4000 BC - 3000 BC4000 BC - 3000 BC• Believed that illness and disease

were caused by supernaturalspirits and demons.

• Ceremonies were used to driveout evil spirits.

• Herbs and plants were used for medication.

• Skeletal evidence has been found demonstrating trepanation .

• Average life span = 20 years.

TrepanatioTrepanationn

Unearthed in Peru; 7000 BC

Unearthed in Peru; 6000 BC.

2000 BC – 300 BC2000 BC – 300 BCAncient EgyptAncient Egypt

• Earliest known health records.• Offerings to gods for healing.• Imhotep (2700 BC) first recognized

physician.• Use of blood-letting and leeches as

treatment.• Herbs and plants used as medicine• Average life span = 20 to 30 years.

Imhotep

Ancient papyrus

1700 BC – 220 AD1700 BC – 220 ADAncient ChineseAncient Chinese

• Monitored pulse rate to determine the condition of the body.

• Believed in curing whole body by curing the spirit and nourishment:

Yin and Yang• First recorded “pharmacy” of herbs.• Use of acupuncture and

acupressure.• Began searching for organic causes

of disease.• Average life span = 20 to 30 years.

Acupuncture

1200 BC – 200 BC1200 BC – 200 BCAncient GreeksAncient Greeks

• The start of the Hippocratic tradition“will cause no harm to the patient”.

• Believed illness the result of natural causes.

• Introduction of massage therapy and continued use of herbal therapy.

• Introduced concept that good diet and cleanliness prevented disease.

• Average life span = 25 to 35 years.

Hippocrates

753 BC – 410 AD753 BC – 410 ADAncient RomansAncient Romans

• First to organize medical care for wounded soldiers.

• Early hospitals allowed for separation of well and sick.

• Beginning of public health and sanitation systems.

• Diet, exercise and medication used to treat disease.

• Average life span = 25 to 35 years.Various surgical tools

Surgical hooks

800 – 1400 800 – 1400 ADAD

Middle AgesMiddle Ages

• Renewed interest in work of Greeks and Romans.

• Medical universities open in the 9th century.

• Pandemic of bubonic plague occurred.

• Chemistry advances in pharmacology.

• Average life span =20 to 35 years.

Doctor dressed for visiting patientbelieved to suffer from Black Death.

1350 – 1650 AD1350 – 1650 ADRenaissanceRenaissance

• Dissection of the human body allowed for better understanding of anatomy and physiology

• Michelangelo and da Vinci used dissection to give their art a more realistic look.

• Invention of the printing press allowed knowledge to be spread to others.

• Three important contributors;Vesalius, Servetus, and Bacon

• Average life span = 30 to 40 years.

David, by Michelangelo

Circle Man, by da Vinci

1616thth and 17 and 17thth Centuries Centuries•Not many discoveries or advances.

•Ambroise Pare (1510-1590)•Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1578-1723)

•Causes of disease still unknown.•Many died from infection and

childbirth fever.•Apothecaries made, prescribed,

and sold medications.•Average life span = 35 to 45 years.

Mortar & pestle

Ambroise PareAmbroise Pare1510-15901510-1590

• Father of Modern Surgery• Introduced amputation to

battlefield care ofwounded soldiers.

• Began using ligatures tostop bleeding and bindarteries instead of boiling-oil cauterization.

• Promoted use ofartificial limbs.

Anton van Anton van LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek

1632-17231632-1723• Developed one of the most important inventions of all time – the microscope!

• Began using the lenses to observe themicroscopic world.

• Discovered bacteria, protists, rotifers, and blood cells.

Early microscope

Rotifer

1818thth Century Century

• Fahrenheit created first mercury thermometer.

• Priestly discovered the element oxygen.• Ben Franklin invented bifocals for

glasses.• Lind prescribed limes to prevent scurvy.• Jenner developed first smallpox vaccine.• Average life span = 40 – 50 years.

Franklin

Edward JennerEdward Jenner1749-18231749-1823

• Edward Jenner learned early in his medical career that if at one time one had cowpox, they would not get smallpox.

• The human immunity from the infection of smallpox was tested by vaccinating patients with fluid from pustules of cowpox-infected patients and then showing that these subjects were immune to smallpox.

1919thth Century Century

• Many discoveries and inventions• First use of anesthetic for

surgeries.• International Red Cross was

founded in 1863.• Discovery of bacterial causes of

disease.• Average life span = 40 – 60 years.

Important DatesImportant Dates• 1819: First successful human blood

transfusion by James Blundell.• 1819: Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope.• 1849: Elizabeth Blackwell was the first female

physician in the U.S.• 1865: First use of antiseptics during surgery

by Joseph Lister.• 1892: Discovery of viruses by Dimitri Ivanfski.• 1895: X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen.

Louis Louis PasteurPasteur1822-18951822-1895

• Worked to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation.

• Proved that microorganisms cause disease:Germ Theory of Disease

• Developed pasteurization to kill microorganisms in milk.

• Created a vaccine for rabies.

Gregor MendelGregor Mendel1822-18841822-1884

• Developed Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. These laws established principles of heredity and dominant/recessive patterns.

• Presented his finding to the medical community, but they weren’t widely accepted until the early 1900’s.

You name it, it You name it, it happened!happened!• 1901: ABO blood

groups identified• 1920: Health

insurance plans are introduced.

• 1928: Fleming discovered penicillin

• 1952: Development of polio vaccine.

• 1953: DNA structure described by Watson & Crick.

• 1954: First kidney transplant.

• 1962: First severed arm reattached.

• 1963: First liver transplant.

• 1964: First lung transplant.

• 1968; First heart transplant.

• 1970: First synthesized gene.

• 1975: Amniocentesis used to diagnose birth defects in-utero.

And And more!more!

• 1978: First test tube baby.

• 1981: AIDS appeared in the population.

• 1982: Artificial heart is implanted in human.

• 1984: HIV identified.• 1990: Gene therapy

used to treat disease.• 1990’s: Human Genome

Project begins• 1997: Dolly the sheep is

cloned.Jarvik-7 artifical heart

                      

                       

Dolly

The Human Genome Project

Introduction of sperm into egg cytoplasm

PotentiPotentialal

• Cures for current diseases like AIDS.

• Gene manipulation to prevent inherited diseases/Designer babies.

• Slow the aging process.• Treatment for spinal cord

injuries.• Improved transplantation

techniques.• Reduced antibiotic

resistance.• Computerized body parts.• Increased cloning

activities.

• Increased average Increased average life span to 100+ life span to 100+ years.years.