in Laos, Cambodia and Thailand.
2. Providing training workshop to local governments in Laos, Cambodia and Thailand.
3. Study on multiple benefits of organic waste management.
4. Biomass town for resource efficiency and climate change mitigation in developing Asian countries.
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Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
Acknowledgement
Financial supporters:• Ministry of Environment, Japan (MOEJ)• Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change
Research (APN)
CCDC2010 Organizers
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Sang-Arun et al. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesFood waste management and climate change
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Thank You