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Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T)
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T)
Dimensioning can be divided into three categories:
•general dimensioning,•geometric dimensioning, and•surface texture.
The following provides information necessary to begin to understand geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T)
Three Categories of Dimensioning
Three Categories of Dimensioning
Limit Tolerancing Applied To An Angle Block
Limit Tolerancing Applied To An Angle Block
Geometric Tolerancing Applied To An Angle Block
Geometric Tolerancing Applied To An Angle Block
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GD&T)
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GD&T)
• GD&T is a means of dimensioning & tolerancing a drawing which considers the function of the part and how this part functions with related parts .
– This allows a drawing to contain a more defined feature more accurately, without increasing tolerances.
GD&T cont’dGD&T cont’d
• GD&T has increased in practice in last 15 years because of ISO 9000.– ISO 9000 requires not only that something be required, but
how it is to be controlled. For example, how round does a round feature have to be?
• GD&T is a system that uses standard symbols to indicate tolerances that are based on the feature’s geometry.
– Sometimes called feature based dimensioning & tolerancing or true position dimensioning & tolerancing
• GD&T practices are specified in ANSI Y14.5M-1994.
For Example• Given Table Height
• However, all surfaces have a degree of waviness, or smoothness. For example, the surface of a 2 x 4 is much wavier (rough) than the surface of a piece of glass.– As the table height is dimensioned, the following table would
pass inspection.
• If top must be flatter, you could tighten the tolerance to ± 1/32.– However, now the height is restricted to 26.97 to 27.03
Assume all 4 legs will be cut to length at the same time.
or
Example cont’d.
• You can have both, by using GD&T.– The table height may any height between 26
and 28 inches.
– The table top must be flat within 1/16. (±1/32)
27
.06
26
.06
28
.06
WHY IS GD&T IMPORTANT
• Saves money– For example, if large number of parts are
being made – GD&T can reduce or eliminate inspection of some features.
– Provides “bonus” tolerance• Ensures design, dimension, and tolerance
requirements as they relate to the actual function
• Ensures interchangeability of mating parts at the assembly
• Provides uniformity• It is a universal understanding of the symbols
instead of words
WHEN TO USE GD&T
• When part features are critical to a function or interchangeability
• When functional gaging is desirable• When datum references are desirable to
insure consistency between design• When standard interpretation or tolerance is
not already implied• When it allows a better choice of machining
processes to be made for production of a part
TERMINOLOGY REVIEW • Maximum Material Condition (MMC): The
condition where a size feature contains the maximum amount of material within the stated limits of size. I.e., largest shaft and smallest hole.
• Least Material Condition (LMC): The condition where a size feature contains the least amount of material within the stated limits of size. I.e., smallest shaft and largest hole.
• Tolerance: Difference between MMC and LMC limits of a single dimension.
• Allowance: Difference between the MMC of two mating parts. (Minimum clearance and maximum interference)
• Basic Dimension: Nominal dimension from which tolerances are derived.
T H I S M E A N ?W H A T D O E S
S I Z E D I M E N S I O N
2 . 0 0 72 . 0 0 3
LIMITS OF SIZE LIMITS OF SIZE
S I Z E D I M E N S I O N
M M C
L M C
E N V E L O P E O F S I Z E
( 2 . 0 0 3 )
( 2 . 0 0 7 )
E N V E L O P E P R I N C I P L E
LIMITS OF SIZE LIMITS OF SIZE
A variation in form is allowed between the least material condition (LMC) and the maximum material condition (MMC).
Envelop Principle defines the size and form relationships between mating parts.
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE
LMCCLEARANCE
MMCALLOWANCE
LIMITS OF SIZE LIMITS OF SIZE
LIMITS OF SIZE LIMITS OF SIZE
The actual size of the feature at any cross section must be within the size boundary.
ØMMCØLMC
No portion of the feature may be outside a perfect form barrier at maximum material condition (MMC).
LIMITS OF SIZE LIMITS OF SIZE
P A R A L L E L P L A N E S
P A R A L L E L P L A N E S P A R A L L E L P L A N E S C Y L I N D E R Z O N E
P A R A L L E L L I N E S P A R A L L E L L I N E S P A R A L L E L L I N E S
P A R A L L E L P L A N E S P A R A L L E L P L A N E S
Other Factors I.e., Parallel Line Tolerance Zones
Other Factors I.e., Parallel Line Tolerance Zones
INDIVIDUAL (No Datum Reference)
INDIVIDUAL or RELATED FEATURES
RELATED FEATURES (Datum Reference Required)
GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC CONTROLS
TYPE OFFEATURE
TYPE OFTOLERANCE CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL
SYMMETRY
FLATNESS
STRAIGHTNESS
CIRCULARITY
CYLINDRICITY
LINE PROFILE
SURFACE PROFILE
PERPENDICULARITY
ANGULARITY
PARALLELISM
CIRCULAR RUNOUT
TOTAL RUNOUT
CONCENTRICITY
POSITION
FORM
PROFILE
ORIENTATION
RUNOUT
LOCATION
14 characteristics that may be controlled
Characteristics & Symbols cont’d.
– Maximum Material Condition MMC– Regardless of Feature Size RFS– Least Material Condition LMC– Projected Tolerance Zone– Diametrical (Cylindrical) Tolerance Zone or
Feature– Basic, or Exact, Dimension– Datum Feature Symbol
– Feature Control Frame
THE
GEOMETRIC SYMBOLTOLERANCE INFORMATION
DATUM REFERENCES
FEATURE CONTROL FRAME
COMPARTMENT VARIABLES
CONNECTING WORDSMUST BE WITHINOF THE FEATURE
RELATIVE TO
Feature Control FrameFeature Control Frame
Feature Control Frame• Uses feature control frames to indicate
tolerance
• Reads as: The position of the feature must be within a .003 diametrical tolerance zone at
Feature Control Frame
• Uses feature control frames to indicate tolerance
• Reads as: The position of the feature must be within a .003 diametrical tolerance zone at maximum material condition relative to datums A at maximum material condition and B.
• The of the feature must be within a tolerance zone.
• The of the feature must be within a tolerance zone at relative to Datum .
• The of the feature must be within a
tolerance zone relative to Datum .
• The of the feature must be within a
zone at
relative to Datum .
• The of the feature must be within a tolerance zone relative to datums .
Reading Feature Control Frames
Placement of Feature Control Frames
� May be attached to a side, end or corner of the symbol box to an extension line.
� Applied to surface.
� Applied to axis
Placement of Feature Control Frames Cont’d.
� May be below or closely adjacent to the dimension or note pertaining to that feature.
Ø .500±.005
Basic Dimension• A theoretically exact size, profile, orientation, or
location of a feature or datum target, therefore, a basic dimension is untoleranced.
• Most often used with position, angularity, and profile)
• Basic dimensions have a rectangle surrounding it.
1.000
Basic Dimension cont’d.
Form FeaturesForm Features• Individual Features• No Datum Reference
Flatness Straightness
CylindricityCircularity
Form FeaturesExamplesForm FeaturesExamples
Flatness as stated on drawing: The flatness of the feature must be within .06 tolerance zone.
.003
0.500 ±.005
.0030.500 ±.005
Straightness applied to a flat surface: The straightness of the feature must be within .003 tolerance zone.
Form FeaturesExamplesForm FeaturesExamplesStraightness applied to the surface of a diameter: The straightness of the feature must be within .003 tolerance zone.
.003
0.5000.505∅
Straightness of an Axis at MMC: The derived median line straightness of the feature must be within a diametric zone of .030 at MMC.
.0300.5000.505∅ M∅
1.0100.990
B E Z E LC A S E
C L A M P
P R O B E
6
8
1 0 1 2 1 0
8
6
4
22
4
Dial IndicatorDial Indicator
Verification of Flatness
Activity 13
• Work on worksheets GD&T 1, GD&T 2 #1 only, and GD&T 3 – (for GD&T 3 completely dimension. ¼” grid.)
Features that Require Datum Reference
Features that Require Datum Reference
• Orientation– Perpendicularity – Angularity– Parallelism
• Runout– Circular Runout– Total Runout
• Location– Position– Concentricity
– Symmetry
Datum• Datums are features (points, axis, and planes)
on the object that are used as reference surfaces from which other measurements are made. Used in designing, tooling, manufacturing, inspecting, and assembling components and sub-assemblies.– As you know, not every GD&T feature requires a
datum, i.e., Flat
1.000
Datums cont’d.
• Features are identified with respect to a datum.
• Always start with the letter A• Do not use letters I, O, or Q• May use double letters AA, BB, etc.• This information is located in the
feature control frame.
• Datums on a drawing of a part are represented using the symbol shown below.
Datum Reference SymbolsDatum Reference Symbols
� The datum feature symbol identifies a surface or feature of size as a datum.
A
ISO
A
ANSI1982
ASME
A
1994
Placement of Datums• Datums are generally placed on a feature, a centerline, or a
plane depending on how dimensions need to be referenced.
A AOR
ASME 1994
A
ANSI 1982
Line up with arrow only when the feature is a feature of size and is being defined as the datum
Placement of Datums• Feature sizes, such as holes
• Sometimes a feature has a GD&T and is also a datum
Ø .500±.005
A
Ø .500±.005
A Ø .500±.005
6 ROTATIONAL6 LINEAR AND
FREEDOMDEGREES OF
UP
DOWN
RIGHT
LEFT BACK
FRONT
UNRESTRICTED FREEMOVEMENT IN SPACE
TWELVE DEGREES OF FREEDOMTWELVE DEGREES OF FREEDOM
Example Datums• Datums must be perpendicular to each
other– Primary
– Secondary
– Tertiary Datum
Primary Datum• A primary datum is selected to provide
functional relationships, accessibility, and repeatability. – Functional Relationships
• A standardization of size is desired in the manufacturing of a part.
• Consideration of how parts are orientated to each other is very important.
– For example, legos are made in a standard size in order to lock into place. A primary datum is chosen to reference the location of the mating features.
– Accessibility • Does anything, such as, shafts, get in the way?
Primary Datum cont’d.
– Repeatability For example, castings, sheet metal, etc.• The primary datum chosen must insure precise
measurements. The surface established must produce consistent
• Measurements when producing many identical parts to meet requirements specified.
FIRST DATUM ESTABLISHEDBY THREE POINTS (MIN)CONTACT WITH SIMULATEDDATUM A
Primary DatumPrimary Datum� Restricts 6 degrees of freedom
Secondary & Tertiary Datums
• All dimension may not be capable to reference from the primary datum to ensure functional relationships, accessibility, and repeatability.– Secondary Datum
• Secondary datums are produced perpendicular to the primary datum so measurements can be referenced from them.
– Tertiary Datum• This datum is always perpendicular to both the primary
and secondary datums ensuring a fixed position from three related parts.
SECOND DATUMPLANE ESTABLISHED BYTWO POINTS (MIN) CONTACTWITH SIMULATED DATUM B
Secondary DatumSecondary Datum� Restricts 10 degrees of freedom.
Tertiary DatumTertiary Datum� Restricts 12 degrees of freedom.
90°
THIRD DATUMPLANE ESTABLISHEDBY ONE POINT (MIN)CONTACT WITHSIMULATED DATUM C
MEASURING DIRECTIONS FOR RELATED DIMENSIONS
Z
D A T U MR E F E R E N C EF R A M E
S U R F A C EP L A T E
G R A N I T E
P R O B E
C O O R D I N A T E M E A S U R I N G M A C H I N EB R I D G E D E S I G N
Coordinate Measuring MachineCoordinate Measuring Machine
SIMULATED DATUM-SMALLEST
CIRCUMSCRIBEDCYLINDER
THIS ONTHE DRAWING
MEANS THIS
PARTDATUM AXIS
A
Size Datum(CIRCULAR)
Size Datum(CIRCULAR)
Size Datum(CIRCULAR)
SIMULATED DATUM-LARGEST
INSCRIBEDCYLINDER
THIS ONTHE DRAWING
MEANS THIS
DATUM AXIS APART
A
Orientation TolerancesOrientation Tolerances
–Perpendicularity –Angularity
–Parallelism� Controls the orientation of individual features
� Datums are required
� Shape of tolerance zone: 2 parallel lines, 2 parallel planes, and cylindrical
PERPENDICULARITY:• is the condition of a surface, center plane, or axis at a right angle
(90°) to a datum plane or axis.Ex:
The tolerance zone is the space between the 2 parallel lines. They are perpendicular to the datum plane and spaced .005 apart.
The perpendicularity of this surface must be within a .005 tolerance zone relative to datum A.
Practice Problem
• Plane 1 must be perpendicular within .005 tolerance zone to plane 2.
BOTTOM SURFACE
Practice Problem
• Plane 1 must be perpendicular within .005 tolerance zone to plane 2
BOTTOM PLANE
2.00±.01
.02 Tolerance
Practice Problem
Without GD & T this would be acceptable
2.00±.01
.02 Tolerance
.005 Tolerance Zone
With GD & T the overall height may end anywhere between the two blue planes. But the bottom plane is restricted to the red tolerance zone.
PERPENDICULARITY Cont’d.
• Location of hole (axis)
This means ‘the hole (axis) must be perpendicular within a diametrical tolerance zone of .010 relative to datum A’
ANGULARITY:• is the condition of a surface, axis, or median plane
which is at a specific angle (other than 90°) from a datum plane or axis.
• Can be applied to an axis at MMC.
The surface is at a 45ºangle with a .005 tolerance zone relative to datum A.
±0.01
PARALLELISM:• The condition of a surface or center plane equidistant at all
points from a datum plane, or an axis.• The distance between the parallel lines, or surfaces, is specified
by the geometric tolerance.
Activity 13 Cont’d.
• Complete worksheets GD&T-2, GD&T-4, and GD&T-5– Completely dimension.
– ¼” grid
Material Conditions
• Maximum Material Condition (MMC) • Least Material Condition (LMC) • Regardless of Feature Size(RFS)
Maximum Material Condition• MMC • This is when part will weigh the most.
– MMC for a shaft is the largest allowable size.• MMC of Ø0.240±.005?
– MMC for a hole is the smallest allowable size.• MMC of Ø0.250±.005?
• Permits greater possible tolerance as the part feature sizes vary from their calculated MMC
• Ensures interchangeability• Used
– With interrelated features with respect to location– Size, such as, hole, slot, pin, etc.
Least Material Condition
• LMC • This is when part will weigh the least.
– LMC for a shaft is the smallest allowable size.
• LMC of Ø0.240 ±.005?
– LMC for a hole is the largest allowable size.
• LMC of Ø0.250 ±.005?
Regardless of Feature Size
• RFS • Requires that the condition of the
material NOT be considered. • This is used when the size feature does
not affect the specified tolerance.• Valid only when applied to features of
size, such as holes, slots, pins, etc., with an axis or center plane.
Location TolerancesLocation Tolerances
– Position– Concentricity– Symmetry
Position TolerancePosition Tolerance• A position tolerance is the total permissible
variation in the location of a feature about its exact true position.
• For cylindrical features, the position tolerance zone is typically a cylinder within which the axis of the feature must lie.
• For other features, the center plane of the feature must fit in the space between two parallel planes.
• The exact position of the feature is located with basic dimensions.
• The position tolerance is typically associated with the size tolerance of the feature.
• Datums are required.
Coordinate System PositionCoordinate System Position• Consider the following hole dimensioned with coordinate
dimensions:
• The tolerance zone for the location of the hole is as follows:
• Several Problems:
2.000
.750
Coordinate System PositionCoordinate System Position• Consider the following hole dimensioned with coordinate
dimensions:
• The tolerance zone for the location (axis) of the hole is as follows:
• Several Problems:
2.000
.750
Center can be anywhere along the diagonal line.
Position TolerancingPosition Tolerancing• Consider the same hole, but add GD&T:
• Now, overall tolerance zone is:
• The actual center of the hole (axis) must lie in the round tolerance zone. The same tolerance is applied, regardless of thedirection.
MMC =.500 - .003 = .497
Bonus Tolerance• Here is the beauty of the system! The specified
tolerance was:
This means that the tolerance is .010 if the hole size is the MMC size, or .497. If the hole is bigger, we get a bonus tolerance equal to the difference between the MMC size and the actual size.
Bonus Tolerance Example
??Ø .504
.016.006Ø .503 (LMC)
.015.005Ø .502
.013.003 (.010 + .003 = .013)Ø .500 (.500 - .497 = .003)
.012.002 (.010 + .002 = .012)Ø .499 (.499 - .497 = .002)
.0100Ø .497 (MMC)
Φ of Tol. ZoneBonus Tol.Actual Hole Size
This means that the tolerance is .010 if the hole size is the MMC size, or .497. If the hole is bigger, we get a bonustolerance equal to the difference between the MMC size and the actual size.
.503
.497 = BONUS 0
TOL ZONE .010
.499 - .497 = BONUS .002
BONUS + TOL. ZONE = .012
Shaft
Hole
.501 - .497 = BONUS .004
BONUS + TOL. ZONE = .014
.503 - .497 = BONUS .006
BONUS + TOL. ZONE = .016
• What if the tolerance had been specified as:
Since there is NO material modifier, the tolerance is RFS, whichstands for regardless of feature size. This means that the position tolerance is .010 at all times. There is no bonus tolerance associated with this specification.
• VIRTUAL CONDITION : The worst case boundary generated by the collective effects of a size feature’s specified MMC or LMC material condition and the specified geometric tolerance.
GT = GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE
PERPENDICULARITY Cont’d.
Means “the hole (AXIS) must be perpendicular within a diametrical tolerance zone of .010 at MMC relative to datum A.”
2.0022.003
2.0012.0001.9991.9981.997 (MMC)
Ø of Tol. ZoneBonus Tol. Actual Hole Size
Vc =
Activity 13 Cont’d.
• Worksheet GD&T 6