General OutlineGeneral Outline
We will be looking at:We will be looking at:►Food ChemicalsFood Chemicals►DetergentsDetergents
These IncludeThese Include
Food ColoringFood Coloring
Flavorings and Flavorings and SweetenersSweeteners
Flour Improvers and Flour Improvers and BleachesBleaches
AntioxidantsAntioxidants
Preservatives and Preservatives and nutritional nutritional
supplementssupplements
SucroseSucrose
►Natural SweetenerNatural Sweetener► Adds to caloriesAdds to calories
Natural vs. ArtificialNatural vs. Artificial
Disadvantages of natural sweeteners:Disadvantages of natural sweeteners:►Adds to calories (hence unsuitable for Adds to calories (hence unsuitable for
people on a diet)people on a diet)► Increases blood sugar levels (hence Increases blood sugar levels (hence
unsuitable for diabetics)unsuitable for diabetics)
Natural vs. ArtificialNatural vs. Artificial
Advantages of Artificial Sugars:Advantages of Artificial Sugars:►Does not add to caloriesDoes not add to calories►Not metabolized in the bodyNot metabolized in the body► Inert, harmless Inert, harmless
SaccharineSaccharine
► Also known as Also known as ortho-ortho-sulphobenzimidesulphobenzimide
► Excreted in urineExcreted in urine► Inert in bodyInert in body
AspartameAspartame
Methyl ester of Methyl ester of aspartic acid-aspartic acid-phenylalanine phenylalanine dipeptidedipeptide
AspartameAspartame
As it is unstable at As it is unstable at high temperatures, high temperatures, it is unsuitable for it is unsuitable for cooking. Hence it is cooking. Hence it is used in cold drinks used in cold drinks and foods.and foods.
AlitameAlitame
►More stable than More stable than aspartameaspartame
► As it is 2000 times As it is 2000 times sweeter than sweeter than sucrose control of sucrose control of sweetness difficultsweetness difficult
SucraloseSucralose
► Tri-chloro derivative of sucroseTri-chloro derivative of sucrose► Same taste and appearance as sucroseSame taste and appearance as sucrose
► Stable at cooking temperatureStable at cooking temperature►Does not add to caloriesDoes not add to calories
Preservatives include:Preservatives include:
Table salt (NaCl)Table salt (NaCl)
SugarSugar
Preservatives include:Preservatives include:
Sodium BenzoateSodium Benzoate
And……And……
Salts of sorbic acid and propanoic Salts of sorbic acid and propanoic acidacid
Sodium BenzoateSodium Benzoate
►Metabolized in the Metabolized in the bodybody
► Used in limited Used in limited quantitiesquantities
Types of detergentsTypes of detergents
►SoapsSoaps►Synthetic detergentsSynthetic detergents
SaponificationSaponification
The general equation for The general equation for saponification is as follows:saponification is as follows:
Fat + Alkali Soap + GlycerolFat + Alkali Soap + Glycerol
SaponificationSaponification
Fatty acids used are:Fatty acids used are:►Stearic acidStearic acid►Oleic acidOleic acid►Palmitic acidPalmitic acid
The soap is precipitated with NaCl The soap is precipitated with NaCl (Why?)(Why?)
Varieties of soapVarieties of soap
Bath SoapBath Soap
► Better quality fat Better quality fat usedused
► Excess alkali Excess alkali removedremoved
► Perfumes and Perfumes and colors added colors added
Varieties of soapVarieties of soap
Floating soapFloating soap
Air bubbles beaten in Air bubbles beaten in before hardeningbefore hardening
Varieties of soapVarieties of soap
Transparent soapTransparent soap
► Soap dissolved in Soap dissolved in ethanolethanol
► Excess solvent Excess solvent evaporated offevaporated off
Varieties of soapVarieties of soap
Medicated Soaps:Medicated Soaps:
Medicinal substances Medicinal substances addedadded
Varieties of soapVarieties of soap
Shaving soap:Shaving soap:
►Glycerol added to Glycerol added to prevent dryingprevent drying
► Rosin added which Rosin added which forms sodium forms sodium rosinate which rosinate which lathers welllathers well
Varieties of soapVarieties of soap
Laundry soap:Laundry soap:
Fillers like sodium Fillers like sodium rosinate, sodium rosinate, sodium silicate and sodium silicate and sodium carbonate addedcarbonate added
Varieties of soapVarieties of soap
Soap chips:Soap chips:
Melted sheet of soap Melted sheet of soap run into a cool run into a cool chamber and soap chamber and soap scraped off in small scraped off in small broken piecesbroken pieces
Varieties of soapVarieties of soap
Soap or scouring Soap or scouring powder:powder:
It consists of soap, It consists of soap, abrasives like abrasives like powdered pumice or powdered pumice or finely divided sand finely divided sand and builders like and builders like sodium carbonate sodium carbonate and tri-sodium and tri-sodium phosphate. phosphate.
Disadvantages of SoapDisadvantages of Soap
Soaps cannot work in hard water. This is Soaps cannot work in hard water. This is because hard water contains calcium because hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions. These react with and magnesium ions. These react with soaps to form insoluble Ca and Mg soaps soaps to form insoluble Ca and Mg soaps when soaps are dissolved in hard water.when soaps are dissolved in hard water.
The reaction is as follows:The reaction is as follows:
2C2C1717HH3535COONa + CaClCOONa + CaCl2 2 2NaCl + 2NaCl + (C(C1717HH3535COO)COO)22MM
M = Ca or MgM = Ca or Mg
Disadvantages of SoapDisadvantages of Soap
These separate out as scum and are These separate out as scum and are useless for washing. These make useless for washing. These make washing harder as they form a gummy washing harder as they form a gummy mass which adheres to cloth, mass which adheres to cloth, preventing cleaning action of soap preventing cleaning action of soap
Other Disadvantages of Hard Other Disadvantages of Hard WaterWater
►Hair washed in hard water looks dullHair washed in hard water looks dull►Dye does not absorb evenly on cloth Dye does not absorb evenly on cloth
washed with hard waterwashed with hard water
Advantages of Synthetic Advantages of Synthetic Detergents over soapsDetergents over soaps
►Have all the properties of soapsHave all the properties of soaps►Can be used in both hard and soft Can be used in both hard and soft
water to give foamwater to give foam►Gives foam even in ice-cold waterGives foam even in ice-cold water
Types of Synthetic Types of Synthetic DetergentsDetergents
►Anionic DetergentsAnionic Detergents►Cationic DetergentsCationic Detergents►Non-ionic DetergentsNon-ionic Detergents
Anionic DetergentsAnionic Detergents
Sodium salts of sulphonated long chain Sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons. alcohols or hydrocarbons.
Alkyl hydrogensulphates made by treating Alkyl hydrogensulphates made by treating long chain alcohols with conc. Hlong chain alcohols with conc. H22SOSO44 and and then neutralized with NaOHthen neutralized with NaOH
CHCH33(CH(CH22))1010CHCH22OH OH HH22
SOSO44
CHCH33(CH(CH22))1010CHCH22OSOOSO33H(Lauryl hydrogensulphate)H(Lauryl hydrogensulphate)
NaOH (aq)NaOH (aq) CH CH33(CH(CH22))1010CHCH22OSOOSO33--NaNa++(Sodium (Sodium
lauryl sulphate) lauryl sulphate)
Anionic DetergentsAnionic Detergents
Anionic Detergents Anionic Detergents are mainly used in are mainly used in household cleaning household cleaning agentsagents
Cationic DetergentsCationic Detergents
►These are quaternary ammonium salts These are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides or of amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides as anions.bromides as anions.
► It is called cationic as the cationic part It is called cationic as the cationic part posses long hydrocarbon chains and posses long hydrocarbon chains and positive charge on nitrogen atom.positive charge on nitrogen atom.
E.g..: Cetyl tri-methyl ammonium E.g..: Cetyl tri-methyl ammonium bromide bromide
Cationic DetergentsCationic Detergents
Cationic detergents Cationic detergents have germicidal have germicidal properties and are properties and are expensive. These expensive. These are usually used in are usually used in hair conditioners.hair conditioners.
Non-Ionic DetergentsNon-Ionic Detergents
These detergents do not contain any ion These detergents do not contain any ion in their constitution.in their constitution.
CHCH33(CH(CH22))1616COOH + COOH + HO(CHHO(CH22CHCH22O)O)nnCHCH22CHCH22OHOH
-H-H22
OO CHCH33(CH(CH22))1616COO(CHCOO(CH22CHCH22O)O)nnCHCH22CHCH22OHOH
Non-Ionic DetergentsNon-Ionic Detergents
These detergents use These detergents use the same cleaning the same cleaning mechanism as mechanism as soaps.soaps.
Disadvantage of Synthetic Disadvantage of Synthetic DetergentsDetergents
If the detergent molecule is highly If the detergent molecule is highly branched, it is difficult to degrade by branched, it is difficult to degrade by bacteria, leading to accumulation in bacteria, leading to accumulation in the environment, i.e. they are non-the environment, i.e. they are non-biodegradable.biodegradable.