Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
VASYL IOSHCHENKO Institute of Environmental Radioactivity Fukushima University [email protected]
FOREST PROJECT OF IER
Contaminated forests (> 1 MBq m-2 134,137Cs): - 42,800 ha, or 4% of the forest area in Fukushima
prefecture, 66% of contaminated territory; - aboveground tree biomass volume ∼ 11,300,000
m3, or 6,100,000,000 kg (Hashimoto et al, 2012); - compensation requested from TEPCO by forestry
organizations in Fukushima and other prefectures (as of March 2013): 1,500,000,000 ¥ (MAFF, 2012)
(Hashimoto et al 2012)
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
Background of the project
Forests in Fukushima prefecture: - 972,000 ha, or 71% of the whole area
(http://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/); - plantations ∼ 339,000 ha, or ∼34% of forests (MAFF,
2014) - annual production before 2011 ∼ 697,000 m3
(411,000 m3 of Sugi) - roundwood prices, 2012 (MAFF, 2012) Sugi – 11,400 ¥ m-3
Hinoki – 18,500 ¥ m-3
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
Background and aims of the project
RELIABLE LONG-TERM PROGNOSIS OF RADIOCESIUM REDISTRIBUTION IN THE FORESTS
IS NECESSARY FOR DECISION SUPPORT!
Decontamination of agricultural areas Decontamination of forests - is expensive - requires a lot of manual work - will take a long time - will lead to exposure to workers - will create a huge amount of waste - may damage the ecosystems - may be not efficient in certain conditions - may be not necessary in long-term perspective
AIMS OF THE IER FOREST PROJECT: 1) To conduct long-term monitoring on the transfer and accumulation of radionuclides and
clarify the mechanisms 2) To develop prediction models for radionuclide transfer in forests and assess their
parameters values 3) Enhance the accuracy of dose assessment of forest organisms and evaluation of radiation
effects
IER Forest project: selection of the experimental site
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
Experimental site: Sugi forest, Yamakiya District, Kawamata Town, Fukushima Prefecture
Sugi (Cryptomeria Japonica D.Don; Japanese Cedar) is a national tree of Japan and the main forestry species. Sugi plantations in Fukushima Prefecture: about 70% of the forest area, more than half of the timber production
IER Forest project: description of the experimental site
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
Activities: assessment of the biomass distribution; selection of the representative trees
DBH, cm H, m DBH2, cm2 DR, µSv h-1
min 14.6 14.6 214 1.9
max 62.7 32.6 3932 3.1
mean 35.4 24.3 1313 2.6
STD 7.9 4.5 597 0.2
Control group: 9 trees, 1 per each size class
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800
DBH2, cm2
size distribution – cumulative frequency
forest forest - lognormal control group
Plot B: local elevation
Plot A: local depression
Plot C: slope
Trees distribution by size class (based on DBH2)
1 2 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Density of plantation: 335 ha-1 0 10 m
IER Forest project: monitoring scope
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
IER Forest project: conceptual model and monitoring scope
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
MATPASS (Migration And Transfers in Plant And Soil System; first version developed by UIAR)
Biogenic fluxes
Input parameters
- biomass inventories in the forest compartments and their annual increments
- RN specific activities in the compartments
- amounts of throughfall, stemflow and litterfall per unit area and RN specific activities
- rate of RN leaching from litter
- depth distribution of the root system capacity to uptake RN
Geochemical flux - RN distribution coefficient between absorbed
and mobile forms (Kd)
- moisture fluxes in the unsaturated zone of soil
- RN distribution in soil profile
Output: long-term dynamics of RN activities in the forest compartments and in the soil profile
IER Forest project: equipping the site, monitoring & sampling
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
Biogenic fluxes Stemflow (SF) samplers
137Cs stemflow flux: ∼ 102 Bq m-2 y-1
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
0
20
40
60
80
100
2014
/5/1
2014
/7/1
2014
/8/3
1
2014
/10/
31
2014
/12/
31
2015
/3/2
2015
/5/2
Cum
ulat
ive
prec
ipita
tion,
mm
137C
s cum
ulat
ive
SF, B
q m
-2
SFprecipitation (site)precipitation (Fukushima)
IER Forest project: equipping the site, monitoring & sampling
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
Biogenic fluxes Throughfall (TF) samplers
137Cs throughfall flux: ∼ 104 Bq m-2 y-1
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
2014
/5/1
2014
/7/1
2014
/8/3
1
2014
/10/
31
2014
/12/
31
2015
/3/2
2015
/5/2
Cum
ulat
ive
prec
ipita
tion,
mm
137C
s cum
ulat
ive
TF, B
q m
-2
TFprecipitation (site)precipitation (Fukushima)
IER Forest project: equipping the site, monitoring & sampling
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
Biogenic fluxes Litter traps + Soil layer sampling
137Cs total soil + litter: ∼ 0.72 × 106 Bq m-2
Litter: ∼ 23 % of total in profile Fresh litter flux (2014): ∼ 104 Bq m-2 y-1
0 20 40 60 80 100
L
F
H
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
% of total activity
134Cs 137CsLi
tter
laye
rsSo
il la
yers
, cm
IER Forest project: biomass sampling
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
Tree biomass Understory
Japanese wisteria
Harlequin Glory- bower
Wavyleaf Basketgrass
Myoga
Japanese Maple
Table Dogwood
Fern
San-sho
Hazelnut
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
mass 137Cs
Tree crown and litter
youngleaves
old leaves
smallbranches
bigbranches
fresh litter
litter L
litter F
litter H
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
mass 137Cs
Tree biomass
youngleaves
old leaves
smallbranches
bigbranches
outer bark
inner bark
sapwood1-3
sapwood4+
heartwood
IER Forest project: biomass and radiocesium distributions
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
137Cs stemflow flux: 0.0n % y-1
137Cs throughfall flux: ∼ % y-1
Σ 137Cs RETURN flux: ∼ n % y-1
137Cs UPTAKE flux: ∼ ? % y-1
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
mass 137Cs
Biomass and litter
tree
understory
fresh litter
fallenbranches
litter L
litter F
litter H
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
137Cs
Ecosystem
biomass
fresh litter
litter andfallenbranches
soil
1.E+02
1.E+04
1.E+06
C 13
7Cs,
Bq
kg-1
dw
IER Forest project: radiocesium distribution in the tree
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
¾ H
½ H
¼ H
BH Base
Upper tier
Middletier
Lower tier
0
2
4
6
8
C 13
7Cs,
kBq
kg-
1 dw
Base (0.4 m) BH (1.3 m)1/4 H (5.4 m) 1/2 H (10.8 m)3/4 H (16.1 m)
0
5
10
15
20
25
big branches small branches old leaves young leaves
C 13
7Cs,
kBq
kg-
1 dw lower tier middle tier upper tier
IER Forest project: equipping the site, monitoring & sampling
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
Geochemical flux Data logger for a set of moisture and temperature sensors installed at various depths in soil profile
Set of the suction pressure sensors installed at various depths in soil profile and data logger (also for the rain collector and anemometer)
Anemometer
Solar panels
Rain collector
Other equipment:
Set of moisture and temperature sensors installed at various depths in soil profile
IER Forest project: equipping the site, monitoring & sampling
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
Geochemical flux assessment. Water movement in unsaturated zone
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
02014/4/1 2014/6/1 2014/8/1 2014/10/1 2014/12/1
θ, m
3 m-3
ψ, k
Pa
tree # 5
15 cm 22.5 cm 30 cm 50 cm
moisture 15 moisture 22.5 moisture 30 moisture 50
ii
iiii ZZ
tHtHtKtq−−
−=+
+++
1
15.05.0
)()())(()( ψ )()( tztH iii ψ+=
Water flux through the layer Zi – Zi+1
-26
-21
-16
-11
-6
-10.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
ψ, k
Pa
θ, m3 m-3
tree 5, 15 cm
rise decrease
-11-10
-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
ψ, k
Pa
θ, m3 m-3
tree 5, 30 cm
rise decrease
ψ(θ, a1, a2, …) RetC sofrware
IER Forest project: observations of radiation effects to plants Studied species: Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora)
Morphological changes: cancelling apical dominance in the trees at juvenile stage of their development
In 2014 in Japanese red pine in Fukushima zone we observed morphological changes similar to those observed in Scots pine in Chernobyl zone
No new changes were detected in the older trees growing close to the studied young trees
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
IER Forest project: observations of radiation effects to plants Studied species: Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora)
Morphological changes: cancelling apical dominance in the Trees at juvenile stage of their development
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 2 4 6 8 10
freq
uenc
y of
mor
phos
es
Dose rate, µGy h-1
Chernobyl Fukushima
Planned activity: - further observations for formulation of the reliable dose rate – effect dependency
- improvement of the dose rate assessments - observations for identification of other impacted plant species
?
? ?
?
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
IER Forest project: presentation of the progress
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
Workshop on Effect of Radiation on Wild Flora and Fauna, 12 March 2014, JWRC, Tokyo STAR Wildlife dosimetry workshop, 10-12 June 2014, CIEMAT, Madrid The IAEA NSRW's 3rd Mission to Fukushima, monitoring session, 16 July 2014 Joint Seminar: Colorado State University - IER & SSS Fukushima University, 08 Aug 2014 Joint Seminar: Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency – Fukushima University, 14 Nov 2014 Workshop UNSCEAR – Fukushima University, 12 November 2014 IER-IRSN Seminar: Temporal change in the distribution of radiocesium in forests, 05 Dec 2014 UIAR - IER workshop on the current forest projects, Kyiv, 26 Jan 2015 Round table, National Institute of Strategic Studies, Kyiv, 30 Jan 2015 Workshop on Effect of Radiation on Wild Flora and Fauna, 19 Feb 2015, JWRC, Tokyo European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2015, April 2015, Vienna International Symposium on Radiological Issues for Fukushima’s Revitalized Future, May 2015, Iizaka ICOBTE-2015, July 2015, Fukuoka … PUBLICATIONS: ON APPROACH
IER Forest project
Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19
Thank you!