GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
Introduction
Slavery threatened the nation’s unity after the War of 1812
Govt. was acting in both domestic & foreign policy to assert strong nationalism
Economic & territorial expansion produced nationalism
Introduction (cont)
Political issues connected w/national development
Reestablishing BUS
Protecting new industries
Providing a nationwide network of roads & waterways
Ramifications of Wo1812
War of 1812 = Political Consequences Federalists = No longer political power D-R = U.S. is a strong nation Republicans = Begin adopting Federalist
policies
Transportation Revolution
Should the fed. govt. help to finance roads & other “internal improvements?”
1st great fed. trans. project was the building of the National Road between Cumberland, MD & Wheeling, VA
Transportation Revolution (cont)
Lancaster Turnpike, connecting Philadelphia & Pittsburgh
Natural system of river transportation imp. reason for U.S. development
Transportation Revolution (cont) Steam power &
Robert Fulton (1807)
Steamboat revolutionized western commerce
Great boom for farmers & merchants
The Canal Boom
Linked seaboard cities directly to Great Lakes, the Ohio R., & the MS River
Erie Canal (1825)
Most spectacular engineering success of era
Economic success
Canal Boom (cont)
Ended in the 1830s & 1840s
Railroads were beginning to compete successfully for the same traffic
New phase in transportation revolution
Emergence of a Market Economy Improved transportation increased
farm income & stimulated commercial agriculture
Commodities grown for sale rather than consumed at home
Good land & revolution in marketing spurred commercial farming
Market Economy (cont)
Regional concentration on staple crops
Wheat – north
Sheep raising – New England
Tobacco – upper south
Rice – coastal SC
Sugar - LA
Market Economy (cont)
“King” cotton in lower south
U.S.’s #1 export commodity
Cotton gin & Eli Whitney (1793)
Market Economy (cont)
Slavery becomes entrenched
Rich & powerful plantation owners wanted slavery to remain legal in the South
Commerce & Banking
A system of intermediaries arose negotiating between producers & lrg. markets
The need for credit encouraged the growth of money & banking
Commerce & Banking (cont)
Production & circulation of $ became an issue
U.S. govt. is the only agency authorized to coin money & regulate its value
Early to mid-19th cent., the govt. printed no paper money & produced sm. #s of gold & silver coin
Private or state banking institutions filled void by issuing banknotes
Commerce & Banking (cont)
After expiration of BUS (1) charter, lrg. # of st. banks began operations
BUS (2) issued in 1816 w/20 yr. charter.
Free-lending policies & overextension of credit led to Panic of 1819
Early Industrialization
New approaches to manufacturing created lrg., semi-mechanized factories
Became cheapest way to produce goods & most profitable
Industrial Revolution
Early Industrialization (cont)
Great Britain starts a revolution
British merchants build 1st factories
In U.S., rushing rivers, rich deposits of coal & iron ore, steady stream of unskilled immigrants
Early Industrialization (cont)
Embargo of 1807 & War of 1812 encouraged development of domestic industries
New England industrializes
Samuel Slater in 1793 & 1st mechanized textile factory in Am.
Early Industrialization (cont)
As late as 1820, about 2/3 of clothing worn by Ams. was made in households by female family members
“Putting-out” system
Centered in Northeast
Early Industrialization (cont)
Boston Manufacturing Co. in Waltham, MA (1813)
Lowell, MA (1822)
Workforce of unmarried, young women in supervised dormitories
Early Industrialization (cont)
Shouldn’t assume that Am. had already experienced an industrial rev. by 1840
Revolution of distribution rather than production
Expanding Westward
Dramatic surge in westward expansion in the yrs. following the War of 1812
Population pressures Economic pressures Availability of new
land Weakening Native
resistance
Extending Boundaries
1st goal of postwar expansionists was to obtain FL from Spain
James Monroe (D-R) elected in 1816
Jackson’s invasion of FL
Continuing raids on Am. territory by Seminole Indians
Extending Boundaries (cont) Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) Spain
ceded all of FL to U.S.
Mexico opened northern territories to trade w/U.S.
Santa Fe Trail between MO & NM
John Jacob Astor & the American Fur Company
Settlement to the Mississippi Last stand of the
Natives in OH Valley & Northwest Territory was the Black Hawk War (1831 – 1832)
Many white settlers wanted removal of all Natives
Settlement to the MS (cont)
“Five Civilized Tribes” of the Southeast
Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw, & Chickasaw
Availability of easy credit fueled land boom
People and Culture of Frontier Many tried to recreate
former ways of life
High degree of self-sufficiency
Communal events
Mythic view of the West
James Fennimore Cooper
“Era of Good Feelings”
Expansion of economy
Growth of white settlement & trade in the West
Rising nationalism for a while in politics
End of first party system
Election of 1816 Monroe wins J. Q. Adams – Sec. of
St. Calhoun – War Trying to harmonize
various interests of country in a govt. of national unity
End of 1st Party System (cont) Monroe’s good will tour of 1820 – “era of
good feelings”
Monroe reelected in 1820
Federalist Party ceased to exist
End of 1st Party System (cont) Clay of KY & the American System Protective tariff Strengthening the BUS Federal financing of internal improvements Tariff of 1816 raised import duties an
average of 25%; broad support in all parts of country
Constitutional objections about internal improvements
MO Compromise
Averted a sectional crisis for a time
MO applied for admission as a slave st.
ME as a free st. 1820
MO Compromise
Latin American Rev/Monroe Doct. Asserting nationalism in foreign
policy
U.S. began developing a policy toward Latin America in the 1820s
Lat. Am. Rev/Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine (1823) U.S. opposed any further
colonization in the Ams. or any effort by European nations to extend their political systems outside their hemisphere
U.S. pledged not to involve itself in the internal affairs of Europe
Adams & End of Era
Monroe endorsed John Quincy Adams to succeed him
The “era of good feelings” turned out to be a fad
Marshall and the Court
Supreme Court – substantial contribution to nationalism & strong federal gov’t.
Marshall placed the protection of individual liberty above economic, social, & political equality
Marshall & the Court (cont)
In limiting st. action, he cited the contract clause of the Constitution
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) charters are contracts
Marshall & the Court (cont)
McCullogh v. Maryland (1819) confirmed the “implied powers” of the Constitution by upholding constitutionality of BUS
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) strengthened Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce
Ct. trends support nationalistic trends of period