HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN RESPIRATORY TRACTUS OF RATS RESPIRATORY TRACTUS OF RATS
EXPOSED TO BIOMASS SMOKEEXPOSED TO BIOMASS SMOKE
Bülent Özbay*, Şükrü Acar*, Zabit Yener**, Mehmet Kanter***Bülent Özbay*, Şükrü Acar*, Zabit Yener**, Mehmet Kanter***Yuzuncu Yıl University; Yuzuncu Yıl University; * * Faculty of MedicineFaculty of Medicine , , DepartmentDepartment of Chest Diseases of Chest Diseases ****Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine , , Department of PathologyDepartment of Pathology ******Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology, Department of Histology
VAN- TURKEYVAN- TURKEY
•Biomass fuels are frequently used Biomass fuels are frequently used
in developing countries and, in the in developing countries and, in the
Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey
(1, 2)(1, 2)
1- Uzun K, Ozbay B. Environmental health and 1- Uzun K, Ozbay B. Environmental health and Preventive Medicine 2003; 8: 13 - 17Preventive Medicine 2003; 8: 13 - 17
2- Ozbay B, Uzun K. Functional and radiological 2- Ozbay B, Uzun K. Functional and radiological impairment in women highly exposed to indoor impairment in women highly exposed to indoor biomass fuels. Respirology 2001; 6: 255 - 8 biomass fuels. Respirology 2001; 6: 255 - 8
Common respiratory irritants
included in biomass combustion
• CO, CO2, NO2, SO2,• Ammonium, Cyanide, • Aldehyde, Ketone, Acrolein
Common Biomass Related Diseases*• Low birth weight• Growth retardation• Recurrent upper and lower respiratory
tract infections,• Chronic Bronchitis,• COPD• Reactive Bronchitis• Bronchiolitis Obliterans
*Baris YI. Solunum Hastalıkları. Atlas Kitapçılık, 1998.
• The relationships between traditional
biomass combustion and development of
COPD in women of Sivas area.
*Demirtaş N, Seyfikli Z, Topçu S. Solunum Hastalıkları 1999; 10: 156 – 8.
• Biomass fuel has deleterious effects
on pulmonary function and structure
leading to obstructive and restrictive
pathologies*
*Functional and radiological impairment in women highly exposed to indoor biomass fuels.Ozbay B, Uzun K, Arslan H, Zehir I. Respirology. 2001 Sep;6(3):255-8.
• Different aspects of indoor air pollution
such as chronic biomass smoke or wood
smoke may be relevant to the
development of obstructive lung disease*
*Weis S.T, DeMeo D.L, Postma D. S. COPD: Problems in diagnosis and measurement. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: Supll. 41, 4s – 12s.
• Biomass fuel exposure causes obstructive and restrictive spirometric impairments.
• The prevalence of the fibrotic bands, peribronchiovascular thickenings, nodular radio opacities, and curvilinear densities in the high resolution computed tomographic examinations were 7, 5, 7, and 16 times higher in the exposure group than the control group, respectively*
*Arslan M, Akkurt I, Egilmez H, Atalar M, Salk I.Biomass exposure and
the high resolution computed tomographic and spirometric findings.Eur J Radiol. 2004 Nov;52(2):192-9.
• Asthma related symptoms were
reported in 63.3 % of those who used
biomass fuel, and in 12.9 % of nonusers*
*Uzun K, Özbay B, Ceylan E, Gencer M, Zehir İ.
Prevalence of Chronic Bronchitis – Asthma symptoms in Biomass Fuel Exposed Females. Environ Health Prev Med 2003; 8: 13 – 17.
• Rural women exposed to biomass fumes
are more likely to suffer from CB and
COPD than urban women even though
the prevalence of smoking is higher
among the latter group*
*Chronic pulmonary disease in rural women exposed to biomass fumes.Kiraz K, Kart L, Demir R, Oymak S, Gulmez I, Unalacak M, Ozesmi M.Clin Invest Med. 2003 Oct;26(5):243-8.
• Domestic smoke pollution and chronic
bronchitis in a rural community of the hill
region of Nepal* *Pandey MR. Thorax 1984; 39: 337 – 9.
• Exposure to biomass smoke and chronic
airway disease in Mexican women. A case-
control study*
*Perez-Padilla R, Regalado J, Vedal S, Pare P, Chapela R, Sansores R, Selman M. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Sep;154(3 Pt 1):701-6.
• A significant increase in lipid
peroxidation activity and a significant
decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity
in female groups who were exposed to
indoor pollution*
*Hasan G, Seyfikli Z, Kenan ÇV, Akkurt İ, Abadoğlu Ö. The effect of biomass exposure on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in Turkish female groups in rural areas. Toraks 2000,1(1):13-18
Biomass Lung*
*Primitive Biomass Combustion and Lung Disease. Barış Yİ, Hoskins JA, Seyfikli Z, Demir A. Indoor and Built Environment 2002; 11: 351- 8.
• In developing countries, relevant sources of indoor pollution include biomass and coal burning for cooking and heating.
• Indoor air pollution may increase the risk of irritation phenomena, allergic sensitisation, acute and chronic respiratory disorders and lung function impairment.
• 1.5-2 million deaths per year worldwide could be attributed to indoor air pollution.
• 1 million of these deaths occur in children aged under 5 years
• Significant proportions of deaths occur due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer in women.
• Further research is necessary to better evaluate the respiratory health effects of indoor pollution
Indoor air pollution and airway disease. Viegi G, Simoni M, Scognamiglio A, Baldacci S, Pistelli F, Carrozzi L, Annesi-Maesano. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004 Dec;8(12):1401-15.
• The aim of this study was to show histopathologic alterations caused by biomass smoke in rats experimentally
METHODSMETHODS
• Setting: Yuzuncu Yıl University Veterinary faculty,
• Thirty female Wistar - Albino adult rats weighing 300 g each
• Three, 6, and 9 months duration of exposure to biomass smoke
• The harvestation of rats tissues after decapitation, fixation in 10% neutral buffered formalin, and embedded in paraffin.
• Light microscopic examination
Macroscopic findingsMacroscopic findings
• Focal, small, black spots (in 6 months)
• Increased black spots (in 9 months)
• Focal abscesses, and pneumonia (9
months)
• Multiple cysts filled with mucineous fluid
(in 9 months)
Fig. 1Fig. 1. The pneumonia with abscesses. The pneumonia with abscesses
Fig. 2Fig. 2. Multiple cysts filled with mucineous . Multiple cysts filled with mucineous
fluid (in 9 months)fluid (in 9 months)
Microscopic alterationsMicroscopic alterations
. Interstitial pneumonia• Atelectasia• Emphysema• Perivascular, peribronchial and bronchiolar
cells infiltration• Papillary structures in bronchial and
bronchiolar mucosa• Sclerosis• Anthracosis
Microscopic alterationsMicroscopic alterations
• Bronchiolitis obliterans• Abscess• Necrotizing pneumonia• Tracheitis• Ulcerative tracheitis• Adenoma
Fig. 3Fig. 3. Interstitial pneumonia; atelectasia and . Interstitial pneumonia; atelectasia and
emphysemaemphysema
Fig. 4Fig. 4. The lenfoid cells infiltration in the . The lenfoid cells infiltration in the interalveolar septum.interalveolar septum.
Fig. 5Fig. 5. Alveolar emphysema. Alveolar emphysema
Fig.6Fig.6. Papillary bronchiolitis and . Papillary bronchiolitis and
peribronchiolar anthracosis.peribronchiolar anthracosis.
Fig. 7. Peribronchiolar eosinophilic cells Fig. 7. Peribronchiolar eosinophilic cells
infiltration.infiltration.
Fig. 8.Fig. 8. Sclerosis; medial thickening and Sclerosis; medial thickening and perivascular lenfoid cells infiltrations in perivascular lenfoid cells infiltrations in pulmonary vesselpulmonary vessel
Fig. 9.Fig. 9. Anthracosis in the mucosa and Anthracosis in the mucosa and
submucosa of tracheasubmucosa of trachea
Fig. 10Fig. 10. Ulcerative tracheitis and linear . Ulcerative tracheitis and linear anthracosisanthracosis
Fig. 11Fig. 11. Peribronchial fibrosis and the papillary . Peribronchial fibrosis and the papillary adenomatous proliferation of bronchial mucosa.adenomatous proliferation of bronchial mucosa.
ConclusionConclusion
• In the present study;
in the final course of our experimental trials,
we came to the conclusion that long term
exposure to biomass smoke was associated to
chronic inflammatory and premalign
alterations in the different regions of
respiratory tracts such as trachea, bronchia,
bronchioles and parenchyma.
• Long term exposure to biomass smoke
is associated with the increased number
of mast cells in the lung
*Kanter M, Yörük M, Özbay B, Karaca T, Acar Ş, Coşkun O. Distribution of mast cells in lung tissues of rats exposed to biomass smoke. Scand J Lab Anim Sci. 2004; 31: 67 - 72
• Effect of N – Acetyle Systein 0n
Histopatological and Oxidant / Antioxidant
System in the Rabbits Exposed to Biomass
Smoke*
*Levent Tetik, Fatma Fidan, Mehmet Ünlü, Çiğdem Tokyol, Mustafa Serteser, Hıdır Esme, Murat Sezer
Thorax Society 8th Annual Congress, Poster Discussion 388, 30 . 04. 2005, ANTALYA
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