CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Value of knowing the quality of grains:
Targets for the Pork CRC
John BlackPork CRC subprogram 1b coordinator
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Grainsain’t
Grains
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Grains ain’t Grains
&It pays to knowthe difference
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Premium Grains for Livestock Program
• Large project funded by GRDC & animal R&D Organisations (including APL) and Ridley Agriproducts
• Aim: to develop a rational basis for trading grains for livestock based on an understanding of why grains have different quality for different animal types and rapid measurement of that quality
• Over 3300 cereal grains collected with ~ 200 fed to animals (pigs, broilers, layers, sheep & cattle)
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Energy value of grains for animalsEnergy value of grains for animals
Cereal grains are fed to livestock as a source of energy
– Available (digestible energy) content (MJ/kg)– Intake (kg/d) influenced by rate of passage
– Available energy intake (MJ/d) – total energy available for production
Available energy expressed as:DE for pigs, but proportion digested in small intestines is
important for determining total energy available
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Grains ain’t Grains - 1Grains ain’t Grains - 1
Grains vary widely in DE
Range in DE (MJ/kg DM) for pigs
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
12.4-15.0 10.6-14.7 12.3-16.5 15.5-16.6
Variation in DE 3-4 MJ/kg; less for sorghum
Sorghum has highest DE
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Grains ain’t Grains - 1Grains ain’t Grains - 1
Grains vary widely in DE
NIR predicted DE for pigs – Barley ABB
NIR predicted pig DE for Barley
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
1 71 141 211 281 351 421 491 561 631 701 771 841 911 981
Grain sample
Pig
DE
(M
J/kg
as
fed
)
2005-06 2004-05
Range11.8-13.5
1 MJ/kg worth $14-18/t
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Grains ain’t Grains - 2Grains ain’t Grains - 2Grains vary widely in intake
Wheat cultivar DE (MJ/kg) Intake (g/d)
Currawong 14.96 a 389 a
Dollarbird 14.51 b 537 b
Rosella 14.49 b 551 b
Thriller 14.39 b 691 c
Lawson 14.87 ab 691 c
Cadogan et al 1999
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Grains ain’t Grains - 3Grains ain’t Grains - 3
No correlation between DE and intakeRelationship between DE and intake for pigs
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00
Digestible energy (MJ/kg DM)
Fee
d in
take
(kg
/d)
Wheat
Barley
Triticale
Sorghum
Different grain characteristics determine digestibility & intake
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Grains ain’t Grains - 3Grains ain’t Grains - 3
Pigs - Mean grain DE
12
13
14
15
16
17
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
Gra
in D
E (
MJ/
kg D
M)
Mean intake of 7 kg pigs
0.050
0.150
0.250
0.350
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
Inta
ke (
kg/d
)
Mean DE intake for 7 kg pigs
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
DE
inta
ke (M
J/d
)
No correlation between DE and intake
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Grains ain’t Grains - 4Grains ain’t Grains - 4
Individual grains best suited to different animal types
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Barley grain Number
Ava
ilab
le e
ner
gy
(MJ/
kg D
M)
Cattle
Pigs
Layers
broilers
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Barley (20X) Wheat (20X)
Barley and Wheat micrographs
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Grains ain’t Grains - 4Grains ain’t Grains - 4
Individual grains best suited to different animal types
Wheat Sorghum
Pigs Broilers Pigs Broilers
Ileal DE 12.9 13.1 13.0 16.1
Faecal DE/AME 15.8 13.2 16.4 15.9
Ileal/faecal 0.84 0.99 0.85 1.01
• Pigs digest more energy from wheat in the hind-gut
• Broilers digest more energy from sorghum in small intestine (SI)
• Opportunity to increase digestion of sorghum in SI of pigs
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Protein Matrix SorghumProtein Matrix Sorghum
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Grains ain’t Grains - 5Grains ain’t Grains - 5Grains differ in effects of processing
Pigs - faecal digestible energy of the grain (MJ/kg)
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1718
R
AW
1727
R
AW
1826
sc
reen
<2.
2mm
1826
sc
reen
>2.
2mm
3728
R
AW
3734
R
AW
7710
R
AW
7711
R
AW
9701
R
AW
9702
R
AW
Sample ID and info code
Fae
cal D
E o
f th
e g
rain
(M
J/kg
DM
)
Unprocessed
Extruded Ground
Extruded Whole
Wheat Barley Sorghum Rice
Need to understand reasons for differences
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Can the energy value of Can the energy value of grains be measured grains be measured
rapidly?rapidly?
Yes!!
Using NIR calibrations
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Predicting the energy value of grainsPredicting the energy value of grainsPGLP - NIR calibrations for DE
Grain Faecal DE (WHOLE - dm) in pigs
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
predicted Faecal DE (MJ/kg dm)
actu
al F
aec
al D
E (
MJ/
kg
dm
)
w heat
barley
triticale
sorghum
N 821-VR 0.775SECV 0.399SD 0.843
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Research strategies for Pork Research strategies for Pork CRC sub program 1bCRC sub program 1b
1. Refine NIR calibrations for predicting the quality of grains for pigs (available energy content (MJ/kg) faecal & ileal, DE intake, growth and FCR)
• Cereal grains (wheat, barley, triticale & sorghum)
Use ileal, faecal digestion trials & separate intake and growth trials with young pigs
Grains selected from sub-program 1a & other sources; special attention to sorghum cultivars & performance compared with wheat
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Research strategies for Pork Research strategies for Pork CRC sub program 1bCRC sub program 1b
2. Develop processing methods for improving the utilisation of feed ingredients by pigs
• Examine PGLP grains showing wide variation using a range of diagnostic tools (Microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, solid state NMR, X-ray diffraction, particle sizing, RVA, DCS, invitro amylase etc.)
• Use a laboratory model of pig digestion for screening grains and processing techniques
• Special attention to sorghum breaking γ-kafirin bonds (chemical, physical, enzymic, genetic enzyme production)
• Small scale processing & screening• Pig digestion trials• Commercial processing trials & commercialisation
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry
Micrwaved sorghum
CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry