FeudalismFeudalismA political, and social system based on vassals (loyalty and military service).
Military service
Military service
The Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor
A manor was an agricultural estate (fief) ruled by a knight or lord
and worked by serfs.
• By 800, probably 60 percent of the people of western Europe were serfs.
• By 1200, free peasants had almost disappeared.
Those that work
• A serfs had to farm the lord’s land for him as well as their own land.
• Corvee: serfs had to work for free for the lord, usually 3 days a week.
• ie barns, ditches, castle building.
Those that work
• Rent: had to give 20 percent of your food to the lord,
• Fee: money or food to use the lord’s pond, pasture, or woods.
• Fee to use the lord’s mill and oven to make your bread.
Those that work
• Serfs could not leave the manor without lord’s permission
• They could not marry without lords permission.
NoblesThose that fought
• The nobles were the kings, dukes, counts, barons, and even bishops and archbishops with large estates holding all political power.
FeudalismFeudalismA political, and social system based on vassals (loyalty and military service).
Military service
Military service
Noble class
• A Vassal had to fight for a lord up to 40 days a year.
• They had to give advice to the lord.
• Eventually, nobles held their land (fief) by hereditary. When a vassal died, the King or lord would accept a vassal’s son’s homage.
Noble class
• Vassals had to pay when the lord’s eldest son became a knight, and his eldest daughter married.
Noble class
• Vassals had to pay when the lord’s eldest son became a knight, and eldest daughter married.
Chivalry
• The Roman Catholic Church taught knights to be honest, loyal and true defenders of the Church, weak, and defenseless.
Chivalry: A Code of Honor and BehaviorChivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior
Knights should be true and virtuous to their ladies.
Clergy classThose that prayed
• Each village had a church led by a priest or group of priests. They taught the nobles and the peasants.
Cardinals, Princes of the Church, elect the Pope and make up the Curia (bureaucracy of the church) .
Inquisition
• The Curia and Pope created a special court to find heretics and witches called the Inquisition.
Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:
Treaty of Verdun, 843
Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:
Treaty of Verdun, 843
Europe stabilizes as it runs out of barbarians, and primogeniture, mannerism and feudalism
take hold.
The Revival of Trade
• Silver mines in England allowed the King to make coins.
• Gold and silver mines on the continent allowed French Kings and German emperors to also make coins.
The Revival of Trade
• The Crusades encouraged demand for luxury goods, which the Venetians happily supplied.
The Revival of Trade
• By the twelfth century, a regular exchange of goods had developed between Flanders and Italy.
The Revival of Trade
• Trade merchants moved back into the old Roman cities. Craftspeople and artisans followed.
The Revival of Trade
• By the 10th Century, Lords and Kings demand for weapons, furniture, cloth gave rise to a new class of crafts people.
• Bourgeoisie :middle class, also plural in construction members of the middle class.
• Business owners, trade merchants, teachers, doctors, lawyers.
The Revival of Trade
• A large medieval trading city had about 5,000 people
• By 1200s, London 40,000 • Venice, Florence, Genoa 80000
The Revival of town and city life
• Townspeople needed freedom to trade with their own laws and could pay for them.
Money, artisan goods
The Revival of town and city life
• Lords and kings, could make money and sold the townspeople the liberties they wanted.
Money, artisan goods
Guild System
• From the eleventh century on, craftspeople organize themselves into guilds, or business associations.
Guild System
• For almost every craft, tanners, carpenters, bakers, wool, cloth, silk, spices, money.
Guild system
• The each built a hall, elected their leader, and made their own rules for apprentice, journeymen, and masters.
King Philip II of France 1179 –1223
• gave a charter to the University of Paris (The Sorbona) in 1200..
Scholasticism
• Professors tried to combine Christian faith with reason. Plato’s celestial polis and souls could be, Aristotle could not.
Philip II Augustus 1179 –1223
• Teachers from England studied at the University of Paris, received PHD’s and returned to England founding Oxford and Cambridge..
Thomas Aquinas
• Used Aristotle's methods of logic to prove the truths of Christianity in his book Summa Theologians. The human mind could use reason for physical truths, but reason alone could not find spiritual truths.
• In 1209, professors from England left the University of Paris and started their own universities at Oxford and Cambridge England.
Those that pray
• Perhaps the greatest impact of the Crusades was• political. They eventually helped to break down• feudalism. As kings levied taxes and raised armies,• nobles joining the Crusades sold their lands and freed• their serfs. As the nobles lost power, the kings were• able to create stronger central governments. Taxing• trade with the East also provided kings with new• wealth. This paved the way for the development of• true nation-states. By the mid-1400s, four strong• states—Portugal, Spain, England, and France—would• emerge in Europe.The Papal Monarchy
William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066
(Bayeaux Tapestry)
William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066
(Bayeaux Tapestry)
Evolution of England’s Political System
Evolution of England’s Political System Henry I:
William’s son.
set up a royal moving court system, with regular laws.
Exchequer dept. of royal finances.
Henry II:
most people prefered the Kings justice over their own lords. He established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.
grand jury.
trial by jury.
Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215
King John I
Runnymeade
“Great Charter”
monarchs were not above the law.
kings had to consult a council of advisors.
kings could not tax arbitrarily.
Magna Carta, 1215
a King John I forced to accept it.
a A list of demands made by the nobility.
a Created a CONTRACT between the king and the aristocracy.
a Established principles which limited the power of the king:
Established basic legal rights.
The king must ask for popular consent for taxes.
Accused must have jury trial.
Model Parliament, 1295a King Edward I brought his
military leaders and nobility together as a Parliament to
ask their consent to new taxes.
a Established the principle of parliamentary “power of the
purse.”
a A radical new idea for any monarch to ask for anything!
The Beginnings of the British Parliament
The Beginnings of the British Parliament
Great Council:
eventually called Parliament.
by 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords nobles & clergy.
o House of Commons knights and burgesses elected by citizens to go to London.
Gothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural Style
e Pointed arches.
e High, narrow vaults.
e Thinner walls.
e Flying buttresses.
e Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.
e Stained-glass windows.
“Flying” Buttresses
Medieval GuildsMedieval Guilds
Guild Hall
Guild Hall
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices
• Feudalism: the government system produces knights to fight for Lords.
• Mannerism: the economic system based on farms and serfs supports the production of knights.
Feudalism and Mannerism
• Three classes of people arose, those that prayed: the Clergy class
• Those that fought: the Noble Class Lords, ladies and knights
• Those that worked: the peasant class.
High Middle Ages 1000 – 1250
Rise of Feudalism and Mannerism,
supremacy of Pope and Catholic Church, chivalry, mannerism