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What is the difference in the What is the difference in the memory of these animals?memory of these animals?
How would you design an experiment to test the memory of each?
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Cognitive Psychology
Models of Memory
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What is Memory?
“Memory is the storage of an internal representation of
knowledge” Blakemore (1988)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzvkUkobFdg&mode=related&search= Memento Trailer
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Some memory experiments Ethics briefing1. These experiments look at how we
memorise information2. Each experiment will last less than 5
minutes3. All results are confidential4. You do not have to participate5. You may withdraw at any time6. There will be no long-term effects
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First Experiment
Instructions• Write the letters A, B, C & D down the side of your page• Pens down!• You’ll be given 10secs to memorise each number that appears• When it disappears I’ll give an instruction to pick up your pen• Using your memory try to write down the number you just saw
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5897
A
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2967849
B
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5489723056
C
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4687365902138
D
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In a moment this grid will be full of letters. Try to remember as many of these letters as you can, in their correct position, in a 2 minute time period.
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H T M S L F U L
A E O I I O S A
N N R T F R N B
T A E I E E O T
H T I H N T T O
A R M B A N D S
T O P A E A M F
memorise the 56 letters in their correct positions
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Capacity of short-term memory Capacity of short-term memory Discussion questionsDiscussion questions1. Experiment 1: At what point did you begin
to find it difficult to recall the numbers in the correct order?
2. Experiment 2: How many letters did you recall correctly in the grid?
3. What techniques did you use for remembering?
4. What does this tell us about capacity of short-term (immediate) memory?
5. How can we use this knowledge in everyday life?
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The Memory Decay Curve
Ebbinghaus learnt lots of meaningless lists
He found that once learnt they quickly decayed
Although re-learning was quicker than learning from scratch
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Enduring Long Term Memories
People were asked about high school year books
Had to identify old classmates
People seem quite good at this Bahrick et. al. 1975
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Recall of an Early Memory
We forget a lot before the age of 4
When people were asked questions about the birth of a younger sibling the older children could recall more(Sheingold & Tenney 1982)
An Experiment on Childhood Amnesia
0
2
4
6
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10
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1 to 2 3 to 4 5 to 6 7 to 8 9 +Age when sibling was born
Que
stio
ns A
nsw
ered
Cor
rect
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAfaM_CBvP8&mode=related&search= Steven Wiltshire – Photographic Memory?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MMORgBV5Yw&mode=related&search= Steven Wiltdhire’s New York Diary
http://www.stephenwiltshire.co.uk/
Man with amazing memory: Steven Wiltshire
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Things to consider in memory
How much stuff can you get into memory? – Capacity
How long do your memories last for? – Duration
How do memories get in our head?– Encoding
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coZK-t7lbp8&mode=related&search= Clive Wearing
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Long and Short Term MemoriesShort term
memories are: Limited size
– About 7 bits of info Does not last long
– About 15 seconds Favours acoustic
sounds
Long term memories are:
Unlimited size– Infinite
Last forever – A lifetime
Favours a semantic form of coding
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yp9qF-SjJZk&mode=related&search=Ben%20Pridmore%20memory%20mnemonic%20improve%20brain%20british%20memorise%20speed%20cards%20WMC%20mind%20mental%20calculation%20zoomy%20zoom%20zoomzoom World Memory Champ
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The Multi-Store Model
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Serial Position Effect
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10111213141516171819202122232425
Word Order
Numb
er of
Stu
dent
s who
reca
ll
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDNDRDJy-vo You Tube: BBC 4 Clive Wearing (10 mins)
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Working Memory
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Features of Working Memory
There are two components linked to Central Executive
1. Articulatory or phonological (speech-sounds)
2. Visual-spatial (vision-images)
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Testing Working Memory
There are two assumptions to this model 1. If two tasks make use of the same
component, they can not be performed successfully together.
2. If two tasks make use of different components it should be possible to perform them as well together as separately.
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Baddeley & Hitch (1974)Participants had to say whether the following was either true or false.
B is before A BA
G is before H GD
N is after J JN
F follows W WF
P is before Y YP
S follows Q SQ
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Baddeley & Hitch (1974)
While working out these problems, participants had to do one of the following:
Say “the” repeatedly Repeat the sequence “one, two, three, four, five,
six” over and over Repeat a different random run of digits each time Do nothing – just the task
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The Working Memory ModelCentral Executive(limited capacity)
Primary acoustic storeAccessed directly from the
attentional systemOr indirectly via the articulatory
loop‘the inner ear’
Articulatory loopVerbal rehearsal system‘inner voice’
Visuo-spatial scratch pad
Spatial or visual coding
‘inner eye’
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Types of Long Term MemoriesLong Term Long Term
MemoryMemory
Explicit Explicit (declarative)(declarative)
Implicit Implicit (procedural)(procedural)
Motor Skills
Cognitive Skills
Facts, general knowledge
Personal Experience
Conditioned Responses
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1.1. Spend 30 Spend 30 seconds seconds looking at looking at each doodle.each doodle.
2.2. Try to Try to remember the remember the doodle and doodle and the title that the title that goes with it.goes with it.
Blish mix Cent formBlish mix Cent form
Rist half KereafRist half Kereaf
• Try to Try to draw the draw the doodle that doodle that goes with goes with each titleeach title
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1.1. Spend 30 Spend 30 seconds seconds looking at looking at each doodle.each doodle.
2.2. Try to Try to remember the remember the doodle and the doodle and the title that goes title that goes with it.with it.
MemorMemoryy
• Try to Try to draw the draw the doodle that doodle that goes with goes with each titleeach title
Worm skatesTitanic
squashed waffle Eggs upside down
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Levels of Processing Theory
Listening Reading Writing Doing Understanding Remembering
The deeper we understand information the more we retain.
Different ways of processing will aid recall
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Class Experiment You are about to be presented with a list
of words and a statement. Your task is to decide if the statement about the word is true or false.
Any Questions?
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Are these statements true or false?Are these statements true or false? House has five letters T F Scissors are used for cutting T F Drum is a musical instrument T F Clocks tell the time T F CHAIR is printed in capitals T F Kettle has four letters T F Chips go with fish T F Honey is what spiders make T F Knife is spelled correctly T F Cold is the opposite of hot T F Book has four letters T F BLACK is written in capitals T F Horse has five letters T F Purple is not a colour T F Green is spelled correctly T F Mother is always female T F Find has three letters T F Table may be made of wood T F Lake has six letters T F Shoes come in pairs T F June is printed in capitals T F Fruit can be eaten T F
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Which words were Which words were remembered?remembered?
Shallow processingHouse has five lettersCHAIR is printed in capitalsKettle has four lettersKnife is spelled correctlyBook has four lettersBLACK is written in capitalsHorse has five lettersGreen is spelled correctlyFind has three lettersLake has six lettersJune is printed in capitals
Semantic /deep processingShoes come in pairsTable may be made of wood Mother is always femalePurple is not a colourCold is the opposite of hotFruit can be eaten Chips go with fishHoney is what spiders makeDrum is a musical instrumentClocks tell the timeScissors are used for cutting
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Craik & Tulving (1975)
They did an experiment similar to the previous one.
Although they used slightly different processes
They also did not tell people that they would be expected to recall the words
•table Is the word in capital letters?
•HOUSEDoes the word rhyme with mouse?
•FenceDoes the word fit with the following statement; The man fixed the ____ because the wind blew it over
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Levels of Processing Model
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Prop
ortio
n of
w
ords
reca
lled
Case Rhyme Sentance
Level of Processing
Incidental Learning
Answ er to thequestion is "Yes"
Answ er is "No"
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Levels of Processing Model
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Prop
ortio
n of
w
ords
reca
lled
Case Rhyme Sentance
Level of process
Intentional Learning
Answ er is "Yes"
Answ er is "No"
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General Evaluation:
The problem with external validity? – Is there anything wrong with using words to
recall? Separate memory stores? Emotional factors? Expectations – personal information
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Applied Psychology & Memory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgQNke_dGa0Derren Brown You Tube (1 min) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhZcHoU-QR8 Using imagery to remember