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Name _______________________
I. Heredity – pgs. 3-12
II. DNA & Genetics – pgs. 13-28
III. Genetic Technology – pgs. 29-38
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Genetics Vocabulary
Heredity • Genes • Alleles • Traits • Homozygous • Heterozygous • Genotype • Phenotype • Dominant • Recessive • Independent assortment • Gene linkage • Sex chromosomes • Sex linked traits • Carrier • Gene expression
DNA & Genetics • DNA • Nitrogenous bases (A,T, G, C) • Base pairing • DNA Replication • Protein synthesis • Amino Acids • Transcription • RNA (mRNA, tRNA) • Translation • Codons • Ribosomes • Mutations
Biotechnology
• Selective breeding • Genetic engineering • Gene splicing • Cloning • Gel electrophoresis • DNA Banding pattern
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Heredity
Heredity – __________________________________________________ Genes – _____________________________________________________ • Alleles – ___________________________________________________
• Traits – ___________________________________________________
Pea Plant Traits Dominant Recessive Plant height
Seed color
Seed shape
Flower color
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DOMINANT & recessive Alleles Dominant – ____________________________________________________________ Ex: Recessive – ___________________________________________________________ Ex: 1. Perform a test cross of TT & tt in the Punnett Square below to show the
possible inheritance patterns in the offspring.
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Homozygous - _______________________________________________ Ex:
• _______________________________________________________
• _______________________________________________________ Heterozygous - ______________________________________________ Ex:
• _______________________________________________________
• _______________________________________________________
Genotype vs. Phenotype Genotype – ____________________________________________________________
Ex: Phenotype – ___________________________________________________________
Ex: n Note: genotype cannot always be determined by phenotype
Ex: tall plant could be _______ or ________
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Practice Problems
1. If 2 heterozygous tall pea plants are crossed, what will the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring be?
2. Brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b). If dad has blue eyes and mom
is heterozygous. a) What are the parent’s genotypes and phenotypes?
Mother Father Genotype
Phenotype
b) Complete the test cross of the parents in the Punnett Square below c) What is the probability of having a child with blue eyes?
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Codominance & Incomplete Dominance 1. Codominance - 2 different alleles are both equally expressed
Ex:
• ______________________________________________________
• ______________________________________________________
• ______________________________________________________
2. Incomplete Dominance - 2 different alleles are partially expressed creating
a blending of both traits
Ex: ______________________________________________________
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Factors Influencing Inheritance 1. Independent Assortment – _____________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. Gene Linkage – ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Ex: ______________________________________________________
• Identify the genes in diagram below that are linked. Explain you answer
• _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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• Determine if the pictures below show linked or unlinked genes. a) _______________ b) ________________ c) ______________ • Crossing Over - ____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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Sex Determination v Sex Chromosomes - _________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
a) Sex Linked Traits - _________________________________________
_________________________________________________________ Ex: ________________________________________________________
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Genetic Carrier Carrier – ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Ex: ________________________________________________________ • Label each possible offspring (healthy or affected) and (male or female)
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Environment & Gene Expression • Environmental factors may influence the expression of a trait.
Environmental Factor Gene Expression
Ex: Himalayan Rabbit
• Above 35o C - ____________________________________________
• Below 35o C - ____________________________________________
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DNA & Genetics DNA - _____________________________________________________
• _______________________________________________________
• _______________________________________________________
• Building blocks - ______________________________
Drawing:
Nitrogenous bases – ___________________________________________
• _______________________________________________________ • Genes - ________________________________________________
• Base pairing - _____________________________________________
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Create a DNA molecule • Label each sugar molecule (S), phosphate group (P), and draw the bonds • Color code each base (A=blue, T=yellow, G=green, C=red). • Draw the complementary strand and repeat the directions above.
A
T
G
C
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DNA Quick Review 1. All living things on Earth have genetic material known as _____________.
2. In what way is the DNA of all organisms on Earth similar?
3. In what way is the DNA of all organisms on Earth different?
4. In simplest terms, what does DNA replication mean?
5. When does DNA replication occur and why?
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Protein Synthesis Proteins - ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
• Ex: ____________________________________________________
IMPORTANT PROTEIN FACTS: • _________________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________________
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• There are 20 different types of essential amino acids
Amino Acid Abbreviation Amino Acid Abbreviation 1. Alanine Ala 11. Leucine Leu 2. Arginine Arg 12. Lysine Lys 3. Aspartic Acid Asp 13. Methionine Met 4. Asparagine Asn 14. Phenylalanine Phe 5. Cysteine Cys 15. Proline Pro 6. Glutamine Gln 16. Serine Ser 7. Glutamic Acid Glu 17. Threonine Thr 8. Glycine Gly 18. Tryptophan Trp 9. Histidine His 19. Tyrosine Tyr 10. Isoleucine Ile 20. Valine Val
Protein A
Protein B
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DNA & RNA DNA - ______________________________________________________
Q: Where in the cell does protein synthesis occur? _____________________ Q: Where are ribosomes located within the cell? _______________________ RNA – ______________________________________________________ • _________________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________________
3 Types of RNA 1) mRNA – ___________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2) tRNA - ____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3) rRNA – ___________________________________________________
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HOW A PROTEIN IS MADE
1) Transcription - ______________________________________________
• _______________________________________________________ 2) Translation - _______________________________________________
• _______________________________________________________
• _______________________________________________________
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Protein Synthesis Review Sequence of ______________________________________________ ↓ determines Sequence of ______________________________________________
↓ determines Sequence of _____________________________________________ ↓ determines
_______________________________ ↓ determines
_______________________________
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Do Now 1: Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below of two processes involved in the synthesis of proteins, and on your knowledge of biology.
1. What molecule serves as the original set of instructions to build a protein?
2. Where does process A occur?
3. Where does process B occur?
4. If DNA does not leave the nucleus, and proteins are made by the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, how are the instructions to build the proteins delivered from the nucleus to the ribosomes?
5. What is tRNA’s role in protein synthesis?
Process A Process B
One DNA molecule produces one
mRNA molecule.
One mRNA + many tRNA’s produce
one Polypeptide (protein).
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Do Now 2: For each gene listed below, fill in the corresponding mRNA codons and amino acid sequences. Use the Universal Genetic Code Chart to determine the amino acid sequence. Normal Gene:
DNA AAT CGA GGC
mRNA _________________
Amino Acid Sequence _________________
Gene Mutation 1:
DNA AAC CGG GGT
mRNA _________________
Amino Acid Sequence _________________
Gene Mutation 2:
DNA AAT CAA GGC
mRNA _________________
Amino Acid Sequence _________________ Which mutation is more likely to cause a problem? Why?
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Mutations Mutation - ___________________________________________________ • _________________________________________________________
Mutations & Heredity • Gametes - _________________________________________________
Ex: ______________________________________________________
• Body Cells - ________________________________________________
Ex: ______________________________________________________
Types of Mutations
1. Point Mutations – ___________________________________________
a. Addition - _______________________________________________
b. Deletion - _______________________________________________
c. Substitution - ____________________________________________
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PRACTICE: • Identify the following types of mutations as either Addition, Deletion or
Substitution. • Circle the base on the sequence where the mutation occurred
Normal DNA
sequence
GTCAAGCTA
Mutation 1 GTCGAGCTA
Mutation 2 GTCAAGCTTA
Mutation 3 GTCAAGTA
Mutagenic Agents - ____________________________________________ Ex: ________________________________________________________
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Genetic Technology - Applying different techniques to manipulate or study the DNA of an organism 1. Selective Breeding – _______________________________________
_________________________________________________________
a) Purebreds - ________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Ex: ________________________________________________________
Disadvantages - _______________________________________________
b) Hybrids - __________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Ex: ________________________________________________________
Advantages - _________________________________________________
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Selective Breeding of Dogs
Desirable Traits in Dogs
• _______________________________________________________
Desirable Traits in Livestock
• Cows - ____________________________________________________
• Chickens - _________________________________________________
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Selective Breeding of Plants
Farmers try to increase certain traits in crop plants such as:
a) Yield - ____________________________________________________
b) Quality - __________________________________________________
c) Resistance - ________________________________________________
• Temperature - ____________________________________________
• Insects - ________________________________________________
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Selective Breeding of CORN
Corn (or maize) originated in Central America thousands of years ago. The first ears of maize were a few inches long and had only eight rows of kernels.
Over the next several thousand years, through selective breeding, the corn cob grew in length & size.
v GMO Crops - genes for resistance to insects and herbicides have been inserted into the DNA of corn and other crop plants.
v GMOs - __________________________________________________
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2. Genetic Engineering - ______________________________________ • ________________________________________________________
Ex: ________________________________________________________
Purpose:
Can be used to _____________________________ such as:
Ø __________________________________________
Ø __________________________________________
Ø __________________________________________
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Steps for Gene Splicing
Step 1: Cutting the DNA - _______________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Step 2: Inserting the DNA - _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Step 3: Recombining - __________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Step 4: Gene expression - _______________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Medicinal Application - __________________________________________
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4. Gel Electrophoresis - _______________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Gel Electrophoresis Procedure 1) Cutting the DNA - ___________________________________________
2) Gel - _____________________________________________________
3) Electricity - ________________________________________________
4) Banding pattern - ____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Uses of DNA fingerprints:
• Paternity test - _____________________________________________
• Forensics - _________________________________________________
• Evolution - _________________________________________________
• Genetic screening - __________________________________________