ETHNOCENTRISM
The belief that one culture is better than The belief that one culture is better than anotheranother
Chinese “Middle Kingdom”Chinese “Middle Kingdom” Greeks viewed non-Greeks as barbariansGreeks viewed non-Greeks as barbarians
PREHISTORY
The period before writingThe period before writing
ARTIFACT:ARTIFACT:
Objects made by peopleObjects made by people
ARCHEOLOGY
Study of the ways of life of early peoples by Study of the ways of life of early peoples by examining their physical remainsexamining their physical remains
GEOGRAPHY
The study of people, their environments, The study of people, their environments, and the resources available to themand the resources available to them
TECHNOLOGY
The skills and tools people use to meet their The skills and tools people use to meet their basic needsbasic needs
NOMAD
Paleolithic man and women who moved Paleolithic man and women who moved from place to place in search of foodfrom place to place in search of food
What are the 8 features of civilization?
System of writingSystem of writing Different jobsDifferent jobs Central governmentCentral government Organized religionOrganized religion Social classesSocial classes Art & architectureArt & architecture CitiesCities Roads, buildingsRoads, buildings
What is cultural diffusion?
The spread of ideas, The spread of ideas, customs & customs & technologies from one technologies from one people to anotherpeople to another
Example- the use of Example- the use of Greek columns and Greek columns and arches in Roman arches in Roman architecturearchitecture
The Paleolithic Age
NomadsNomads Traveled in small Traveled in small
clansclans Small populationSmall population Depended on their Depended on their
environment for environment for survivalsurvival
The Neolithic Age
FarmingFarming Establishment of Establishment of
villagesvillages Domesticated animalsDomesticated animals New technology New technology
(calendars)(calendars) Council of eldersCouncil of elders
The Agricultural Revolution
The introduction of The introduction of farmingfarming
The end of nomadic The end of nomadic lifelife
Rise of permanent Rise of permanent settlements (villages) settlements (villages) and governmentsand governments
Increase in populationIncrease in population
The First Civilizations
Developed along river Developed along river valleysvalleys
River valleys provided River valleys provided fertile landfertile land and and irrigationirrigation for farming for farming and and transportationtransportation of of people & goodspeople & goods
Egypt, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, ChinaIndia, China
SILT PAPYRUS
Fertile soil along river Fertile soil along river banksbanks
Plant used to make a Plant used to make a paper-like writing paper-like writing materialmaterial
PHARAOH HIEROGLYPHICS
Egyptian rulersEgyptian rulers Egyptian form of Egyptian form of picture writingpicture writing
The Nile River
Provided a trade routeProvided a trade route Linked upper & lower Linked upper & lower
EgyptEgypt Many villages & cities Many villages & cities
developed along the developed along the banks of the Nilebanks of the Nile
Provided fertile land Provided fertile land for farmingfor farming
Egyptian Afterlife
Pharaohs were buried Pharaohs were buried in pyramids with their in pyramids with their belongings, so they belongings, so they would be prepared for would be prepared for the afterlifethe afterlife
Geography of Mesopotamia
The “Fertile Crescent”The “Fertile Crescent” Located between the Located between the
Tigris and Euphrates Tigris and Euphrates RiversRivers
Fertile land for farmingFertile land for farming Lacks geographic Lacks geographic
barriers barriers Easily invadedEasily invaded
Achievements of Mesopotamian Civilizations
Sumerians: cuneiform, Sumerians: cuneiform, Epic of GilgameshEpic of Gilgamesh
Hittites: iron-makingHittites: iron-making Babylonians: Babylonians:
Hammurabi’s CodeHammurabi’s Code
The Code of Hammurabi
First written code of First written code of lawslaws
““An eye for an eye…”An eye for an eye…” Punishments based on Punishments based on
a person’s social classa person’s social class
Major Beliefs of Judaism
Belief in one God Belief in one God (Monotheism)(Monotheism)
10 Commandments10 Commandments Covenant with GodCovenant with God
LOESS DYNASTIC CYCLE
Yellow soil deposited Yellow soil deposited on the banks of the on the banks of the Huang He River Huang He River
The rise and fall of The rise and fall of Chinese dynasties Chinese dynasties (ruling families)(ruling families)
CALLIGRAPHY MANDATE OF HEAVEN
Fine handwritingFine handwriting Divine right to ruleDivine right to rule
YIN & YANG
Forces that keep Forces that keep nature in balancenature in balance
Light/darkLight/dark Male/femaleMale/female Good/evilGood/evil
CONFUCIUS
Chinese philosopherChinese philosopher Taught that harmony Taught that harmony
in society is achieved in society is achieved when people accept when people accept their place in societytheir place in society
Relationships consist Relationships consist of a “superior” and an of a “superior” and an “inferior”“inferior”
THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA
Built under Shi Built under Shi Huangdi (Qin Huangdi (Qin Dynasty)Dynasty)
Separated Chinese Separated Chinese civilization from civilization from barbarian worldbarbarian world
SILK ROAD
Trade route Trade route Connected China to Connected China to
Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent Long, hard journeyLong, hard journey
Geography of China
Diverse geographyDiverse geography Rivers: Huang He, Rivers: Huang He,
YangtzeYangtze Mountains & Gobi Desert Mountains & Gobi Desert Isolated China from Isolated China from
outside worldoutside world Barriers from invadersBarriers from invaders Developed unique cultureDeveloped unique culture
Role of Women in China
““Inferior” positionInferior” position Must obey the Must obey the
“superior” such as “superior” such as husband, fatherhusband, father
Should stay in the Should stay in the backgroundbackground
Care for home and Care for home and familyfamily
Chinese Achievements
Silk-makingSilk-making Civil-service examsCivil-service exams Written languageWritten language
Chinese Philosophies
ConfucianismConfucianism DaoismDaoism LegalismLegalism
People are good, People are good, society based on society based on relationshipsrelationships
Oneness with Oneness with naturenature
People are evil, People are evil, harsh laws harsh laws neededneeded
CASTE SYSTEM
Social classes people are born intoSocial classes people are born into There is NO SOCIAL MOBILITYThere is NO SOCIAL MOBILITY Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras,
PariahPariah
DHARMA KARMA
The religious & moral The religious & moral duties of a person duties of a person depending on a depending on a person’s classperson’s class
If you have good If you have good dharma, you will…dharma, you will…
All the actions of a All the actions of a person's life that person's life that affects his/her fate in affects his/her fate in the next lifethe next life
……have good karma!have good karma!
REINCARNATION NIRVANA
Process of rebirth Process of rebirth Buddhist beliefBuddhist belief Eternal happinessEternal happiness When the endless When the endless
cycle of re-birth endscycle of re-birth ends Can be achieved by Can be achieved by
anyoneanyone
Geography of India
Diverse geography Diverse geography Mountains: Hindu Mountains: Hindu
Kush, HimalayaKush, Himalaya Rivers: Ganges, IndusRivers: Ganges, Indus Difficult to unifyDifficult to unify Protection from Protection from
invadersinvaders
Hinduism Buddhism
DharmaDharma KarmaKarma AtmanAtman ReincarnationReincarnation
Founder: Siddhartha Founder: Siddhartha Guatama Guatama
Four Noble TruthsFour Noble Truths Eightfold PathEightfold Path
Evolution of Greek Government
MonarchyMonarchy: one ruler with complete : one ruler with complete authorityauthority
AristocracyAristocracy: Power in the hands of a few : Power in the hands of a few from the wealthy classfrom the wealthy class
OligarchyOligarchy: Power in the hands of a few : Power in the hands of a few from the business classfrom the business class
Democracy in Greece
Limited Democracy:Limited Democracy:
Participation in Participation in government is limited government is limited to certain groups, such to certain groups, such as male citizens over as male citizens over 30 or 30 or
Direct Democracy: Direct Democracy:
People participate People participate directly in the directly in the government, NOT government, NOT through elected through elected officials officials
Geography of Greece
Difficult to unifyDifficult to unify Made up of many Made up of many
islands, rugged islands, rugged mountains and valleysmountains and valleys
Good tradersGood traders
ATHENS & SPARTA
ATHENSATHENS SPARTASPARTA
GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENTDemocracyDemocracy Military OligarchyMilitary Oligarchy
TRADETRADE YesYes NoNo
EDUCATIONEDUCATION Mind, body & soulMind, body & soul Military & Military & athleticsathletics
BOYSBOYS Educated, right to Educated, right to votevote
Military training Military training from age 7from age 7
GIRLSGIRLS Limited rightsLimited rights Athletics, own Athletics, own propertyproperty
Greek Achievements
DemocracyDemocracy Art & Architecture Art & Architecture
(realistic sculptures, (realistic sculptures, columns)columns)
Drama (comedy & Drama (comedy & tragedy)tragedy)
Literature (Homer’s Literature (Homer’s epics)epics)
Greek Philosophers
SOCRATESSOCRATES PLATOPLATO ARISTOTLEARISTOTLE
Socratic method Socratic method of questioningof questioning
Human reason Human reason Set up the Set up the LyceumLyceum
PAX ROMANA REPUBLIC
200 years of Roman 200 years of Roman peacepeace
Begins with AugustusBegins with Augustus Ends with Marcus Ends with Marcus
AureliusAurelius
A form of government A form of government in which the people in which the people participate in participate in government through government through elected officials elected officials
PLEBEIAN PATRICIAN
Middle classMiddle class Merchants, farmers, Merchants, farmers,
artisansartisans Represented in Represented in
government by government by TRIBUNESTRIBUNES
Upper classUpper class
Geography of Rome
Easy to unifyEasy to unify Peninsula located on Peninsula located on
the Mediterranean Seathe Mediterranean Sea Good location for Good location for
trade and to conquer trade and to conquer much of the much of the Mediterranean world Mediterranean world (North Africa, Asia (North Africa, Asia Minor, Spain)Minor, Spain)
Reasons for the Fall of Rome
PoliticalPolitical SocialSocial EconomicEconomic Military Military
Corrupt Corrupt officialsofficials
People rely People rely too heavily too heavily on the on the government government (Bread & (Bread & Circuses)Circuses)
High taxesHigh taxes Too Too dependent dependent on on mercenaries mercenaries who have who have little loyaltylittle loyalty
Roman Achievements
Legal System (Rule of Legal System (Rule of Law and Justice)Law and Justice)
Adapt to Greek art & Adapt to Greek art & architecture to make it architecture to make it bigger and grander bigger and grander (Coliseum) (Coliseum)
Engineering (roads & Engineering (roads & aqueducts)aqueducts)
GOOD LUCK!!
Use this to review!Use this to review! Study your notes, too!Study your notes, too! Remember to bring 2 Remember to bring 2
pens & 2 pencils to pens & 2 pencils to your test!your test!
Check my door Check my door sometime this week sometime this week for your room and seat for your room and seat assignmentassignment